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Action of Fauna and Flora on the Cadaveric Phenomena Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal Clinical Paper Open Access Action of fauna and flora on the cadaveric phenomena observed in the carcass of sus scrofa (Linnaeus-Suidae) in the wild area Brazilian savannah of the central region-Brazil Abstract Volume 7 Issue 4 - 2019 Decomposition is the process of cadaver degradation into its respective basic 1,2 constituents by action of biological (microorganisms and arthropods) and abiotic Diniz Pereira Leite Júnior, Elisangela 3,4 (environmental conditions) agents. The objective was to know the richness, abundance Santana de Oliveira Dantas, Diana Costa and succession of entomological and fungal species with emphasis on the forensic Nascimento,5 Heitor Simões Dutra Corrêa,6 importance in carcass of Sus scrofa in Brazilian Savannah of the central region Paulo Anselmo Nunes Felippe,7,8 Rodrigo Brazil. In this work, samples were collected and the action of biological agents was Antônio Araújo Pires,8 Luciana da Silva observed during putrefaction of experimental model. Overall, 5,009 insects specimens Ruiz,9 Márcia de Souza Carvalho Melhem,10 were collected, belonging to 3 orders, 15 families, 22 subfamilies, 39 genera and 47 Claudete Rodrigues Paula11 species. Diptera was the most representative order, with 2,848 individuals (56.9%), 1Laboratory research, Federal University of Mato Grosso followed by Hymenoptera with 1,628 (32.5%) and Coleoptera with 533 (10.6%). (UFMT)-Cuiaba, MT, Brazil Diptera were present in all phases of cadaveric decomposition, of which, the butyric 2 fermentation phase was the most relevant (26.6%). Hymenoptera were also present in University Center of Várzea Grande (UNIVAG)-Várzea Grande, MT, Brazil the butyric fermentation phase (15.8%) and Coleoptera were present in the final phase 3 of decomposition (7.8%). Regarding fungi, 223 specimens were isolated. Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT)-Cuiaba, MT, Brazil Four orders of filamentous fungi were identified: Eurotiales (44.4%), Mucorales 4Institute of Biosciencies - State University of São Paulo “Júlio (14.8%), Hypocreales (8.1%), emphasizing the presence of Aspergillus terreus. de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)-Rio Claro, SP, São Paulo, Brazil Among yeasts, the order Saccharomycetales (9.9%), represented by the genera 5Paulista University (UNIP), Campinas-SP, Brazil Candida, Rodothorula and Pichia, and the order Tremellales (1.3%), represented 6Official Forensics and Technical Identification of the State of by the Trichosporon genus, and were isolated. These microbiological entities were Mato Grosso (POLITEC)-Cuiaba, MT, Brazil collected during all phases of cadaveric phenomena, highlighting the active decay 7State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil period, when 26% of CFU’s were obtained. The skin was the anatomic site with 8 the highest number of isolations (22.4%), followed by genital and perianal mucosa Department of Protection and Animal Welfare -Secretariat of Green Environment and Sustainable Development of Campinas, (17.5%), respectively. This study, which comprises the cadaveric biota, is extremely Prefecture of Campinas, Brazil important as an elucidation tool. Forensic mycology is a rich field, where fungi can 9 Interact and provide information, promoting the study of time of death in forensic Section of Biomedical Sciences, Mycology Laboratory, Adolfo cases. Lutz Institute (IAL), Bauru-SP, Brazil 10Section of Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo-SP, Keywords: forensic sciences, thanatology, forensic entomology, forensic mycology, Brazil cadaveric fauna and flora, microbiology 11Laboratory of Pathogenic Yeasts, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil Correspondence: Diniz Pereira Leite Júnior, Faculty of Medicine-Federal University of Mato Grosso-Cuiabá, MT, Brazil, Email Received: July 21, 2019 | Published: July 29, 2019 Introduction rigidity, putrefaction, maceration, as well as conservative processes: mummification, saponification (adipocere) and calcification. The Cadaveric phenomena are a set of transformations through which consecutive or mediate abiotic phenomena (due to the installation of the human body goes through after death. The time passed since the cadaveric phenomena) are cadaveric dehydration or drying, lividity cessation of bodily functions and the forensic examination, called or patches of cutaneous hypostases (livor mortis), cadaveric cooling postmortem interval, is not easy to be determined due to body (algor mortis), cadaveric stiffness (rigor mortis) and cadaveric cooling and dehydration as well as environmental and biological spasms. The transformative phenomena are, in turn, subdivided into 1 conditions. After death, a series of cadaveric transformations begin, destructive transformations (autolysis, putrefaction and maceration) and these decomposition processes can be classified into physical, and conservative transformations (mummification, saponification and 2‒4 chemical and biological mechanisms. According to authors calcification).4‒7 All these concepts merge into the science of life, seen physical decomposition phenomena are dehydration, cooling and through the perspective of death called Biothanatology. postmortem lividity. Chemical phenomena are autolysis, muscular Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Forensic Res Criminol Int J. 2019;7(4):185‒199. 