Correct French Bing

C O R R E C T FR E N C H

EA S I LY L EA R N E D

A S I M PLI F I E D HAND B O O K ON RRO NU NC I ATI O N F O R B E G I NNE R S

B Y J U L I E TT E BI N G O F PA R I S

1 9 1 7 PU B L I S H E D B Y T H E A U T H O R

C H A R L TT E N . . O , C

PR EFAC E

I well known stu dents that It is a fact , to both instructors and one of the greatest difﬁculties of the French language is the correct pronunciation . In order to obviate that difﬁculty I have tried to give a reliable rule embracing each case , giving as an illustration the equival ent sound in English words . Each rule and exception is accompanied by numerous words intended to facilitate the work of the teacher by supplying examples which at the same I I ff . time a ord a large vocabulary hope have reached my aim ,

u having used orally this system of pron nciation which gave , indeed , unexpected results , especially with beginners who were

o enabled to read French with a pure pr nunciation , after a few n lesso s . After meeting with so much success in my personal expe ri I ence , and being urged by my friends and pupils , have resolved

“ to classify my compiling of many years of practical experience

’ and publish it in the form of a treatise . Everybody will agree with me i n the statement that the acquirement of a language is only superficial and cannot be considered an accomplishment if the possessor of it is not able , besides reading and speaking correctly , to understand also the language when spoken . What benefit would be derived from knowing French suffi ci ently to understand the meaning of a French book or of a m enu while being utterly incompetent in the pronunciation of the same ? Consider the disappointment resulting from the discovery of the utter impossibility to recognize the words when spoken by a native . How can people expect to understand others if they cannot pronounce properly themselves ? While on the other a hand , think of the gr tification derived from the certainty of a perfect pronunciation , which removes all hesitation , all diffi dence on the part of the speaker, by the certainty that his

' on knowledge is founded reliable principles , and h o w h and s om ely he will ﬁ nd himself rewarded when he will readily 4 CORRECT FRENCH—BING understand oral French when coming in contact with French people , or at the theatre or when going abroad .

For F , remember that the rench language is used all over the i n n world , every country , civilized or not , for the reaso that it

i n o is the only language authorized diplomatic corresp ndence , having been unanimously acknowledged to be the clearest and i less liable to m sconstruction . This treatise is especially dedicated to students who hitherto F have not been able to acquire the rench pronunciation . To I C those would say , heer up ; cast aside your discouragement , I try once more and if you study faithfully this system, guar antee that you will be surprised to see how easy it is to pro F nounce , read , speak and understand rench . My earnest wish is that my little book will help all persons interested i n French study and that it will be considered a reliable and indispensable companion . I TT I . U B NG MLLE J L E E , ‘

de Paris , France . THE LORD ’ S PRAYER F Our ather, which art in Heaven , hallowed be Thy name .

Thy kingdom come , Thy ,will be done , in earth as it is in a ou r o ur He ven . Give us this day daily bread and forgive us trespasses as we forgive those that trespass against us ; and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil , for Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory , forever and ever .

Amen .

L’ ORAI S ON DOM I NI CALE

Pére le nom Notre qui etes dans s cieux , que votre soit sanctiﬁé : Que votre regne arrive : Que votre volonté soit faite ’ sur la terre comme au ciel : Donnez -nous auj ourd hui notre pain quotidien : Pardonnez - nous inos offenses comme nous les ‘ ‘ a ﬁ nsé pardonnons ceux qui nous ont o e s—: Ne nous laissez pas a e a du . succomber la t ntation , m is délivrez nous mal Ainsi -il soit . — CORRECT FREN CH B I N G

TH E LETTERS F —ﬁ rench alphabet contains twenty ve letters . ancient and usual pronunciation is : m is sounded ah , as in far , bar . ‘ o i n - is sounded bay, as bay shore .

- O in . is sounded say, as Say ville L in D a - C is sounded day , as y ton

D — d a is sounded y , as in ail ment h — - f f t e i n e is sounded , as feet q é - r u —s — a . w is sounded zhay, as in J lem b is sounded ash , as in ash . m u . is so nded e , as in inn o h e z e . u sounded , as in j eer W i n ca - r d —is sounded cah , as . h el in is sounded , ( same as English ) .

‘

'B i n is sounded em, ( same as English ) . S o en a is s unded , ( same s in English) . O o 0 in is s unded , ( same as English) . O — F is sounded pay , as in pay ment . Q kii in - n - is sounded , as cu rio s . u - - r er is sounded err , as in ror . m is sounded es , ( same as in English) . +- o — is s unded tay , as in tai lor . i n is like the u the word gude , suss . a — is sounded vay, as in v por .

sounded ix, as in mix . is ( from the Greek) e-grec

is sounded zed , as in zest . TH E ALPHABET 7

TH E LETTERS

- ﬁ The French alphabet contains twenty ve letters . The new names of the letters are :

> i . is sounded ah , as n far , bar -be- w is sounded be , as in j ab ring - k - o ke a i n e . is sounded , s mar ting

- - o . is sounded de , as in mur de ring

m i n . sounded er, as herb e fe o f—fe- is sounded , as in ring . i - n . O is sounded ghe , as gher kin

- m . is sounded her, as in her mit

is sounded i , as in ﬁsh , rich .

- - e e r . sounded j , as in sur g y - k - r m k e i n e . is sounded , as croc y ' — - le t le r . b is sounded , as in ar il y

- — z . is sounded me , as in mes me rism m in n- n -m e e e . is sounded , as y

- O o . is sounded o , as in pen e a - e- sounded p , as in p p tite . k - k - e e r . w is sounded , as in moc y ' — w r e . is sounded re , as in deemer

‘ - - w r . is sounded se , as in nur se y e i n in - —r s s ou ded . te , as bat te y u' i n is sounded as in gude ( Scotch ) , u grun , i n r — —r ve e ve . is sounded , as y

- - u k s e c n ve x . is so nded , as in o — is called e grec . i n —z e z e s . is sounded , as nee

W , w , called double v , might be added , as many foreign words which have that letter have been adopted i n the French language , it has the sound of a simple v . 1s in 1 Walter pronounced Valter ( Val tayr ) ( ter as pate) . I S illi m William pronounced V a . U i n T e has no corresponding sound English . h u in gude , as the Scotch people pronounce it , is a good illustration ; or the ii in suss or in g r ii n o f the German language are similar to the n Fre ch 11 . In order to obtain the right Sound o f u it is necessary to place the lips as for whistling and pronounce e . You will readily acquire the sound of the French u . Then you must practice by pron ouncing u preceded by diver s consonants as b- bu d - du f- fu' l- lu m - m u n - —u r - ru - s s u . , , , , , nu , p p , , , etc — 8 CORRECT FRENCH B ING

RULE FOR READ ING DIVISION OF SYLLABLES

o F In order to pron unce correctly a rench word , it is nec f or . essary, beginners , to divide it into syllables e Remember that , whenever it is possible , a syllable must b gin

. o with a consonant Theref re , when there is only one consonant

' inside of a word , that consonant belongs to the vowel which follows it ( never to the vowel preceding it) and forms a syllable with it . SYLLABIC ACCENT OR STRESS I n F rench , each syllable of a word must be pronounced smoothly , the voice resting upon the last , unless it ends in e i n a c mute , which case the syllable before the last is slightly

cented .

D IFFERENCE IN SYLLAB IC D IVISION B ETW EEN ENGLISH AND FRENCH FRENCH SYLLABIC DIVISION ENGLISH SYLLABIC DIVISION ' a - to - me at om ' com - pa- rai - son com - par i ~ son ' — im - pos - si - ble im - pos si ble ' - - — gou ver neur gov ern o r ' — - - cho co lat choc o late ! — - bi ga mie big a - my ” ’ - - — - — hyp po o tame h p po pot a mus — p y im pé - tu - o - si - té -ty ! ’ - - - — - - é ty mo lo gie et y mol o gy ’ - —- - — - al pha bé ti que al pha bet i cal When a vowel is followed by two consonants the ﬁrst con sonant forms a syllable with the vowel preceding it a nd the second consonant forms a syllable with the vowel following it .

The syllabic division takes place between the two consonants . EXAMPLE res - pi - rer ( to breathe) fes - ton ( festoon ) — cir- cu - laire ( circular ) es trade ( platform ) — tes ta -ment ( testament) as - perge ( asparagus ) mas - ca - rade ( masquerade) trans - pa - rent ( transparent) ar - ti - chaut ( artichoke)

When two or more vowels follow each other , the syllabic division takes place between the two vowels which do not form a diphthong . SYLLABI C DI VISION 9

EXAMPLE

- - glu - ant ( sticky) su f —a vi té ( suavity) O- lé- a - i - neu x ( oleaginous) nu age ( cloud) g —— sta-tu - aire ( statuary) o a sis ( oasis ) — — fr uc - tu eux fruitful ) su eur (perspiration )

— - - m u tu el ( mutual ) R a oul ( Ralph )

n C When there is only o e onsonant inside of a word , if that th e consonant is m or n , as it is pronounced with following syllable , the vowel preceding it loses its nasal sound . EXAMPLE

‘ i - nac-tion ( inaction) h u -ma - mi - té ( humanity) _ - — — h o mi - ci de ( manslaughter) a nis ( aniseed )

- - - - — i na mi m e. inanimate) i nu tile ( useless )

- — i ma-g e ( image ) O -met tre ( to omit ) i - ni - ti - a- tion ( initiation ) u - mi - té ( unity ) S ilent h has no value whatever , and the consonant which precedes it must be linked to the vowel which follows it . L EXAMPLE i bO—nh eu r bonheur ( happ ness) , pronounced i - inhabile ( not clever ) , pronounced nha bile 1—nh u - inhumain ( inhuman ) , pronounced main 1 - bi ble inhabitable ( unﬁt to dwell in) , pronounced nha ta i —nhe inhérent ( inherent) , pronounced rent t i - nh o s - - - —er inhospi alier ( inhospitable ) , pronounced pi ta li e i - — inhumer (to inhum ) , pronounced nhu mer I f these words were pronounced according to the written divisions , they would begin with a nasal sound , but they do not .

CONSONANTS The consonants are almost always silent at the end of words unless followed by a ﬁnal e mute . EXAMPLE MASCULINE FEMININE petit ( small in size) grand ( large , tall) fort ( strong) blond ( fair) chaud ( warm) froid ( cold) mauvais ( bad quality) laid ( unsightly ) 10 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

EXCEPTIONS C , f , l , r , final , are frequently sounded and are exceptions to the general rule . EXAMPLE avec ( with) roc ( rock) sec ( dry) bref ( short) canif ( pen knife) soif ( thirst) fil ( thread ) cruel ( cruel ) carnaval ( carnival ) soir ( evening) peur ( fright) miroir ( mirror) duc ( duke) bouc ( buck) choc ( sh o ck) boeuf ( ox) neuf ( nine) chef ( chief) sel ( salt) mortel ( mortal) nil ( nile ) n oir ( black) trésor ( treasure) or ( gold) The final consonant of a word is generally carried to th next word when it begins with a vowel or an 11 mute s when i n carried , is sounded like z zone .

