Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador Facultad De Jurisprudencia Escuela De Derecho Disertación Previa a La Obtención D

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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador Facultad De Jurisprudencia Escuela De Derecho Disertación Previa a La Obtención D PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE JURISPRUDENCIA ESCUELA DE DERECHO DISERTACIÓN PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE ABOGADO “LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA ENTOMOLOGÍA FORENSE EN LOS DELITOS CONTRA LA VIDA Y SU APLICACIÓN EN EL PROCESO PENAL” DAVID ALBERTO CAMPOVERDE MIELES DIRECTOR: DR. GUILLERMO ENRÍQUEZ BURBANO QUITO, 2019 i DEDICATORIA A mi madre, Martha, por su constante apoyo y amor que me ha dado durante toda mi vida. A mi abuelita, Lidya, que siempre se preocupó por mis estudios y mi bienestar. A mi perro Tito, por estar siempre a mi lado y brindarme todo el cariño que en su existencia puede dar. ii AGRADECIMIENTO A mi madre, Quien me inspiro para continuar con esta investigación. A mi director, Dr. Guillermo Enríquez, Quien me dio la idea de realizar esta disertación y me ayudó a comprender la importancia que tienen las Ciencias Forenses en el desarrollo de los procesos penales. A mi profesora, Dra. Ivette Haboud, Quien dedico gran parte de su tiempo como docente para que esta disertación sea realizada de la mejor manera posible. A la doctora Pilar Sacoto, Que tomó parte de su tiempo para revisar el presente trabajo con la paciencia y dedicación de una docente. iii RESUMEN A través de los años, los métodos utilizados durante las investigaciones criminales han variado constantemente con el fin de mejorar los resultados que estas obtienen y hacer de los procesos judiciales mucho más confiables al momento de establecer la responsabilidad de un individuo en materia penal. Este afán por dar más precisión a las investigaciones ha significado un trabajo multidisciplinario en el que los métodos y conocimientos propios de la Criminalística ya no son suficientes; sino que, ha sido necesaria la intervención de otras ciencias que, con la ayuda de su conocimiento en un campo del saber particular, pueden ayudar a la determinación de un número mayor de elementos y fenómenos que se presentan en el cometimiento de un delito. El presente trabajo de disertación pretende presentar de manera general, cuál ha sido la influencia de la Entomología Forense en las investigaciones de aquellos delitos que atentan contra la vida y cómo los resultados obtenidos por la realización de estas pericias pueden ayudar a la resolución de los procesos penales. Para ello, la investigación presenta, las características principales de la Criminalística como ciencia de la investigación criminal, los elementos principales de la teoría del delito, y cómo se relacionan las Ciencias Forenses con los delitos contra la inviolabilidad de la vida. Después, se describe en qué consiste la Entomología como ciencia y cuáles son las características particulares de la Entomología Forense dentro de la Criminalística. Por último, se establecen las características principales del proceso penal, de la prueba y de la aplicación de la pericia entomológica en el mismo. iv ABSTRACT Through the years, the methods used during the criminal investigation have constantly varied in order to improve the results that they obtain and make the judicial prosecution much more reliable when stablishing the liability of someone in criminal matter. This eagerness to give more precision to the investigations has meant a multidisciplinary work where the own methods and knowledge of Criminalistic aren´t enough; rather, it has been necessary the intervention of other sciences that, with knowledge of an specific field, can help in the determination of a bigger amount of elements and phenomena that occur in the commission of a crime. The current dissertation work aims to show in a general way, which has been the influence of forensic entomology in the investigations of those crimes that threaten against life, and how the results obtained for the realization of these expertise can help in the resolution of judicial prosecutions. For that matter, the current investigation presents the main characteristics of Criminalistics as the science of criminal investigation, the main elements of the criminal theory, and how the forensic sciences relate with the crimes against the inviolability of life. Then, it is described in what consist the entomology as a science and what are the particular characteristics of forensic entomology within Criminalistics. Finally, the main characteristics of the criminal prosecution, the evidence and the application of the entomological expertise on it. v ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS DEDICATORIA ..................................................................................................................................i AGRADECIMIENTO ....................................................................................................................... ii RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................iv ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS .............................................................................................................. v INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................. 1 CAPÍTULO I. LAS CIENCIAS FORENSES Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS DELITOS CONTRA LA VIDA. ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. La Criminalística. ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. Principios de la Criminalística. ............................................................................................. 9 1.1.1.1. Principio de producción ................................................................................................. 9 1.1.1.2. Principio de transferencia ............................................................................................. 10 1.1.1.3. Principio de inmediatez ................................................................................................ 10 1.1.1.4. Principio de certeza ...................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1.5. Principio de reconstrucción .......................................................................................... 12 1.1.1.6. Principio de probabilidad ............................................................................................. 12 1.1.1.7. Principio de correspondencia ....................................................................................... 13 1.1.1.8. Principio de identidad .................................................................................................. 13 1.1.1.9. Principio de no prejuicio .............................................................................................. 14 1.1.1.10. Principio de rareza ..................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1.11. Principio de perennización ......................................................................................... 15 1.1.2. Relación de la Criminalística con otras ciencias. ................................................................ 16 1.1.2.1. Criminología ................................................................................................................ 16 1.1.2.2. Derecho y Derecho Penal ............................................................................................. 17 1.1.2.3. Medicina ...................................................................................................................... 18 1.1.2.4. Biología ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.1.2.5. Química ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.1.3. Clasificación de las Ciencias Forenses. .............................................................................. 19 1.1.4. El perito en la investigación forense. .................................................................................. 21 1.2. El delito. ..................................................................................................................................... 23 1.2.1. Elementos del delito. ........................................................................................................... 24 1.2.1.1. Acto .............................................................................................................................. 25 1.2.1.2. Tipicidad ...................................................................................................................... 26 1.2.1.3. Antijuridicidad ............................................................................................................. 26 vi 1.2.1.4. Culpabilidad ................................................................................................................. 27 1.2.1.5. Punibilidad ................................................................................................................... 28 1.2.3. Delitos contra la vida en el Ecuador. .................................................................................. 28 1.3. Ciencias Forenses aplicadas en casos de delitos contra la vida. ................................................ 29 CAPÍTULO II. ENTOMOLOGÍA FORENSE ................................................................................
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