185 © 2019 Leite-Jr et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Action of fauna and flora on the cadaveric phenomena observed in the carcass of sus scrofa (Linnaeus- 186 Suidae) in the wild area Brazilian savannah of the central region-Brazil ©2019 LEITE-JR et al. In this work, destructive transformative phenomena will be This study is important because it links fauna (entomology) and flora studied, and their relationship with the action of biological agents. (mycology) in observations of the actions of cadaveric phenomena. Putrefaction is the degradation of the tissue by the activity of a myriad The objective was to know the richness, abundance and succession of microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasites of entomological and fungal species with emphasis on the forensic and the toxins that some of these organisms produce.8 It presents importance in carcass of Sus scrofa domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758). This distinct phases called chromatic or staining period, emphysematous is an observational study and identification of necrophagous agents, or gaseous/deformative period, coliquative or melting period and the and their possible association with death estimates. This report is the final phase called skeletonization period. Several authors9‒11 define initial starting point for the cadaveric biota, considered extremely that development of the body putrefaction period occurs due to the important as a tool of elucidation, was studied. Insects were identified, agreement between intrinsic factors (age, cause of death, physiology) with emphasis on the orders Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and extrinsic (temperature, aeration, air humidity). These authors8‒11 (Formidae family). In contrast, forensic mycology is associated with also emphasize that although not having a rigorous chronology, the biotic group and has become a field rich in information. In this way, cadaveric decomposition is done in five periods, phases or stages: fungi can interact and provide information, helping the elucidation of the time of death involving forensic cases. i. Fresh/staining phase (initial decomposition); ii. Putrefaction/Bloat phase (swelling)–the carcass accumulates gases Material and methods iii. Active decay/dark putrefaction phase (deformative); Study area iv. Advanced decay phase (fermentation) Mato Grosso, central region of Brazil, is the third largest state in the country and covers three biomes: The Amazon (rain forest), v. Skeletonization phase (dry or final). Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) and Pantanal (tropical wetland). The The duration of each phase in the decomposition process can study was conducted in the locality of Jamacá in the city of Chapada undergo great variation. The climatic differences of each region dos Guimarães/Mato Grosso-Brazil, in a particular area located by the associated with ambient temperature and air humidity, makes it almost coordinates: GPS:L06-01-88-4/N82-77-22-8 (Figure 1). impossible to establish precise intervals for the decomposition phases. Figure 1 Identification of the biomes of Midwest Brazil and location of the experiment, Vale do Jamaca, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (2018). Citation: Leite-Jr DP, Dantas ESO, Nascimento DC et al. Action of fauna and flora on the cadaveric phenomena observed in the carcass ofsus scrofa (Linnaeus-Suidae) in the wild area Brazilian savannah of the central region-Brazil. Forensic Res Criminol Int J. 2019;7(4):185‒199. DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00285 Copyright: Action of fauna and flora on the cadaveric phenomena observed in the carcass of sus scrofa (Linnaeus- 187 Suidae) in the wild area Brazilian savannah of the central region-Brazil ©2019 LEITE-JR et al. The study site consists of preserved vegetation, with the presence of not required at the time of the experiment and the ethics committees different phytophysionomy: grass, herbs, shrubs and trees, composing were not available for any corresponding evaluation. In this case, a rich flora of the Cerrado/Brazilian
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