‘EXAMPLE

- —z arbr es les arbres (the trees) , pronounce les etiten fant —ten f nt p ( little child) , pronounce peti a - —zh eu reu x tres heureux ( very happy) , pronounce tres — -n aim able bien aimable ( very amiable) , pronounce bien bon - bon - na étit appétit ( good appetite) , pronounce pp — - zélév e s dix eleves ( ten pupils) , pronounce di

But when the letter 11 is the ﬁnal of a substantive it is not u so nded on the next word , though it begins with a vowel , thus the following are pronounced i n two distinct words : EXAMPLE u ne intention excellente ( an excellent intention ) u n pain exquis ( exquisite bread) u n vin agréable ( an agreeable wine) u n lien étroit ( a close connection ) i n The ﬁnal t is carried i n est ( is) but never et ( and) . a Louise et a Marie ( to Louise and to Mary) Elle est a Paris ( She is at Paris) A ccENTs 1 1

ACCENTS v There are three accents . They gi e a peculiar sound to the

n d . vowels over which they are placed , a particularly to the e ’ l c l ac ent . . The acute accent ( aigu) It has the shape of l a comma and is formed from ri ght to left ( ) . ’ 2 l a ccent . The grave accent ( grave) , which is formed from left to right

‘ ’ c1r cumﬂex l a ccent ci r co nﬂexe 3 . The accident ( ) , which is formed from the two others and has the shape of a little A sharp roof ( ) . ff n These marks never a ect a syllable . They can o ly modify

the sound of a vowel over which they are placed .

h o . Sometimes they . ave a mere orth graphic value They

l must never be neglected in writing .

IMPORTANT RULE

Remember that the consonants are almost always s 1lent at ”

the end of words , unless followed by a ﬁnal e mute .

SIM PLE VOW ELS E

t 1 l . t s e , wi hou accent , or e mute ( e muet) , entirely silent ‘ a w at the end of word , but the consonant or vowel hich pre

cedes it must be sounded . 0 EXAMPLES FOR E MUTE

dame ( lady) , sainte ( saint) , brave (brave) plume ( feather) ,

boue ( mud) , visage (visage) , rue ( street) , utile ( useful) ,

vie ( life) , pomme ( apple) .

2 l k i n . e unaccented or mute is s ounded i e the e of her the nine monosyllables following :

le me e me (me) , te (thee) , (the) , que ( that) , ( not) , J ( I ) , ’

o r ce . se ( one s self) , de ( of from) , ( this or that) The e of these monosyllables is elided when the following an word begins with a vowel or silent h , and apostrophe marks

the elision . o For the sake of practice , the foll wing sentence should be

carefully pronounced . ’ I l s éton ne de ce que j e ne te le redemande pa s I m ( He wonders that do not ask it back fro thee . ) — 12 CORRECT FRENCH BING

3 . When the unaccented e or e mute is placed inside of a o on e cons onant onl be word and f llowed by y, that consonant longs to the next syllable . ( Because , in French , the rule is that

o . a syllable must, if p ssible , begin with a consonant ) And the e preceding that consonant is sounded like the e in her . EXAMPLE che-val ( horse) me-lon ( melon) bretelle ( suspender) de -mi ( half ) r e-mede ( remedy) me - nu ( bill of fare) r e-cu ( receipt) Che -min ( way)

in 4 . When e mute is placed the middle of a word having more than two syllables , the word is pronounced as if there w a s no e in it . EXAMPLE les Tu ileri es ( Palace i n Paris ) is pronounced Twil -ry - ci n médecin ( physician) , is pronounced maid

- cadenas ( padlock) , is pronounced cad na —ra - v e betterave ( sugar beet) , is pronounced bet i h r imprimerie (printing house) , is pronounced prim y rim evere v a r p ( primrose ) , is pronounced prim y

acheteur ( buyer) , is pronounced ash tur When the unaccented e or e mute is followed by two con s onants e , the syllabic division takes place b tween the two con sonants , so that the e mute preceding the two consonants forms a syllable with the consonant which follows it imme i a l Con d te y and the second consonant begins the next syllable . sequently i f the ﬁrst consonant is r , er must be sounded like er i n error . EXAMPLE - merci ( thanks) , is pronounced mer ci - du perdu ( lost) , is pronounced per berceau ( cradle) is pronounced b—er- ceau vertu ( virtue ) , is pronounced ver tu - é clergé ( clergy) , is pronounced cler g - ru re serrure ( lock ) , is pronounced ser

If the ﬁrst consonant is s , es must be sounded essence . EXAMPLE

-to n feston ( festoon) , is pronounced fes es -ela-v e esclave ( slave) , is pronounced es- esprit ( spirit) , is pronounced prit e s - estime ( esteem) , is pronounced time e s - estrade ( platform ) , is pronounced trade

- blessure ( wound) , is pronounced bles sure SIMPLE vowELs 13

’ e mute is silent in the i nﬁnitive of the verb s as seoi r ( to sit ’ - fu is pronounced s a s soir and in the inﬁnitive , ture a nd conditional of the verb surseoir ( to postpone) , which r - is p onounced sur soir .

e mute is silent i n the future and conditi onal of verbs n or i er er : whose inﬁnitive ends in , , y , as

e remuer (to stir ) , J remuerai ( I shall stir) is pronounced re - mu - rai

étudier ( to study) , Vous étudierez (you shall study) , is pro nounced é- tu - di - rez s employer ( to employ) , Nous emploierions ( we hould em ploy) is pronounced em - ploi - ri - ons

ex is generally pronounced as in English . ( Sometimes it e z 1t n ek s is sounded g as in example , and sometimes IS sou ded as in extra)

ex is sounded egz in : exécution ( execution ) examiner ( to examine) exercice ( exercise) exiler ( to exile ) exiger (t o exact) exagérer ( to exaggerate )

ex is sounded eks in :

Alexandre ( Alexander ) r éﬂe xi on ( reﬂection ) excursion ( excursion) exquis ( exquisite) extase ( ecstacy) excentrique ( eccentric)

‘ u e m te has the sound of a , as in cat , mat , rat , ( or) of a , : lamb, in the following words

femme ( woman) , is pronounced fam s o— - solennel ( solemn) , is pronounced la nel i n - - u i - indemniser ( to indemnify) , is pronounced dam zé o i n - -ni - indemnité ( indemnity) , is pr nounced dam té h a - hennir ( to neigh) , is pronounced nir h a- - hennissement ( neighing) , is pronounced nis ment

And in all the adverbs ending in emm ent which must be pronounced as if spelt amm ent :

- — prudemment ( prudently) , p ronounced pru da ment e in—so - - insolemm nt ( insolently) , pronounced la ment - sa - récemment ( recently ) , pronounced ré ment 14 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

1 . é with an acute accent is called e fermé ( closed e ) because it is pronounced with the teeth almost closed .

It must be sounded like the a in gate , mate , late . EXAMPLE blé ( wheat) marché ( market ) dé ( thimble ) régénéré ( regenerated ) été ( summer ) vénéré ( venerated ) café ( coffee) créé ( created) bébé ( baby)

e is the only vowel over which the acute accent is used .

2 e . The acute acc nt is used over the vowel e in the termi nation té in words whose c orrespondent i n English end i n ty EXAM PLE C‘ harité ( charity) , vanité ( vanity) , liberté ( liberty ) , rcomté quantité ( quantity) , qualité ( quality) , ( county) 3 . The acute accent is required over e preceding a ﬁnal e mute . EXAMPLE idée ( idea) guinée ( guinea) musée ( museum) livrée ( livery ) fée ( fairy) soirée ( a whole evening) camée ( cameo ) marée ( tide) dictée ( dictation)

n 4 . 11 a The e preceding vowels a , o , i , , requires acute accent . EXAMPLE séance ( session) créature ( creature) léOpa r d ( leopard ) météore ( meteor ) céréale ( cereal ) ﬁ éau ( ﬂail ) océan ( ocean ) néant ( nothingness )

An 5 . acute accent is placed over the e ending the ﬁrst so n i i n singular of the ndicative present , all verbs of the

~ conjugation , when they are used interrogatively . EXAMPLE aimé-j e ? ( do I love or like ? ) coupé- j e ? ( do I cut ? ) — ? ? — ? écouté j e ( do I listen ) tombé j e ( do I fall ? ) marché- j e ? ( do I walk ? ) regardé - j e ? ( do I look ? ) ? parlé -j e ? ( do I speak ) SIMPLE VOWELS 15

6 . The e ending the Past Participle of all the verbs of the

ﬁrst conj ugation requires an acute accent . EXAMPLE mangé (eaten) chanté ( sung) avalé ( swallowed) dansé ( danced ) admiré ( admired) salé ( salted)

7 . An acute accent is placed over the e preceding the ter e mination g . EXAMPLE college ( college) sacrilege ( sacrilege ) siege ( siege) liege ( cork) ) privilege (privilege) , piege ( snare manege ( riding school) soie—grege ( raw silk)

i preceding e must be distinctly sounded , EXAMPLE ciel ( heaven) bi ere ( beer ) soulier ( shoe ) priere ( prayer) nier ( to deny) meunier ( miller) lievre ( hare) riviere ( river) tablier ( apron)

e l e . with a grave accent has the sound of e in met , get , let, fresh , mesh , etching, edge . 83 with a grave accent is called e ouvert ( open e ) because it is pronounced with the mouth open . EXAMPLE

pere , ( father) frere (brother) colere ( anger) mere ( mother) a rtere ( artery) feve ( bean )

2 n . e requires a grave accent when it is followed by a co and 15 X sonant an e mute , except when the consonant , the e recedm ’ h av1n : p g x never g any accent, as m convexe ( convex) annexe ( annex) ci rconﬁ exe ( circumﬂex) perplexe ( perplex) EXAMPLE ere ( era) sou ri c1ere ( mouse trap ) chére ( dear) prophete ( prophet) eleve (pupil ) zele ( zeal ) sincere ( sincere) The preceding rule applies to all the nouns and adj ectives ending in er in the masculine and which form their feminine b y the addition of e mute . The e preceding the re takes a

grave accent . 6 CORRECT FRENCH—RING

EXAMPLE MASCULINE FEM ININE le boucher ( the but cher) la bou chére ( woman ) le laitier ( the milkman) la laitiere le boulanger ( the baker) la boulangér e le j ardinier ( the gardener) la j ardiniere ’ ’ l é i ci er l é i ciere p _ ( the grocer) p le fermier ( the farmer) la fermiere le meunier ( the miller) la meuniere le portier (the j anitor) la portiere

follow1n I f the syllable g the e is not mute , an acute accent instead of a grave accent is required over the e . EXAMPLE chére ( dear) chéri ( darling) severe ( stern ) sévérité ( severity) eleve ( pupil) élévation ( elevation) pere ( father) perir ( to perish) mere ( mother) mérite ( merit) frere ( brother) confrérie ( brotherhood) ulcere ( ulcer) ulcéré ( ulcerated) fidéle ( faithful ) fidélité ( fidelity) ff 3 . If the mute syllable at the end of w ords h as two di erent consonants the e which precedes them takes also the grave C accent . onsequently A grave accent is required over the e preceding the termi fl ne vre e . nations cle , gle , gre , g , che , , , bre, tre , dre EXAMPLE regne ( reign) chevre ( goat) zebre ( zebra ) s1ecle ( century) meche ( wick) trefle ( clover) cedre ( cedar ) negre ( negro ) o b l n In the preceding words the c m ination of cl , g , gr, g , ch , vr br , fl , , tr , dr, is considered as a single consonant .

