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Inpa Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Entomologia Biologia E Descrição Dos INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA BIOLOGIA E DESCRIÇÃO DOS IMATUROS DE Oxelytrum cayennense(Stürm, 1826)(COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE) ASSOCIADAS À DECOMPOSIÇÃO DE CADÁVER SUÍNO NA RESERVA FLORESTAL DUCKE EM MANAUS, AMAZONAS, BRASIL EURICO HUMMIG NETO Manaus, Amazonas Abril de 2015 Eurico Hummig Neto BIOLOGIA E DESCRIÇÃO DOS IMATUROS DE Oxelytrum cayennense(Stürm, 1826)(COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE)ASSOCIADAS À DECOMPOSIÇÃO DE CADÁVER SUÍNO NA RESERVA FLORESTAL DUCKE EM MANAUS, AMAZONAS, BRASIL Orientadora: Dra. Ruth Leila Ferreira Keppler Coorientador: Dr. José Albertino Rafael Dissertação apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós- Graduação como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, área de concentração em Entomologia. Manaus, Amazonas Abril de 2015 Banca Examinadora da Defesa Pública Presencial Dr. Márcio Luís Leitão Barbosa – Titular (Presidente) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Aprovado) Dra. Cínthia Barrêto Chagas Vieira – Titular Polícia Civil do Estado do Amazonas (Aprovado) Dra. Daniela Koshikene – Titular Polícia Civil do Estado do Amazonas (Aprovado) Dr. Renato Tavares Martins – Suplente Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Dr. César João Benetti – Suplente Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Hummig–Neto, Eurico Biologia e descrição dos imaturos de Oxelytrum cayennense(Stürm, 1826) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) associadas à decomposição de cadáver suíno na Reserva Florestal Ducke em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil / Eurico Hummig Neto. --- Manaus: [s.n.], 2015. LXXVIII, 78 f. : il. color Dissertação (Mestrado) --- INPA, Manaus, 2015. Orientadora: Ruth Leila Ferreira Keppler Coorientador: José Albertino Rafael. Área de Concentração: Entomologia. 1. Bionomia. 2. Taxonomia. 3. Intervalo pós-morte. 4. Entomologia Forense I.Título. Sinopse: O tempo do desenvolvimento ontogenético, características comportamentais e a descrição morfológica das fases imaturas de Oxelytrum cayennense (Stürm, 1826) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) são fornecidos. Caracteres morfológicos das larvas de quatro espécies de Oxe lytrum foram comparados, e uma tabela para diferenciar as espécies com registro para o Brasil é apresentada. ii “A vida, Senhor Visconde, é um pisca-pisca. A gente nasce, isto é, começa a piscar. Quem para de piscar, chegou ao fim, morreu. Piscar é abrir e fechar os olhos - viver é isso.É um dorme-e-acorda, dorme-e-acorda, até que dorme e não acorda mais. A vida das gentes neste mundo, Senhor Sabugo, é isso. Um rosário de piscadas. Cada pisco é um dia. Pisca e mama; pisca e anda; pisca e brinca;pisca e estuda; pisca e ama; pisca e cria filhos; pisca e geme os reumatismos; por fim pisca pela última vez e morre. - E depois que morre? – perguntou o Visconde. - Depois que morre, vira hipótese. É ou não é?” Diálogo entre uma boneca de pano e um sabugo de milho, extraído da obra “Memórias da Emília”, de Monteiro Lobato. iii Dedico esta dissertação à minha filha, Marina. iv AGRADECIMENTOS À professora Ruth L. Ferreira Keppler, por te me orientado durante o mestrado e pela confiança depositada em mim e no meu trabalho. Ao professor José Albertino Rafael, pela coorientação e por ter disponibilizado todos os meios necessários para que este trabalho fosse desenvolvido da melhor maneira possível. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq, pela concessão da bolsa de estudo. Ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia por proporcionarem a estrutura física e o preparo para minha formação acadêmica. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia pelos incontáveis ensinamentos transmitidos, seja em sala de aula, laboratórios ou corredores do INPA. Aos meus pais, Oscar e Amélia, por serem meu esteio e meus exemplos de vida e conduta. Por terem me feito sentir seguro em todos os momentos, mesmo estando tão distante. Aos meus irmãos André e Caê, e à minha cunhada, Beatris, pelo incentivo e por terem me ajudado em muitos momentos nos quais estive longe de casa, e à minha filhinha, Marina, por ser minha fonte de inspiração no anseio de ser uma pessoa e um profissional melhores. Ao André Felipe da Silva, por ter sido um verdadeiro irmão nos últimos anos, desde os tempos de graduação quando estudávamos juntos para a seleção do mestrado, pela amizade que tornou a adaptação à Manaus mais leve e pelo convívio até o final desta etapa. À Jeane Cavalcante, pelos dois anos convivendo sob o mesmo teto, por suportar minha desorganização nas tarefas domésticas, pelas conversas, ajuda em diversas etapas durante esta pós-graduação e pela amizade. Ao Nikolas Cípola, por disponibilizar material