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The American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus Americanus) Population at Camp Gruber, Ok Breeding and Overwintering Survival

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The American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus Americanus) Population at Camp Gruber, Ok Breeding and Overwintering Survival THE AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE (NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS) POPULATION AT CAMP GRUBER, OK BREEDING AND OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL By LEONARDO VIEIRA SANTOS Bachelor of Science in Agronomic Engineering Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Botucatu, São Paulo 2018 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December, 2020 THE AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE (NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS) POPULATION AT CAMP GRUBER, OK BREEDING AND OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL Thesis Approved: Dr. W. Wyatt Hoback Thesis Adviser Dr. Kristopher Giles Dr. Craig Davis ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the U.S. Army National Guard, the Cherokee Nation and the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology for funding this research. The research I conducted would not have been possible if not for the help of several people. Dr. Wyatt Hoback, thank you for giving me the chance to work with the amazing American Burying Beetle, your knowledge, patience and guidance made it possible for me to have amazing experiences to conduct my research and become a better researcher. A special thanks goes to my other two committee members, Dr. Craig Davis and Dr. Kristopher Giles, for all the valuable insights and guidance throughout the project. None of this research would have been possible without the help of those in the field with me. Many thanks to Alexander Harman, Mason Taylor, Melissa Reed, Thomas Hess and Sandra Rigsby for helping me during these two year with collection of data in the field. Thanks to Pat Gwin, from the Cherokee Nation, for the assistance both in the field and with logistics. From taking us to a new location to operating an auger, your help was deeply appreciated. Rusty Rause, Larry Livesay and Sgt. Pineda, thank you for all the assistance at Camp Gruber. All the effort you put in assisting us with locations and making sure we were safe was very much appreciated. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. To all the Entomology and Plant Pathology staff, all the help and support you give us daily is very much appreciated. When you go away from home to pursue a dream nothing can be achieved if not helped by friends and family. The price of leaving your country is much more than only material things, we miss moments that will never come back, and without the support from those who love you, the weight of this can be crushing. I would like to start thanking my family in Brazil, that without their love, support and will to be present in my life during the past two years, I would not be able to be where I am today. My mom and dad, who never missed efforts to give me the best opportunities, my sister who never doubted my potential and my grandma who always supported me no matter what my choices were. My grandfather, whose love for agriculture and nature made me take the steps to be the man I am today. Special thanks to Mariana Alcoléa, whom even in the darkest days never left my side and encouraged me to continue. Many thanks to my brothers in my fraternity Mata Burro, that always made sure that I was remembered and kept me company even from thousands of miles away. There is no way that I would have finished my program without all the people in my Stillwater Brazilian family. I do not have enough words to thank Beatriz Solera, Dr. Rolf Prade and their beautiful family for opening their house for me and being here whenever I needed it. A special thanks to my great friend Dr. João Arthur Antonangelo and his family, for giving me support and being always present in my life. iv Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: LEONARDO VIEIRA SANTOS Date of Degree: DECEMBER, 2020 Title of Study: THE AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE (NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS) POPULATION AT CAMP GRUBER, OK BREEDING AND OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL Major Field: ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY Abstract: The American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae), once occurred across two thirds of North America but now occupies <10% of its historic range. Reasons for the decline have not been determined but are generally associated with changing land use and vertebrate communities, although competition with other carrion beetles has also been suggested. The ABB overwinters as an adult underground and emerge in the spring looking for a mate for reproduction. Overwintering has been suggested as one of the main causes of death in ABB populations. The objective of this study was to characterize the ABB population and silphid community at Camp Gruber Training Base near Braggs, OK and investigate habitats where it will survive during overwintering. Bi-weekly sampling was conducted from 2016 to 2020 following the U.S. Fish and Wildlife protocol. A minimum of 15 baited above ground traps were used during each period with a minimum of two days of sampling in three different habitat categories. Two male/female pairs were collected per sampling trip for reproduction studies in 2019 and 2020. A five-day sample period with mark and release sampling was used to estimate the yearly ABB population using 20 trap locations. The estimated population on the 133 km2 Camp Gruber ranged from 1,136 to 4,657 ABB with activity occurring from April until October. An overwintering survival study was conducted by placing 30 lab-reared ABB in a lakeside, forest and open area habitat during the winter and a laboratory study was conducted to investigate the months of reproduction. The beetles in the overwintering experiment were placed in October of 2019 at the Cherokee Nation Sallisaw Creek State Park and checked of survival in March of 2020. Most ABB survived the overwintering period in all habitats. Despite a longer activity period than ABB in northern regions, only one peak of newly emerged ABB was observed in July, suggesting a single brood each year. In the laboratory ABB pairs were placed into containers, with moist peat moss and provided a large rat (175 grams) as a food/reproduction source. In the laboratory ABB only bred in late July. The results of these studies show ABB use all habitats at Camp Gruber and strongly suggest that ABB reproduction is limited to one period each year. Observed declines in population and individual size suggest potential impacts of climate change on the Oklahoma population. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE, NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS ............................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 Background ........................................................................................................1 Life Cycle...........................................................................................................4 American Burying Beetle Habitat Association ..................................................7 Oklahoma American Burying Beetle ...............................................................10 Overwintering ..................................................................................................11 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................12 II. NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS OLIVIER (COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE) POPULATION IN CAMP GRUBER, OKLAHOMA .........................................13 ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................13 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................14 MATERIAL AND METHODS .............................................................................15 Study Site .........................................................................................................16 Site Sampling ...................................................................................................17 Seasonal Survey ...............................................................................................18 Habitat Usage ..................................................................................................19 RESULTS ..............................................................................................................20 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................29 vi Chapter Page III. REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND OVERWINTERING OF THE AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE (NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS) IN OKLAHOMA, US ................................................................................................35 ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................35 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................36 MATERIAL AND METHODS .............................................................................38 Field Study Site ................................................................................................38 Overwintering Tubes .......................................................................................39 Weather Data ...................................................................................................40 Data Collection ................................................................................................41
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