If the consonants are doubled in the mute ﬁnal syllable , the e before them remains without accent . EXAMPLE terre ( earth) assiette ( plate) noisette ( hazelnut) verre ( glass) belle ( beautiful) dilemme ( dilemma) guerre ( war) serre ( hot bed) bretelle ( suspender) selle ( saddle) déesse ( goddess) Il erre ( he wanders ) , messe ( mass) serviette ( napkin) cannelle ( cinnamon) tresse ( braid) allumette ( match ) équerre ( square rule ) gemme ( gem) Je greffe ( I graft) brouette ( wheelbarrow ) dentelle ( lace) détresse ( distress) steppe ( desert i n Russia ) vitesse ( speed) adresse ( address) antenne ( horn of a but toilette ( toilet) ombrelle ( parasol) terﬂy )

18 CORRECT FRENCH - P ING

3 . The circumﬂex accent often denotes that a letter has o been suppressed after the v wel over which it is placed , as in é it re é i str e p , tete , bete , which formerly were spelt p , teste , beste . That letter which is generally an s has been preserved in about forty English w o rds coming from the old French . EXAMPLE bete ( beast) ile ( isle) fete ( feast) mat (mast) c on qu éte ( conquest) c Ot e ( coast) hOte honnete ( honest) (host , guest) crete ( crest) pate ( paste) v étem ent ( vestm ent) platre (plaster) foret ( f orest) albatre ( alaba ster) tempete ( tempest) a pOtre ( ap o stle) arret ( arrest) épitr e ( epistle ) enquete ( inquest) hate ( haste) requete ( request) aile ( aisle) i ntér ét ( interest) chatim ent ( chastisement) pretre ( priest) batir ( to baste) v épr es ( vespers ) cloitre (Cloister) baptém e ( baptism) batard (bastard ) ch r ém e ( chrism ) huitre ( oyster ) hOpital ( hospital ) pature (pasture) r Oti r (to roast) tache (task) chateau ( castle) macher ( to masticate ) maitre (master ) prev Ot ( provost)

4 . The distinction between some words ( paronymes ) spelled ff the same , but of di erent meanings is sometimes determined by the circumflex accent : EXAM PLE pécher (to sin ) péch er ( to fish ) ' du ( of the) du ( due ) cru ( raw ) c r u ( grown) mur ( wall ) mur ( ripe) sur ( upon) s ur ( certain) tache ( stain) tache ( task) j eune (young) j eune ( fasting) tu ( thou ) tu ( kept Silent) chasse ( hunt) chasse ( shrine ) u n pécheur ( a sinner) u n pécheur ( a fisherman ) tacher ( to spot) tacher ( to endeavor ) matin (morning) matin ( mastiff ) SIMPLE vowELs 19

r O le nOtre 5 . The circumﬂex accent is used ove the of ( ours ) and le v Ot r e ( yours ) to distinguish them from notre

( our) and votre ( your) .

6 the 1 . The circumflex accent is used over a , , u , preceding the final termination mes and tes of the fir st and second per sons plural of the past definite or historical sense in the four conj ugations . EXAMPLE FIRST CONJUGATION THIRD CONJUGATION Nous parlames ( we spoke) Nous r ecum es ( we received) Vous parlates ( you s poke) Vous r ecfit es (you received) SECOND CONJUGATION FOURTH CONJUGATION Nous finim es ( we finished) Nous vendim es ( we sold) Vous finites ( you finished) Vous v endi tes ( you sold)

7 . The circumﬂex accent is used also over the last vowel

' of the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive , not to be confounded with the same person singular of the past

- i n definite or historical sense , which is spelled the same , except the first conj ugation . ‘ EXAMPLE PAST DEFINITE I l parla ( he spoke) Il r eeut ( he received) I l finit (he finished) Il vendit (he sol d) I M PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Qu ’ il parlat ( that he might speak) ’ Qu il fi nit ( that he might finish) ’ Qu il reCfI t ( that he might receive) Qu ’ il vendit (that he might sell)

8 x . The circumﬂe accent is used over the i of the verbs inﬁnit1ve in aitre l : whose ends or O tre , as

i r a co nnait re i pa t e ( to gr ze , as cattle) (to be acqua nted) naitre ( to be born) paraitr e ( to appear) c r oitre ( to grow) and their derivatives

d i n es is sounded like a in make , fate , ate ,_ the following monosyllabic words :

hi s h er \ its les ( the) ses ( , , ) tu es ( thou art) il mes ( my) ces ( these , those) est (he is) tes (thy) any) 20 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

ez er, , ed

ez m . er , , ed , ﬁnal have the sound of a in gate , ate , late The same s oun d as the e with the acute accent . EXAMPLE cocher ( coachman) désirer ( to desire) fumier ( manure ) vous entrez ( you enter) métier ( trade) vou's saluez (you salute) courtier ( broker) vous priez ( you pray) charpentier ( carpenter) vous demandez ( you ask) ’ escalier ( staircase) vous remerciez ( you thank) vitrier ( glazier) vous donnez (you give) coutelier ( cutler ) vous excusez ( you excuse ) sucrier ( sugar bowl ) vous méritez ( you deserve) beurrier ( butter dish ) vous négligez ( you neglect) saladier ( salad dish ) vous désirez ( you desire) moutardier ( mustard pot) assez ( enough) entrer ( to enter) nez ( nose) saluer ( to salute ) rez- de - chaussée ( ground ﬂoor) prier ( to pray) chez ( at the house of) demander ( to ask) biez ( water-mill channel ) remercier ( to thank) ‘pied ( foot) donner ( to give) il sied ( it becomes ) ’ excuser ( to excuse) il s as si ed ( he sits down) v mériter ( to deser e) trépied ( trivet , tripod) négliger ( to neglect) chausse—pied ( shoe horn )

r ﬁnal is by exception sounded in the following words . er has the sound of air EXAMPLE hier ( yesterday) cancer ( cancer) hiver ( winter ) gaster ( stomach ) bitter ( a kind of liquor) cher ( dear ) fer ( iron) éther ( ether) amer ( bitter) frater ( a surgeon ’ s helper) Lucifer ( Lucifer) Esther ( Esther) Luther ( Luther) Eliezer ( Eliezer) ﬁ er ( proud ) Stathouder ( a ruler in magister ( village school mas Holland ) ter ) un vers ( a verse) mer ( sea ) vers ( toward ) enfer ( hell) de travers ( awry) cuiller ( spoon) Je sers ( I serve ) ver ( worm) univers ( universe) SI M PLE VOWELS 21

i et n . ﬁnal has the sound of e etching, get , met , let, fresh

( The same sound as the e with a graye accent . ) EXAMPLE et (a nd ) valet ( valet) j ouet ( toy) suj et ( subj ect) bouquet ( bouquet) chalet ( cottage ) corset ( corset) pistolet ( pistol ) baquet ( tub ) obj et ( obj ect) chevalet ( easel ) navet ( turnip )

: Remark In spelling, the French a is called ah , but that does not mean that it has always that sound wh en placed in

a word . 1 m . at . a is usually sounded like the a in cat, , rat , fat , bat EXAMPLE la ( the) rat ( rat) bas ( stocking) ma ( my) drap ( cloth) fade ( tasteless ) ta ( thy) chat ( cat) sale ( dirty)

2 . When a is surmounted by a circumﬂex accent , it has n i n the sou d of the a father . EXAMPLE male ( male) pale ( pale) atre (hearth ) crane ( skull) am e ( soul ) capre ( caper ) ane ( donkey) hate ( haste) blame ( blame) lache ( coward) chale ( Shawl)

3 . a has also the sound of the a in father , rather , the same a sound as with the circumﬂex accent, when it is followed by v re ble , bre , gle , gre, dre , . In the foll owing words it is necessary to dwell on the vowel preceding the a bove terminations in order to avoid a too

strong utterance of the ﬁnal syllable , which must be s ounded

“ C very faintly . are must be taken not to pronounce ble , bre , v r e be r gle , gre , dre , , as they are in English bel , , gel , ger , der , t ver . Remember hat the two consonants must not be separated h by any intervening sound as in Englis . EXAMPLE table ( table) sabre ( sabre) aimable ( amiable) fable ( fable) cadre ( frame ) étable cow stable ) sable ( sand) glabre ( smooth ) agréable agreeable) érable ( maple) podagre ( gouty) proﬁtable ( proﬁtable ) capable ( capable ) coupable ( guilty ) charitable ( charitable ) — 22 CORRECT FREN CH BING

The same rule is applied to the other vowels preceding the above terminations . They must be dwelt upon and pronounced as if they were surmounted by a circumﬂex accent . EXAMPLE Bible ( Bible) negre ( negro) table ( table) livre ( book)

pauvre ( poor ) poivre (pepper) , cidre ( cider ) humble ( humble) noble ( noble) le Louvre ( a palace in Paris)

EXCEPTIONS a is not sounded in Aout ( month of August) which is pro n n c i n ou ed 011 ( like the OO oozing) . aoriste ( aorist ) pronounced orist a outer o n ( harvest m a n ) pronounced Outron S aOne ( a department in France) pronounced S On e Curacao ( an island i n the Gulf of Mexico ) pronounced Curaco

i preceding a must distinctly sounded , as ia in piano . EXAMPLE miasme ( miasm) liane ( creeping vine ) milliard ( billion ) miniature ( miniature) ﬂ acr e ( cab ) tiare ( tiara ) glacial ( icy) Diane ( Diana ) alliage ( alloy ) liard ( farthing)

l . i , when not preceded by a or e , is always sounded like i n . the i if, bit EXAMPLE lit ( bed) ﬁni ( ﬁnished ) pli ( fold) midi (midday) ici ( here )

2 . i surmounted by a circumﬂex accent has the sou nd of ﬂ' e e i n e e . the bee , , eel EXAMPLE abime ( abyss ) diner ( dinner ) épi tr e ( epistle ) gite ( lodging) SIMPLE vowELs 23

3 . 1e e ee final is sound d like the in bee , flee, eel , ( the same sound as the i with a circumflex accent i n the following mon os yllabi c words ) vie ( life) lie ( dreggs ) Je me fie ( I trust) I l I l pie (magpie) lie, ( he ties ) nie ( he denies ) scie ( saw) J e prie ( I pray) Elle crie ( she cries ) mie ( crumb ) J e plie ( I fold) J e scie ( I am sawing)

l . O is generally s ounded like the o in mob , dot, not , rob , glove , ton . EXAMPLE oc tagone ( octagon) robe ( dress) mort ( death ) mors ( horse bit) noce ( wedding) ’ col ( collar ) or ( gold ) mode ( fashion) botte (boot) note ( bill , account) vote ( vote) tonne ( ton)

2 6 1t b . when is surmounted y a circumﬂex accent is i I n sounded l ke the o note , robe, clover, tone . EXAMPLE rOti ( roast meat) d r Ole ( rascal ) n aumOni er ( chaplain ) c One ( cone) g eOle ( j ail) symptOm e ( symptom ) tOle ( sheet iron) m Ole ( pier) Oter ( to remove)

‘ alcOve a umOn e cOte ( alcove) ( alms ) ( rib , also coast)

in 3 . 0 ﬁnal is sounded like the o note , robe, clove , tone , i (the same sound as the O w th the circumﬂex accent) . EXAMPLE loto ( loto) indigo (indigo ) piano (piano ) lavabo ( washstand ) domino ( domino ) numéro (number)

in 4 . o is sounded like the o note , robe , clove , tone ( the O c1rcumﬂex w or d s h avin same as the with a accent) , in g only one i n syllable , or the last syllable of a word when 0 is fol n lowed by o e Single consonant which is not sounded . EXAMPLE dos (back) repos ( repose) nos ( our) a propos ( by the way ) vos ( your ) calicot ( muslin) o gros ( big, c arse) héros ( hero) lingot ( ingot) sirop ( syrup) haricot ( bean ) mulot ( ﬁeld mouse ) — 24 CORRECT FRENCH BING

But in the derivatives Of these words 0 has the sound of

O ' the in not , rob , glove , ton , because it is followed by a consonant and a vowel . EXAMPLE EXAMPLES WITH 0 SOUNDED EXAMPLES WITH 0 SOUNDED A S IN NOTE A S IN N OT mot ( word ) moti f ( motive) lot (prize) loterie ( lottery) trot ( trot) trotter ( to trot) sot ( fool ) sottise ( foolishness) pot (pot) potterie ( pottery) croc ( a dog’ s tooth) crochet ( hook) galop ( gallop ) galoper ( to gallop ) rabot ( plane ) raboter ( to plane off) idiot (m ) ( idiot) idiote ( f) ( idi ot) abricot ( apricot) abric otier ( apricot t ree)

5 0 and . , when placed inside a word followed by s and a

“ 0 o o \ vowel , is sounded like in n te , robe , cl ve , tone , ( the same sound as O with a circumﬂex accent . ) EXAMPLE positif ( positive) gosier ( thr oat) alose ( shad ﬁsh ) reposoir ( repository) poser ( to place ) rosier ( rose bush) arrosoir ( watering pot)

’ D L homme propose mals ieu dispose .