de estudo para a seleção do mestrado, pelo convívio, amizade e ajuda em diversas etapas da pós-graduação. Aos colegas de laboratório, Leonardo, Juliana, Tohnson, Valdeana, Eduarda e Nira. Ao Tohnson Sales, pela ajuda, convívio em campo e pela amizade. À Valdeana Linard, por ter me apresentado aos simpáticos silfídeos, me ensinado grande parte do que hoje sei sobre entomologia forense, pelo convívio em campo, em laboratório e em todos os outros momentos que compartilhamos ao longo destes dois anos. Agradeço principalmente pela amizade incondicional. v Ao Renato Tavares, pela ajuda fundamental nas análises estatísticas e na confecção dos gráficos. Ao Léo Rossi, pela ajuda em diversas fotos desta dissertação. Ao Bruno “Gaoli”, pé vermelho, pela ajuda em parte da estatística desse trabalho e pela amizade. Ao Roberto “Stieger”, por gentilmente abater os porcos durante os experimentos. À Daniara Colpani pelas dicas e pelo material que me disponibilizou. Ao Kleber Makoto Mise da UFPR, pelas dicas de como criar os besouros e pela literatura e conhecimentos compartilhados. Ao Laboratório Temático de Microscopia Eletrônica do INPA, principalmente aos técnicos José Wilson Meirelles, Jackieline Veras e Lucas Castanhola. Aos funcionários da Reserva Ducke pelo convívio e boas conversas durante os experimentos de campo, em especial à dona Maria e Josi, e aos vigilantes da GR e da Amazon Security, em especial Naldo, Arnoldo, Adaílson, Giovani e Gilmar. Ao Arthur Citó, técnico do INPA e amigo, pela ajuda em campo, principalmente na montagem dos experimentos da segunda campanha e aos bons momentos de risada que somente um legítimo cearense é capaz de proporcionar. Ao Atmam Batista, pela ajuda em campo, pelas conversas e pela companhia durante as feijoadas de sexta feira na UFAM. Ao Rodrigo Vieira pela ajuda durante a primeira campanha e no equipamento de auto- montagem. Aos colegas da turma 2013/15 de mestrado em Entomologia do INPA pelo aprendizado científico, cultural e pela amizade. A Deus, por me conceder saúde, física e mental, para lidar com os desafios e adversidades que surgiram nesses dois anos vivendo na Amazônia. vi LISTA DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO I Figura 1. Imagem de Satélite demonstrando a localização da área de estudo na Reserva Florestal Ducke, a nordeste de Manaus, Amazonas. Imagem: Google Earth (modificada).................................................................................................................... 12 Figura 2. Modelo suíno, protegido por gaiola de ferro e circundado por 4 armadilhas pitfall, exposto em área de mata primária, após abate por disparo único de arma de fogo calibre .38. ...................................................................................................................... 13 Figura 3. Porco-doméstico Sus scrofa no estágio fresco de decomposição, minutos após o abate. ............................................................................................................................ 15 Figura 4. A) Destaque da cabeça, saída de sangue pelos orifícios. B) Aparecimento da mancha de Brouardel. ..................................................................................................... 16 Figura 5. A) Porco-doméstico Sus scrofa na fase coliquativa. Partes moles começam a desmanchar, liberação de gases e alta atividade de insetos. B) Indivíduos de O. cayennense. ..................................................................................................................... 17 Figura 6. Porco-doméstico Sus scrofa na fase como-saponificada. Conversão de gorduras em sabão e dispersão larval de imaturos de Diptera. ....................................... 18 Figura 7. Porco-doméstico Sus scrofa na fase de esqueletização, mostrando os ossos aparentes. ........................................................................................................................ 19 Figura 8. Porco-doméstico Sus scrofa na fase de restos, Ausência de total de tecidos e baixa atividade de insetos. .............................................................................................. 20 Figura 9. Quantidade de espécimes de O. cayennense (machos e fêmeas) coletados em armadilhas Pitfalls em setembro de 2013 na Reserva F. Ducke, Manaus, AM, durante os estágios de decomposição do modelo Sus scrofa. .......................................................... 21 Figura 10. Número de O. cayennense (machos e fêmeas) coletados em armadilhas Pitfalls em maio 2014 na Reserva F. Ducke, Manaus, AM, durante os estágios de decomposição do modelo Sus scrofa. ............................................................................. 22 Figura 11. Esquema mostrando a chegada dos adultos de O. cayennense ao substrato animal; o período onde ocorrem as primeiras oviposições; o aparecimento das primeiras larvas de 1º, 2º e 3º estádios,
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