( Man proposes but God disposes . )

in . o on And also the following w rds , account t being i n sounded as s sister : — motion ( motion) is pronounced m O si On potion ( a drug mixture ) i s pronounced pO si on dévotion ( devotion) i s pronounced dé-v O- S i -ou notion ( notion) is pronounced n O S i on — émotion ( emotion ) is pronounced é mO- S i - on

6 . But when 0 is followed by s s it is sounded like 0 1n iﬁ d o ss e . EXAMPLE brosse ( brush ) possession ( possession crosse ( crutch ) fosse ( grave) bosse ( hump) colosse ( colossus ) cosse ( pod) Ecosse ( S cotland ) fossette ( dimple) rosse ( j ade)

— CORRECT FRENCH B I NG

2 a . with a circumflex accent must be dwelt upon . EXAMPLE u S u u br lot ( fire hip) b che ( log), piq re ( sting) mure ( mulberry) flute ( flute ) embuch e ( snare) sur ( certain ) fut ( cask) br ulu r e ( a burn)

. u o 3 . u is generally silent after q q is s unded like k king . EXAMPLE question ( question) inquiétude ( uneasiness) quai ( quay) qualité ( qu ality) bouquet ( bouquet) esquif ( skiff) quinquina ( quinine) - u- r e u o c . Except in piq re ( sting) , which is pron unced pi

in 4 . u is sounded as English in a few words directly de - a rived rom the Latin , ( coo ) . These words are nearly alike i F n rench and English . EXAMPLE équateur ( equator) quintuple ( quintuple) aquatique ( aquatic) quintetto ( quintet) aquarelle ( water color) quatuor ( quatuor) équestre ( equestrian ) questeur ( questor ) aquarium ( aquarium) questure ( questorship) quadrupede ( quadruped) quadragénaire ( a man of 40) quadrumane ( monkey) quinquagénaire ( a man of 50) quartz ( mineral substance) quadrature ( quadrature) Quirinal ( Royal Palace in equidi stant ( equidistant) Rome ) liqu efacti on ( liquefaction) i n - quarto ( quarto size) quadrangulaire ( quadrangular) équitation (horsemanship) qu a d r ilatai r e ( quadrilateral) loquacité ( loquacity) ﬁgure) quadruple ( quadruple) quadragésime ( quadragesima) o—a - Quaker is pronounced Ko cre .

5 . u is silent between g and e or i . gu is sounded like g in garment . EXAMPLE guenon ( female ape) intrigue ( intrigue ) guerre ( war ) morgue ( bone house ) guepe ( wasp ) guéridon ( round table ) nagu ére ( of old) guimauve ( marshmallow) ﬁg u e ( ﬁg) guirlande ( garland) fatigue ( fatigue) guitare ( guitar ) SI M PLE vowELS 27

6 e s soun d ﬂ wh en . u after g pr serve its proper it is followed by a consonant . EXAMPLE augure ( omen) ﬁgure ( face) virgule ( comma) aigu ( acute ) guttural ( guttural) ambigu ( ambiguous) lugubre ( lugubr1ous ) contigu ( contiguous ) déguster ( to sample wine) exigu ( scanty) energumene ( demoniac) Argus

envergure ( the size of a bird Auguste , when its wings are spread ) Gustave légume ( vegetable) Regulus

t i n 7 . u is , by excep ion , sounded the following words , in language : EXAMPLE arguer ( to argue ) aiguillée ( needleful) lingual ( lingual ) Guadalquivir ( Guadalquivir) linguiste ( linguist ) aiguillon ( goad) Guadeloupe ( Guadeloupe) aiguiser ( to Sharpen) Guise ( Guise) ambigu ité ( ambiguity) j aguar ( j ackal) Guatemala ( Guatemala) aiguille ( needle) 8 11 . . i preceding must be distinctly sounded ExA M PLE diurne ( diurnal) reliure ( the binding of a book)

— - - — sciure ( saw dust) di u ré tique ( diuretic)

a y , when initi l or ﬁnal , or placed between two con i sonants , or form ng a syllable of itself , has the same sound as F 1 i n the rench inn , or the same sound as the English y in navy . Ypres ( a city in France) pronounced Ee- pr r Champs Elysees a promenade at Paris ) pronounced Shan Zéliz ay y ( there) tyran ( tyrant) lyre ( lyre ) type ( type) cyprés ( cypress ) dynastie ( dynasty) myrte ( myrtle)

2 - . y between two vowels is equivalent to i i . The ﬁrst i

‘ forms a diphthong with the vowel preceding it . The second i be o must sounded distinctly bef re the vowel following it . The ’ two syllabic division takes place between the i s . 28 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

EXAMPLE oi like 0 in one royal ( royal ) is pronounced roi -ial — bruyere ( heath ) is pronounced brui 1ere voyelle ( vowel) is pronounced voi -ielle j oyau ( j ewel) is pronounced j oi -iau crayon ( pencil) is pronounced crai - ion

- loyer ( house rent) is pron ounced —loi ier j oyeux ( merry) is pronounced j Oi i eu x payer ( to pay) is pronounced pai -ier

- moyen ( means , way) is pronounced moi ien l ' T l r an Y is not sounded in Tal eyrand ; it is pronounced al e d .

EXCEPTIONS

1 : . The following w ords are exceptions The y although followed by a consonant has the sound of ’ two i s . EXAMPLE pays ( native land) is pronounced pai - ee paysan (peasant ( m ) ) is pronounced pai -ee-zan

i - paysanne ( peasant ( f) ) is pronounced pai ee zanne paysage ( landscape) is p—ronounced pai - ee- zage abbaye is pronounced abbai-i e

2 I n l h h ' l . o o a t ou aced t the f llowing w rds the y , g p be ween two vowels , is sounded like a single i . It does not form a diphthong with the vowel preceding it . EXAMPLE

— - Lafayette is pronounced La fa i ette

- — - mayonnaise ( salad dressing) is pron ounced ma i o nai se Cayenne ( city) is pronounced Ca - ienne Bayard is pronounced B a - i ar d

— - Mayence ( city i n Germany) is pronounced Ma ien ce — - bayadere ( an I n do o dancer) is pronounced ba ia - de r e Bayonne ( city i n France ) is pronounced B a - i - onne COM POU ND VOW ELS

The compound vowels are : - — au in . eau are sounded alike like o note , robe -oeu i n f o eu are sounded alike, sometimes like u us cu f ; s me

- - er 11 o . times deep , like f llowed by r , as in urn , burn , purling

0 . oi , like in one

on 00 or on . , like in oozing, in soup — oe é a . , like in mate , gate

t . ui , like ui in quil , quiver — - k m ei e ali e . ai y are sounded like e ( e m let , met, etching)

m f The following have the sa e sound, although spelt dif er ently

Francais ( French ) pro ces ( law suit) maire ( mayor) mere ( mother ) paire ( pair ) pére ( father ) chaine ( chain) chene ( oak tree) chaire (pulpit) chére ( dear ) solaire ( solar) colere ( anger) pait re ( to graze) champetre ( rural ) naitre ( to be born) fenétre ( window ) balai ( broom) ballet ( dance) dais ( canopy) dés ( as soon) air ( air) ere ( era ) locataire ( tenant) caractere ( disposition ) dromadaire ( dromedary) Madere ( Madeira wine) aigre ( sour) negre ( negro ) t raitre ( traitor) étre (to be) ’ j ais ( j et) j et d eau ( water spout) aile ( wing) zéle ( zeal)

1 i n . o r ai , ﬁnal not , is generally sounded like e get, let , O fresh , ( the same sound as with a grave accent) .

EXAM PLE lait ( milk) chaise ( chair) fraise ( strawberry) maison ( house) clairon ( bugle) vrai ( true) Anglais ( English) fontaine fountain ) paix ( peace) balai ( broom ) 30 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

2 . ais and ait , forming the endings of the third persons singular of the Imperfect Indicative and of the Conditi onal

Present , are also sounded like e with the grave accent ( like e in met , get, let , fresh) . Je déj eunais ( I was breakfasting) J ’ avais ( I had) Tu di nai s ( th ou didst dine) Tu étais ( thou wast) Il soupait ( he used to eat supper) Il fallait ( it was necessary) Elle buvait ( she drank) Elle allait ( she was going) Je lirais ( I should o r would read) ’ J a u ra i s ( I should or would have ) Tu dessinerais ( thou shouldst or wouldst draw ) I1 écrirait (he should or would write ) I l faudrait ( it would or sh ould be necessary) Elle chanterait ( S h e should or would Sing) Elle 1 rai t ( she should or would go)

3 . ai , forming the ending of the ﬁrst person singular of the D a nd “ Past eﬁnite or Historical Tense , of the First Future , is é sounded like with the acute accent ( like a in mate , gate , late) . EXAMPLE J e marchai ( I walked) Je marcherai ( I shall or will walk ‘ J e fumai ( I smoked) J e fumerai ( I Shall or will smoke ) J e pr étai ( I lent) Je pr éterai ( I shall or will lend) ’ J a dmi rai ( I admired) ’ J admi r era i ( I shall or will admire ) Je dépensai ( I spent) J e dépenserai ( I shall or will spend) J e désirai ( I desired) Je désirerai ( I shall or will desire )

4 . é ai is sounded like with the acute accent ( like a in mate , a in in gate , late , or y say) the following words EXAMPLE J ’ ai ( I have) gai ( cheerful) Je sais ( I know) gaieté ( cheerfulness ) Tu sais (Thou knowest) gaiement ( cheerfully) I l sait ( he knows) raifort ( horseradish ) Elle sait ( she knows) quai (wharf ) a Je vais ( I go) COMPOUND VOWELS 3 1

o . 5 . i preceding ai must be s unded distinctly EXAM PLE liaison ( linking) must be pronounced li - ai - zon auxiliaire ( auxiliary) must be pronounced a u -xi -li - ai - re biais (bias ) must be pronounced bi - ais Je riais ( I was laughing) must be pronounced ri - ais J e criais ( I was crying) must be pronounced cri - ais Il pliait ( he was folding) must be pronounced pli - ait niais ( silly) must be pronounced ni - ais EXCEPTIONS

ai is sounded like e mute ( e in herb) when it stands before s in the middle of some persons of the verb faire ( to make , n to d o ) a d its derivatives . EXAMPLE Je faisais ( I was doing) is pronounced fe -zay — Tu faisais ( Thou wast doing) is pronounced fe zay ‘ — Il faisait ( he was doing) is pronounced fe zay Nous faisons ( we are doing) is pronounced fe - zon — faisant ( doing) is pronounced fe zan Nous défaisions ( we were undoing) is pronounced dé- fe-zion

ai is sounded like a in far i n do u ai ri er e ( dowager) which is pronounced dOO- ah- r l - ayr

l ei i n . has the same sound as ai like e met, get, let, fresh

( the same sound as e with the grave accent) . EXAMPLE neige ( snow) empeigne ( vamp ) teigne ( scurf ) treize ( thirteen) reine queen) verveine ( vervei n ) seize ( sixteen) peine ( sorrow) veine ( vein) seigle ( rye) 2 . e e h y is sounded like y in grey , in bey ( Turkish c ief) dey ( dey of Algiers) .

a au , e u

l au and o . , eau have the s und of o in note , robe ( the same O sound as with the circumﬂex accent) . EXAMPLE an ( to , at) chauve ( bald) veau ( calf) j aune ( yellow) couteau ( knife) ciseaux ( scissors ) émeraude ( emerald) gateau ( cake) moineau ( sparrow) ‘ — CORRECT FRENCH B I NG

“ 2 au . i preceding must be distinctly sounded . — miauler ( to mew ) is pronounced mi - au ler

- — piauler ( to peep ) is pronounced pi au ler

oeu eu ,

1 cu oeu . and are generally sounded like the u of us , but ff cu , dull . EXAMPLE ﬂeu r ( ﬂow er) coeur ( heart) seul ( alone ) soeur ( sister) chaleur ( heat ) boeuf ( ox) voltigeur ( light infantry) oeuf ( egg) peur ( fear ) manoeuvre ( drill )

2 . i preceding eu must be distinctly sounded . EXAMPLE rieur ( giggler) plieur ( folder) intérieur ( interior ) scieur ( sawyer ) supérieur ( superior ) relieur ( bookbinder) in féri eu r ( inferior)

n d oeu 3 . en a , when ﬁnal , or followed by x , se , d , t, are i n o sounded like u urn . In order to btain that sound , it is necessary to place the lips in the same position as for whistling . EXAMPLE bleu (blue) mieux ( better) “ peu ( little quantity) feu ( ﬁ re ) j eu ( game) Dieu ( God) adieu ( farewell ) vieux ( old ) cheveu ( hair) il pleut ( it rains) noeud ( knot) tubéreuse ( tuberose) voeux ( vows ) blanchisseuse ( laundress ) MASCULINE FEMININE heureux ( happy) heureuse fameux ( famous ) fameuse spacieux ( spacious ) spacieuse ténébreux ( dark) ténébreuse délicieux ( delicious) délicieuse savoureux ( savory) savoureuse laiteux ( milky) laiteuse noueux ( knotty) noueuse ambitieux ( ambitious ) ambitieuse précieux ( precious ) précieuse vertueux ( virtuous ) vertueuse religieux ( religious ) religieuse

34 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

o n 00 i n on is always sounded like oozing or like in soup , group, rouge . EXAMPLE chou ( cabbage) fourchette ( fork) mouche ( ﬂy) faubourg ( suburb) poule ( h en ) soucoupe ( saucer ) clou ( nail) s ourd ( deaf)

o ui is s unded like ui in quilt, quiver , quick . EXAMPLE fruit ( fruit) puits ( a well) huitre ( oyster) pluie ( rain) truite ( trout) cuivre ( copper ) cuisine ( kitchen) huile oil) suif (tallow) biscuit ( biscuit) suie ( soot)

an u is Silent after q d g . qui is sounded as ki in kid gui is sounded as gi in give in oui is sounded as Louis . EXAMPLE oui ( yes) enfouir ( to conceal in the j ouir ( to enj oy) ground) rouir (to steep hemp ) cambouis ( axle grease)

LIQU ID SOU NDS

I . ll preceded by i is generally liquid (mouillé) in has the sound of y yes , yet , yard , yoke , yeast . EXAMPLE

billet ( ticket) is pronounced be ﬂ y- ay tilleul ( linden tree) is pronounced ti -yeul — brillant ( brilliant) is pronounced bri yant grillon ( cricket) is pronounced gri -y o n billard ( billiard) is pronounced bi - ya r millet ( bird seed ) is pron ounced mi - yet carillon ( chime) is pronounced ca - ri - yo n babillage ( prattling) is pronounced ba - bi - yage papillon ( butterﬂy ) i s pronounced pa -pi - yon corbillard ( hearse ) is pronounced cor- bi -yar tourbillon ( whirlwind ) is pronounced tour - bi - yon LIQUID SOUNDS 35

ee e ee in 2 . ill followed by e mute is sounded y , the as bee , the ye as in eye ( eeye ) . EXAMPLE

ﬁlle - e ( girl , daughter) is pronounced fee y bille ( marble) is pronounced bee -ye roquille ( gill) -is pronounced ro -quee -—ye anguille ( eel ) is pronounced an - gu ee ye

— - famille ( family) is pronounced fa mee y e étrille ( curry comb) is pronounced é- tree - ye — faucille ( sickle) is pronounced fau - cee ye vanille ( v anilla) is pronounced va - nee - y e cédille ( cedilla) is pronounced c é- dee - ye ! — gorille ( gorilla) is pronounced gO-ree ye chenille ( caterpillar) is pronounced che - nee - ye coquille ( shell) is pronounced co 4 qu ee-ye f

When ill , placed inside of a word , is followed by i , it is not liquid . EXAMPLE — million ( million) is pronounced mi -li on millionnaire ( millionaire) is pronounced mil - lio - naire — milliard ( a thousand millions ) is pronounced mi - li ar — millieme ( one thousandth) is pronounced mi - li - é me millier ( a thousand) is pronounced mi - li - er

— - pierre milliaire (mile stone) is pronounced mi li - ai r e millimetre ( millimeter) is pronounced mi -li - me - tre — milligramme ( milligram) is pronounced mi - li gramme milli onieme ( one part of a million ) is pronounced mi - lio - ni - éme — billion ( billion ) is pronounced bi -li on

i 3 . ill is not liqu d at the beginning of a word . EXAMPLE illustre ( illustrious ) is pronounced il-lus -tre illégal ( illegal) is pronounced il - lé-gal illettré ( illiterate) is pronounced illet -tre illégitime ( illegitimate) is pronounced il -lé- gi - ti - me illumination ( illuminating) is pronounced il -ln- mi-na—tion illusion ( illusion) is pronounced il -lu - sion illustration (illustration) is pronounced il- lus - tra—tion —— illicite ( unlawful ) is pronounced il v li ci te illisible ( not legible) is pronounced il -li - si -ble illimité ( without limits ) is pronounced illi - mi -té — CORRECT FREN CH B I NG

EXCEPTION ll 4 . ill or y , although placed in the middle of words , is not liquid in the following words . It is sounded as in the

English words ill , till , sill , mill . EXAMPLE chinchilla ( fur ) syllabe ( syllable) ville ( town) a nd its pupille ( ward) Sylla ( Sylla) derivatives Gi lles ( Giles) codicille ( co dicil) village ( village) idylle ( idyl ) instiller ( to instil ) villageois ( villager ) S ibylle ( Sibyl) titiller (to tickle ) Achille ( Achilles ) fritillaire ( fritillary) vaudeville ( vaudeville ) sillet ( nut of a violin ) osciller ( to oscillate ) and its ﬁbrille b ( small ﬁ re) derivatives , oscillation armillaire ( armillary) vaciller ( to stagger) maxillaire ( maxillar ) camomille ( chamomile ) tranquillité ( quietness ) capillaire ( a medicinal herb) tranquillement ( quietly ) scintiller ( to scintillate) distiller ( to distil ) and its c ampanille ( little tower )

derivatives mille ( thousand , also mile) distillerie ( distilling) tranquille ( quiet) and its distillateur ( distiller ) derivatives 1 v l w 5 . ﬁnal preceded by the owel 1 is liquid n the follo ing words : Avril ( April) is pronounced A - vree -ye babil ( chatter) is pronounced ba - bee - ye — Brésil ( Brazil ) is pronounced B r e- zee ye cil ( eye lash) is pronounced cee -ye gril ( toaster) is pronounced gree -ye

- - gresil ( sleet) is pronounced gré zee ye — gentil ( heathen) is pronounced g en -tee ye péril ( danger ) is pronounced pé- ree -ye gentilhomme ( nobleman ) is pronounced g en - tee - y - omme 6 1 . ﬁnal preceded by the vowel i is silent in the following words : — fusil ( gu n ) is pronounced fu zee — outil ( tool ) is pronounced ou ti — chenil ( kennel ) is pronounced che ni fournil ( bakehouse ) is pronounced four -ni . sourcil eye - brow ) i s pronounced sour- ci gentil ( pretty ) i s pronounced gen - ti persil ( parsley) is pronounced pe1 - S i nombril ( navel ) is pronounced n om - br 1 baril ( barrel ) is pronounced ba - ri coutil ( ticking) is pronounced cou—ti gentilshommes ( noblemen ) is pronounced gen -ti - zh omm es LIQUID SOUNDS 37

1 i n ﬁls — 7 . ﬁnal is either sounded or silent sounded if it

s on . means threads , silent if it means or sons 1 , whether single or double , is always liquid after the i i i C e oe ne . . diphthongs ai , , , eui , , oui onsequently eu il n n eill oeill eu ill n ou ill ail , eil , oeil , , eil , o il , aill , , , , eill, , are called liquid sounds . OBSERVATION The pronu nc 1ati on of the liquid s ounds will present no dif ﬁ l cu lty at all provided the two fo l ow 1ng rules are observed . F il o i n irst . Remember that or ill liquid is s unded ye as - e ye .

‘ Second . Bear in mind that the Single vowels or the l diphth ongs preceding i or ill retain their natural sounds . Fo r : is il instance a sounded ah as in far; bar , or ill are C : sounded ye as in eye . onsequently h in o a e . ail r aill are sounded alike , y , or like I I have EXAMPLES WITH A I L ail ( garlic ) éven tail ( fa n ) trava11 ( work) corail ( coral ) détail ( retail) gouvernail ( rudder ) EXAMPLES WITH AILLE paille ( straw) caillou ( pebble) taill e ( stature) bataille ( battle) canaille ( rabble ) tailleur ( tailor) m édaille ( medal) volaille ( poultry) ; mitraille ( grape shot) bataillon ( battalion) tirailleur ( sharp shooter ) vaillant (valiant) Versailles ( a city in France )

eil or eill in e is sounded like O with the grave accent ( e fresh ) . il - C or ill is sounded like ye in e ye . onsequently eil or eill - is sounded e ye . EXAM PLE sommeil ( sleep) is pronounced so - meye pareil ( similar) is pronounced a - reye p — conseil ( counsel, advice ) is pronounced con Seye vieil ( old ) is pronounced v ieye soleil ( sun ) is pronounced S O- léye vermeil ( silver gilt) is pronounced ve—r - meye appareil ( apparel) is pronounced a - pa reye EXAMPLES WITH EI LL merveille ( marvel ) is pronounced mer-véye groseille ( currant) is pronounced gro—seye i n - Marseille ( city France. ) is pronounced Mar seye ' — salsepareille ( sarsaparilla ) is pronounced sals pa - reye abeille ( bee) is pronounced a -beye 38 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

l u ill eu i , e

l in but ff . eu is sounded ike u us , , cu , purr, dull - C ° il or ill is s ounded like ye in e ye . onsequently

eu il or eu ill is sounded e u ye . EXAMPLE deuil (morning) is pronounced deuye seuil ( threshold ) is pronounced senye fauteuil ( a rm chair ) is pronounced fau - tenye écureuil ( squirrel ) is pronounced é- cu - re—uye bouvreuil ( bullﬁnch ) is pronounced bou v r euye chevreuil ( roe buck) is pronounced che - v reuye feuille ( leaf) is pronounced feuye — feuillage ( foliage ) is pronounced feu ya ge chevre - feuille ( honeysuckle) is pronounced chevre - feu ye veuillez ( be Willing) is pronounced v euyez

n u eill m eu il eu ill eil or , after c , has the sa e sound as or and - sounded eu ye . EXAMPLE — cercueil ( cofﬁn) is pronounced cer kenye orgueil ( pride) is pronounced or -gneu -y e recueil ( collection) is pronounced re-kenye — écueil ( danger at sea) is pronounced é kenye cueillir ( to pick) is pr onounced keu eer y — ac ceu illi r (to Welcome) is pronounced a keuyeer

oeil or oeill h a s the same sound as eu il or eu ill and is sounded e e uy . EXAMPLE oeil ( eye) is pronounced enye oeillade ( glance) is pronounced enya - de oe a e let eu et illet ( pink or c rnation , also y ) is pronounced y dents oeiller es ( eye teeth ) is pronounced enye - r e

onil or ouill

o n i n is sounded like 00 oozing . il o in e—e C ° or ill is s unded like ye y . onsequently u il ill o o r ou is sounded ooye . EXAMPLE citrouille ( pumpkin) is pronounced ci -tro oye houille ( soft coal) is pronounced h o—oye fr apou ille ( rag) is pronounced fra pooye

’ bouillon ( broth) is pronounced boo- yon grenouille ( frog) is pronounced gre - nooye patrouille ( patrol) is pronounced pa -tro oye NASAL SOUNDS 39

NASAL SOUND S

The nasal sounds are represented by a vowel or diphth ong followed by n or m . A ﬁnal consonant is generally silent after a nasal sound . a n i n o r an, ean, am , en , em , are sounded like blanc , like n e in encore . EXAMPLE an ( year) Franc ( Frank ) rang ( rank) anse (handle) sang ( bl ood ) savant ( learned) o banc ( bench ) chant ( song) langue ( t ngue , also blanc ( white) gant ( glove) language )

EXAMPLES WITH EA N Jean ( John ) outrageant outraging) vengeance ( vengeance) songeant ( musing) changeant ( changeable) plongeant ( diving) mangeant ( eating ) assiégeant ( bes eigi ng ) arrangeant ( arranging) encourageant ( encouraging) obligeant ( obliging) engageant ( engaging )

n i preceding a must be distinctly sounded . EXAMPLE fi anc é ( betrothed) souriant ( smiling) liant ( tying) co nfi ance ( trust) criant ( screaming) friandise ( delicacy) - niant ( denying) défia nce distrust) viande ( meat) alliance ( alliance) amiante ( amiantus ) EXAMPLES WITH A M ample ( ample) j ambe ( leg) chambre ( room ) ambre ( amber) pampre ( vine) bambou ( bamboo ) lampe ( lamp ) lambeau shred ) fl am beau ( torch) crampe cramp ) tambour ( drum) rampant ( crawling) camp ( camp ) estampe ( print) vampire ( vampire ) champ ( field) rampe ( baluster) lambris wainscot) ambulance ( ambulance) amphibie ( amphibious ) camphre camphor) Samson ( Sampson) ambition ( ambition ) ambigu ( ambiguous ) EXAMPLES WITH EN en ( in) cendres ( ashes ) lent ( slow ) tente ( tent) dent ( tooth ) accent ( accent) S ouvent ( Often) argent ( silver , also money) vent ( wind) rente ( income ) régiment ( regiment) 40 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

A nasal sound is always spelled with m when it precedes m, b, or p . EXAMPLES ON EM b temps ( time , weather) mem re ( limb , also member) empire ( empire) temple ( temple) embleme ( emblem) assemblée ( assembly) ensemble ( together)

1 preceding en must be distinctly sounded . EXAMPLE o rient ( orient) émollient ( emollient) client ( client) ingr edi ent ( ingredient) audience ( audience) patience ( patience) pronounce science ( science ) pa - si - ence EX CEPTIONS

l i n . ien ﬁnal is sounded like ya yankee in the following words and in some tenses of verbs ending in emir as venir ( to come) , tenir (to hold) . EXAMPLE chien ( dog) Tu tiens Tu = ti end r ai s bien ( well) Il tient Il tiendrait rien ( nothing) Nous viendrons Nous tiendrions lien ( fastening) Vous viendrez Vous tiendriez Je tiens ( I hold ) Ils viendront Ils tiendraient Italien ( Italian) Tu viens ( Thou comest) Prussien ( Prussian) Je tiendrais ( I should or would Parisien ( Parisian ) hold) Autrichien ( Austrian) Tu viendras ( Thou shalt J e viens ( I come ) or Wilt come) 11 vient ( he comes ) Il viendra (he shall or will Je viendrai ( I Shall or will come) come)

—I n bi en Ot Remark compound words as t ( very soon) , ’ bienfait ( liberal act) , chiendent ( dog s grass) , ien retains the

o . sound of the primitive w rds bien , chien

2 end i . am is not nasal at the of some Bibl cal or his r t o ical names . EXAMPLE J er aboam ( Je roboh am ) Cham ( Ham) ‘

t . Abraham ( Abraham) Ams erdam , Rotterdam Roboam ( Roboam )

The name Adam is by exception sounded nasal .

— 42 CORRECT FRENCH PING

EX CEPTIONS

en and em in a few foreign names has the sound of in nasal I n V 1n like an in anger or m .

1 EXAMPLE — Benj amin is pronounced B i n-j a mm Memphis is pronounced Min - ﬁ s

— - examen ( examination) is pronounced é xa mi n — Européen ( European) is pronounced Eu - r o -pé i n pensum ( a task given as a punishment i n school) is nou n ced pin- some le Bengale ( Bengal) is pronounced B in - gal — - agenda ( memorandum book) is pronounced a j 1n da benj oin ( an aromatic gum) is pronounced bi n - j oin pentateuque (pentateuch) is pronounced pin- ta - teu - que

“ Rubens is pronounced R u -bins

i n im m n ein o Vi n , , y , y , ain , aim , , are s unded like in in or 1 nearly l ke a in anger . EXAMPLES WITH IN vi n ( wine) lapin ( rabbit) Hn ( fl aX) épingle ( pin ) fin ( end) j ardin ( garden) crin ( horse hair ) matin ( morning) pin ( fir tree) marin ( sailor )

EXAMPLES WITH I M simple ( simple) guimpe ( b odice) important ( important) imprimeur ( printer) imbécile ( imbecile) limpide ( limpid) Impératrice ( Empress ) timbr’ e ( stamp)

EXCEPTIONS

im loses the nasal sound i n proper names taken fr om foreign i : . languages as Ibrahim , Ephra m , Selim

The nasal sound is used i n Joachim only .

im and in also lose the nasal sound at the beginning and in

“ the middle of words , when n or m stands before a vowel or a and n in silent h , also when or m is doubled words connected o i n im with the Latin prepositi n which preposition becomes _ before m . NASAL SOUNDS 4 3

EXAMPLE inutile ( useless ) is pronounced i -nu -tile inhumain ( inhuman) i s pronounced i nu - main inhabile ( awkward ) is pronounced 1 na-bile — inanimé ( inanimate ) i s pronounced i na u i m e innocent ( innocent) is pronounced i no - cent immortel ( immortal) is pronounced im mor—tel immense ( immense) is pronounced im - men - se image ( image) is pronounced i ma g e —- épinard ( spinach) is prono unced é pi na—r deviner ( to devine) is pronounced de -vi ner EXAMPLES WITH YM AND YN nymphe ( nymph) larynx ( larynx) thym ( thyme) sympathie ( sympathy) , cymbale ( cymbals) tympan ( drum of the ear ) syncope ( swoon) sphynx ( sphynx) synthese ( synthesis) lynx ( lynx) EXAMPLES WITH AI N pa1n ( bread) sain ( wholesome ) main ( hand ) pa rrain ( godfather) saint ( saint) vilain ( ugly) nain ( dwarf) vain “ ( vain ) bain ( bath) humain ( human) grain ( grain ) levain ( leaven) EXAMPLES W I TH AI M faim (hunger) daim ( deer) essaim ( swarm) étaim ( carded wool ) EXAMPLES WITH EI N plein ( full ) ceinture ( girdle)

‘ teint ( complex10n ) teindre ( to dye) empreinte ( imprint) frein ( bit ) peinture ( picture) teinture ( coloring)

m v o in. a o ou i s i On , eon , are sounded like on B ton R uge ( L

o . ana ) and in bonb n , bonton EXAMPLES WITH ON don ( gift) talon ( heel ) bon ( good) citron ( lemon) savon ( soap) éponge ( sponge ) éperon ( spur )

on O is sounded in Monsieur . That ought to be pronounced m M o—- 1 5 gra matically si eu , but it general y pronounced l l - - Me si eu . — 44 CORRECT FRENCH PING

EXAMPLES WITH EON pigeon ( j o n ) ( pigeon) badigeon ( j on ) ( whitewash ) esturgeon ( j on) ( sturgeon) sauvageon ( j on) ( wild stock) plongeon ( j on) ( diving) bourgeon ( j on ) ( bud) EXAMPLES WITH OM nom ( name) plomb ( lead) bombe ( bombshell) nombre ( number) comte ( a count) combat ( combat) tombe ( grave) escompte ( discount) combien (h ow much) trompette ( trumpet)

i , when placed before on must be distinctly sounded . EXAMPLE lion ( lion ) million (million) scorpion ( scorpion ) pension (pension) passion (passion) opinion ( opinion) mission ( mission) occasion ( occasion) div ision ( divisi on ) commission ( commission) Sion ( Zion)

Oi n i n i n Vi n and ouin are sounded like , preceded by a w in sound ( oo ) in wang . EXAMPLE besoin ( need) groin ( snout) j oindre ( to j oin) moins ( less) coin ( corner) poing ( ﬁst) le moindre ( the least) témoin ( witness ) pointe ( point) goinfre ( glutton ) oindre ( to anoint) chafouin ( polecat) point ( stitch ) marsouin ( porpoise) soin ( care ) babouin ( baboon) loin ( far) pingouin ( razor bill) coing ( quince) maringouin ( m o squ itoe ) foin ( hay )

oo an an blanc i n ouen is sounded (like in ) . Rouen and i 1 i n F Ecouen ( two c t es rance) . EX CEPTIONS aen a on a n in th e and have the sound of blanc , in following words : paon ( peacock) pronounce pan paonne ( pea h en ) pronounce panne faon ( fawn) pronounce fan Caen ( city i n France) pronounce Can Laon ( city i n France) pronounce Lan NASAL SOUNDS 4 5

i n a on has the sound o f on ( bonbon) . taon ( oxﬂy ) pronounce ton S a One ( river I n France) pronounce S One

nu . , eun , and um cannot be illustrated by any English sound The simplest way of acquiring it is to pronounce u as it is in sounded urn . After having repeated it several times pro nounce it very nasal and that sound will correspond exactly n n — to the French u a d um er nasal will also do . EXAMPLE aj eu n ( fasting) parfum ( perfume) tribun ( tribune) brun ( brown) Lundi ( Monday) chacun ( each o ne ) un ( one ) emprunt ( lo an) aucun ( no one ) alun ( alum) hu mble ' ( humble ) Humbert ( Humbert)

u - in in w a uin is sounded . Juin ( June) or in wang . In some words adopted from the Latin’ um is sounded om as

o m . m kingd m , wisdo ( the same as in English) EXAMPLE memorandum album ( album) aquarium m 1nim um post scriptum

in f m before n the middle O words is usually sounded . It is mute only in the word automne ( a u tom n ) which is pronounced au - - ton , and damner ( to damn) which is pronounced dah ner , D . and its , derivatives amnation ( damnation ) ; condamner ( to o d m condemn ) , c n a nation ( condemnation) , which are pro

' nounced - - - - — - - da na sion , con da ner , con da na Sion . RULE All nasal sounds cease to be so when followed by a vowel h or if t e m or the n is doubled . M OR N A RE NASAL IN M OR N A RE NOT NASAL an ( year) année (year) ban ( ban ) banane ( banana) Jean (John ) Jeanne ( Jenny) lampe ( lamp) lame ( blade ) j ambe ( leg) j amais ( never ) rente ( income) renne ( reindeer) vent ( wind) venir ( to come) temps ( weather) témoin ( witness) chien ( d og ) chienne ( dog) ( fem) le mien ( mine) 1a mienne ( mine) ( fem) moyen ( medium ) moyenne ( medium ) ( fem) r fin ( fine , end) fine ( fine ) ( fe n ) marin ( sailor) marine (navy) 46 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

EX CEPTIONS

and en em initial are nasal in the following words , like en

i n an . encore , or in blanc EXAMPLE emmener ( to lead along) ennui (weariness) emmagasiner ( to store) enivrer (to intoxicate) emmailloter ( to swaddle) ennoblir ( to dignify) emmancher ( to put a handle) ennuyeux ( wearisome) emmanchure ( arm hole) 'ennuyant ( tedious ) emménager ( to move in) ennuyeusement ( wearily)

CONSONANTS B

b is always sounded as in English .

c is sounded like k before a, o , u . EXAMPLE café ( coffee) c olér e ( anger ) cuve ( tub)

c has the sound of c in cider before e , i , y . EXAMPLE ceci ( this) ciment ( cement) cypres ( cypress )

c with a cedilla ( c) has the sound of c in cider before a , o , u . EXAMPLE facade ( front) lecon ( lesson ) recu ( receipt)

i n c final is usually sounded like k as avec ( with) , lac ( lake) , duc ( duke) . The following words in which the final c is not heard at all are exceptions to the general -rule : accroc ( rent or tear i n gar j onc ( rush ) ments) lacs ( toils) arc-boutant ( abutment) tabac ( tobacco ) banc ( bench , form) tronc ( trunk of a tree ) broc ( j ug) done ( then) r Cle c ( clerk) échecs ( chess), croc ( hoo k) instinct ( instinct) cric ( screw , j ack) succinct ( concise) marc ( mark) J e vaincs ( I conquer) estomac ( stomach ) Tu vaincs ( Thou co nqu erest ) fl anc ( side) 11 vainc ( He conquers ) CONSONANTS 47

Final c is sounded k in the following compound words : — - - bric - a brac ( old stores ) croc en j ambe ( trip) mic- mac ( intrigue) franc -étourdi ( giddy-head) — - - tric -trac ( backgammon) du -blanc au noir ( hotch potch) cri c ~ crac ( crick- crack) porc- épic (porcupine)

c is silent in porc (por ) pig . c and t forming together th e termination o f the same word are both generally sounded , that is , are sounded kt as in ih tact ( untouched) , direct ( straight , direct) . c is sounded like g in garment in the follow1ng w ords : second ( gon ) ( second) seconder ( to second) secondement ( secorIdly ) Czar gz a r ) ( Czar)

o i n In verbs of the ﬁrst conj ugati n ending cer , as commencer d ( to begin ) , the c has the sound of c in ci er . In order to preserve that sound throughout the whole verb it is necessary to place a cedilla under the c before the endings i n 0 . a and , otherwise c would be sounded like k king EXAMPLE commencer (to begin ) Nous comm eneons ( we begin) comm encant (beginning) Je comm encai s ( I began)

Ch d m k ch is generally sounded like sh in shawl , but sel o like : in king . It has the sound of sh in the following words EXAMPLE chat ( cat) chimiste ( chemist) architecte ( architect) chirurgien ( surgeon ) chérubin ( cherubim) Achille ( Achilles ) a rchevéque ( archbishop) Mardochee ( Mordicai ) Ch is sounded, by exception , like k in king, in the following words : C C C Achab , Bacchus , alchas , Antiochus , archange , ham , hal dée e o o , Eucharistie, Machiavel , Mich l Ange , cha s , ch eur

Z . ( choir ) , écho , Munich , orchestre , urich

ch is silent in almanach ( calendar ) .

The c of Italian proper names is sounded tsh , after the

Italian pronunciation . EXAMPLE Piccini pronounced Pitshini Portici pronounced Po rtitshi cicérone pronounced tshi -—tsh a—y- rO - nay Medicis pronounced May dee tshis Civita- Vecchia pronounced Tshivita-Véki a Pallavicino pronounced Pallavitshino 48 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

D d is sounded like t when carried to the next word beginning l with a vowe or silent h . m an grand homme ( great ) , pronounced gran tom , vend il ? ( does he sell ? ) pronounced ventil ? “ (I The word Sud ( South ) is an exception . The keeps its d— d u s . sound as in indeed , S est ( Southeast) pronounced u es st d is never sounded at the end of the following words : EXAMPLE fond ( bottom ) muid ( hogshead) noeud ( knot) gond ( hinge) ni d (nest) pied ( peeay ) ( foot)

I S i n The ﬁnal d sounded proper names as Alfred , Madrid , S u d le Cid C D , , Obed , Ephod , onrad , Obeid , avid , Valladolid ,

Joad , Talmud .

f is sounded i n the word neuf ( nine) when the word is pro n ou nce d al one . ’ en nu f J ai neuf ( ) ( I have nine of them) .

I S t f silent before a word commencing wi h a consonant . It is is sounded v when carried to a vowel .

neuf maisons ( nine houses ) pronounced neu maisons . — neuf arbres ( nine trees ) pronounced neu v a r bres

i n o o i n f is sounded euf ( egg) , b euf ( ox) , nerf ( nerve ) the r not singular , but when s is added to form the plu al , the f is sounded . EXAMPLE ’ u n oeuf de poule ( a hen s egg) um boeuf noir ( a black Ox ) uh nerf ( a nerve) (oeu ) des oeufs de Paques ( Easter eggs) ( boen ) des boeufs blancs ( white oxen ) ( ner ) des nerfs faibles ( weak nerves )

S o f is ilent in b euf gras . f ﬁnal is sounded ih bref ( short) nef ( nave ) serf ( serf) suif ( tallow) chef ( chief ) récif ( reef) soif ( thirst) Azof ( a sea ) f ﬁnal is silent i n : cerf - volant ( kite) éteuf ( tennis ball ) —’ chef d oeuvre (master piece ) clef ( also spelled clé) ( key)

50 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

In order to preserve that sound throughout the whole verb it is necessary to insert an e mute after the g before the endings n an d O o . a , otherwise g w uld have the sound of g in garme t EXAMPLE manger ( to eat) nous mangeons ( we eat) mangeant ( eating ) Je mangeais ( I ate )

a nd g is not sounded in doigt (ﬁnger) , vingt ( twenty) , their derivatives : — doigté ( ﬁngeri ng) pronounced doua tay vingt ieme ( twentieth ) pronounced vi n- ti - em sangsue ( leech) pronounced san- su legs (legacy) pr onounced lay H

1 8 h either mute or aspirate . It is aspirate ln héros (hero ) , but it is silent in its derivatives . 1 heroine ( heroine) hér OIqu em ent ( heroically) héroi sm e ( heroism ) W ords beginning with h aspirate should be particularly studied . EXAMPLE hache ( axe ) hibou ( owl) hachis ( hash ) hanneton ( cock—chafer) haillon ( tatters) harpe ( harp) haine ( hatred) hareng ( herring) hai r ( to hate) hurler ( to howl ) hamac ( hammock) la Haie ( The Hague ) haricot ( bean ) J

Z j keeps always the sound of m azure .

in k keeps always the sound of k king . L

i n 1 . an r l is sounded as law When is doubled d p eceded by i , i n it is sometimes called liquid , which case it has the sound of I n ye eye . EXAMPLE famille ( family ) vanille ( v anila ) étrille ( currycomb)

Fo r 22 more explanation consult the vowel i , page . CONSONANTS 5 1

m , when double , is sounded single as in grammaire (gram mar) , sommeil ( sleep) .

m , when double , keeps the double sound in proper names or i n words beginning with imm . EXAMPLE Emma ( Emma) immense ( immense) immortel ( immortal)

m is not sounded i n damner ( to damn) and in automne

( autumn) , which are pronounced daner and oton . m and n are used to form the nasal sounds with the addition of the vowels .

C 39 46 . onsult the nasal sounds , pages to N

N is carried from the words en , on , bien , to the next i vo w el or : word beginning with a Silent h , as en écrivant ( in writing) pronounced an é on approche ( they approach ) pronounced ona bien habile ( very clever) pronou nced biena rien encore ( nothing yet) pronounced ri enan

n ﬁnal , in adj ectives , is also carried . bon enfant ( good boy) pronounced bonan mon ami ( my friend) pronounced mona

11 The ﬁnal of s ubstantives is never carried . p p ﬁnal is silent i n trop ( too much ) ( tro) and beaucoup

( much) ( coo) when pronounced alone , but the final p is car ried to the next word beginning with a vowel or silent h . trop imprudent ( too imprudent) pronounced tropin beaucoup amusé ' ( much pleased) pronounced coopa p final is always silent in the following words : camp ( camp ) drap ( sheet) loup ( wolf) champ ( field) galop ( gallop ) sirop ( syrup )

p preserves its ordinary sound in the middle of words , but is silent in the following Baptiste ( Baptist) prompt ( speedy) baptistaire ( of baptism ) printemps ( spring) baptiser ( to baptise ) sept ( seven ) cheptel ( lease of cattle) temps ( time ) exempt ( free) septieme ( seventh ) il corrompt (he corrupts) sculpteur ( sculptor ) Je romps ( I break) sculpter ( to sculpture ) — 52 CORRECT FREN CH RING

in p followed by h are sounded together like f fat . EXAMPLE philosophe ( fi ) (philosopher) pharmacien ( far) ( chemist) physique ( fi ) (physics ) phare ( far) (light house) Q m q keeps always the sound of k in king . It is very seldo n ' k used without the addition of u and qu is generally s ou ded . marquis ( kee) ( marquis ) quartier ( kar) ( quarter ) querelle ( ke ) ( quarrel) EXCEPTION coq ( rooster) pronounced cock piqure ( sting) pronounced kur cinq ( five) pronounced sank R

O c in r is always sounded after the vowels a , i , , u , y , ex ept the m n m s s 1eu o 5 1eu r S I r o . word ( , gentleman) , pronounced EXAMPLE par ( by) or ( gold) Smyrne ( Zmyrn a ) tir ( shooting) mur ( wall)

er , which forms the ending of all the verbs of the ﬁrst con u ati on a : j g is sounded like é , or like y , in day parler ( to speak) marcher ( to walk ) chanter ( to sing)

' r ﬁnal after e mute is neither soun d ed in substantives nor in e a : adjectives the er ﬁnal is sounded like , or like y , in day EXAMPLE e'picier ( grocer) laitier ( milkman) boulanger ( baker ) boucher ( butcher) fruitier ( fruiterer) léger ( light in weight)

1n r ﬁnal after e is always sounded , by exception , the follow i n C g words . ( onsult the termination er , page

r is sounded double in the future and conditional of the ru n verbs acquérir ( to acquire ) , courir ( to ) , mourir ( to die) an d their derivatives : FUTURE ’ J a cqu e rrai ( I shall or will acquire) ' J e courrai ( I shall or will ru n ) Je mourrai ( I shall or will die) CONDITIONAL ’ J a cqu er ra i s ( I should or would acquire) J e courrais ( I should or would run ) J e mourrais ( I should or would die) CONSONANTS 53

' In the following wo rds the r only is cafried tothe foll owing : vowel , as if there was no other ﬁnal consonant

abord agréable (pleasant access ) pronounced rag réable sort affreux ( horrible fate) pronounced raffr eu x discours ennuyeux ( tiresome speech) pronounced rennuyeu x le fort et le faible ( the strong and the weak) pronounced ret - le- faible sa part et la mienne (his share and mine) pronounced la-mienne

“ s i S ‘ sou nded as in Sister at the beginning of words : singulier ( singular ) softi s e ( nonsens e) serviteur ( servant) séduisant ( seductive)

z s has the sound of in zone , when placed between vowels . maison (house) saisie ( seizure) raisin ( grape)

s s is sounded distinctly in the following words . The syllabic ’ division takes place between the two s s . EXAMPLE accessible ( accessible) asservir ( to subdue) assentiment ( assent) Mississipi ( Mississippi ) admissible ( admissible) assassinat ( murder ) missive ( missive)

s is sounded like s i n Sister in parasol ( parasol ) préséance ( precedence) désuétude ( disuse) vraisemblable ( likely)

s is sounded as z in zone in : transaction ( transaction) transitif ( transitive ) transiger ( to transact) transition ( transition ) transit ( transit) balsam ( balsam)

ﬂ eu r s is sounded in lis ( lily) , but not in de lis . Also tous ( all) when used without a noun as Je les ai tous ( I have all of them) pronounced tooz 54 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

: s has the sound o f z in zone , by exception , in the following

“ Alsace (Alsace) transaction ( transaction) a sthm ( azm) ( asthma) transiger ( to transact) asthmatique ( asthmatique) catéchisme ( catechism) balsam ( balsam) égoi sm e ( selﬁshness) Israélite ( Jewish ) prisme (prism) I sm aél ( Ishmael ) hér oi sm e ( heroism) presbytere ( parsonage) galvanisme ( galvanism) m All words ending in i s e are included in the same exception .

3 3 ﬁnal is always sounded , by exception , like in omnibus and like z in trapeze if carried to a word beginning with a vowel or a silent h : as ( ace) la Lys ( the river Lys) Argus ( Argus ) métis ( mongrel ) aloes ( aloe) mai s ( maize) agnus ( agnus dei ) vis ( screw) Amadis ( Amadis ) tourne-vis ( screw driver)

Athos ( Athos) Paris ( Paris , shepherd) Adonis ( Adonis ) pathos ( pathos) de bibu s ( of no consequence) Lesbos ( Lesbos ) blocus ( blockade) Minos ( Minos ) bis ( twice) rébus ( pun ) Brutus ( Brutus ) Vénus ( Venus ) Gil Blas ( Gil Blas ) Pr o tésila s ( Protesilaus) sus ( upon ) Regulus ( Regulus ) iris ( iris) Remus ( Remus ) j adis ( formerly) Epaminondas ( Epaminondas) gratis ( gratuitously) Pélopid a s ( Pelopida s ) lis ( lily) Titus ( Titus ) lapis ( lapis)

o m s The ﬁnal s of bis is not s unded when it eans brown , a in du pain bis ( be ) ( brown bread)

The ﬁnal s of las ( tired) is not sounded .

i t has the sound of t in taste . The Engl sh sound of th is F th in not used in rench ; is sounded as a simple t , a s thé ( tea) thém e ( theme) théologi e ( theology) theatre ( theater ) méthode ( method) cathédrale ( cathedral )

i n et an d t the conjunction ( ) is neither sounded nor carried . ma mere et ma soeur (my mother a nd my sister) Louis et Albert (pronounce et like e) CONSONANTS 5 5

The t of est ( is ) is not s ounded but it is carried to the next word when it begins with a vowel or a silent h . ? Est - il votre cousin ? ( Is he your cousin ) ’ m nu no Non, adame c est étranger ( , madam , it is a stranger) Cette veuve est a plaindre ( that widow is to be pitied) b t ﬁnal is , y exception , sounded in Est ( East) pronounced

o o esst . esst , Ouest ( West) pronounced t is sounded in sept ( seven ) which is pronounced set when alone or carried to a vowel or silent h , but is Silent before a consonant . EXAM PLE — Avez vous des 1ivres ? ( Have you any books ?) f O . Oui , monsieur , ai sept , ( yes , sir ; I have seven them) Cette femme a sept enfants ( that woman has seven children) C - ette demoiselle a dix sept ans . ( This young lady is seven teen years old)

C in - C t is sounded in hrist and not Jesus hrist, which is pro

‘ - - — - noun ced ésu C C an . J ree , and in ante hrist, pronounced te cree

b i : t final is sounded , y exception , n the following granit ( granite) dot ( dowry) rapt ( rape ) aconit ( aconite ) fret ( freight) fat ( fop) défi cit d clean str ai h ( eficiency) net ( , g t ) luth ( lute) brut ( raw) - malt ( malt) prétérit ( preterit) toast ( toast) opiat ( opiate) introit ( introit) Brest ( Brest) vivat ! ( hurrah ! ) lest ( ballast) chut ! ( hush ! )

t is pronounced like 5 in sister in all words where it is pro nou nced sh in English :

a— - Patience (patience) , pronounced p see ans , nation ( nation) - —on a n d pronounced na see in all words ending in tion . t has the sound of s i n sister in all words ending in cy in English an d which are spelled tie in French ' D émocratie ( dem ocracy) , autocratie ( autocracy ) , diplomatie ( diplomacy) also in the following words : partialité ( partiality) pronounced sia essentiel ( essential ) pronounced siel balbutier ( to stutter) pronounced siay initier ( to initiate) pronounced _siay minutie ( a triﬂe) pronounced see ineptie ( absurdity) pr onou nced see — 56 CORRECT FRENCH BING

v is always sounded as in English . d bl w is called double v ( o o vay) . It is sounded like a simple

V . EXAMPLE Walter ( Walter ) pronounced Valtayr William ( William) pronounced Vil -liam Washington ( Washington) pronounced Vah -zing- ton W u rtemberg ( W u rtemberg ) pronounced Vu rtembay r W estph ali e ( Westphalia) pronounced Ves falee

w is a letter not belonging to the French alphabet , and a is used in foreign words only . Wagon ( railroad carri ge) a n pronounced v g o . X

x is sounded ss in Bruxelles ( Brussels) Aix-la - chapelle and ( Aix la chapelle) , Auxerre (Auxerre) , in soixante ( sixty) and its compounds . i n x is sounded s dix ( ten ) and six ( six) , pronounced dis and in - sis , when alone , but when dix huit ( eighteen) x has the sound of z in zone ; it is pronounced diz Nineteen ( dix - n f neuf) is pronounced diz u . x is s ounded z i n the following numerals : deu xiém e ( second) is pronounced ziem , sixieme ( sixth) , ixi m d e e ( tenth) . b w x ﬁnal is always sounded , y exception , in the follo ing : words , it is sounded ks Aj ax Fox Phénix borax Halifax pr éﬁx Félix index Pollux

in Don x is sounded sh the word Quixote , pronounced Ki h s o t . x has the sound of gz i n words beginning with x or ex be

a . z a fore vowel Xavier ( Xavier ) , pronounced g , Xenophon

(Xenophon ) , examen ( examination) , exil ( exile) . in x is sounded ks sexe , Saxon , Alexandre .

i n o z is silent the foll wing words , but being preceded by e , ez : - ne z has the sound of é assez ( enough ) , pronounced as say ,

( nose) , pronounced nay . z is the distinctive mark of the second person plural of the F rench verbs , where it is silent when the verb is pr onounced

’ 58 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

THE ACCENTS t ‘ h There are three accents . They give a peculiar sound o t e

o a . v wels over which they are placed , and p rticularly to the e 1 1 See page .

’ THE HYPHEN ( Le trait- d union)

The hyphen is used :

‘ ‘

l . e Between a verb and the following pronouns j , moi , tu , il V le en cc toi , , elle , lui , nous , ous , ils , elles , leur, , la , les , y , , , on , whenever these pronouns are used interrogatively . EXAMPLE

— ' suis j e ? ( am I ? ) va -t -en ( go away ! )

— - — regarde moi ( look at me) donnez le lui ( give it to him) 2 . Between words collectively used as one . EXAMPLE ’ —- arc- em- ciel ( rainbow ) coq a l ane ( cock and bull story) ’ c est- a- dire ( that is to say) téte- a-téte ( private interview)

3 . To connect tres ( very) with the word which follows it . EXAMPLE

‘ tres -vrai ( very true) tres - bon ( very good) tres - bien (very well) tr és fort (very Strong)

4 m ém e W . To connect ( self) ith the personal pronoun which precedes it . EXAMPLE - m ém e o -mém es moi— ( myself) n us ( ourselves ) elle méme ( herself )

r W 1a 5 . Before o after the ord ci ( here) and ( there) to determine more particularly the nearest or more distant place between two or more obj ects . EXAMPLE celui - ci ( this one) ci - apres ( hereafter ) celui ( that one) la haut ( up there)

- 6 . Betwee n the numerals from dix sept ( seventeen ) to — c n nc quatre vingt dix neuf ( ninety nine) , except when the o j u ti on et ( and ) is placed between the numbers

THE CEDILLA (La Cédille) r The cedilla much like a comma , is placed under the lette 5 i n c only , when c has to be sounded like , sister , before a , o , u , i n otherwise c would have the sound of k , king, before these vowels . PUNCTUATION 59

EXAMPLE legon ( lesson) nous comm encon s ( we com facade ( front of a building) mence) recu ( receipt) nous avanco ns ( we advance) glaeon ( icicle)

THE D IAERES IS ( Le tréma

The diaeres i s generally denotes that the vowel over which it is placed is t o be sounded distinctly from the vowel which precedes it and from the one which follows : nai f ( artless ) is pronounced nah-i f égoi s te ( selﬁsh) is p r onounced ay -gO- ist N 061 ( Christmas ) is pronounced N—o - el Moi se ( Moses ) is pronounced M O iz

The diaeresis placed over the ﬁnal e of some words ending u é iy es in g does not allow that e to be sounded, but g the full sound to the preceding vowel u . cigu é ( hemlock ) is pronounced cigu aigu é ( acute) is pronounced ai -gu ambigu é ( ambiguous) is pronounced am -bi - gu contigu é ( contiguous ) is pronounced con-ti - gu

Without the diaeresis the gue would have the sound of gue

va u e or . in g u league EXAMPLE ﬁgu e ( ﬁg) langue ( tongue)

PUNCTUATION

F as in There are in rench , as well English , ten signs of punctuation called :

1 . la virgule ( the comma) 2 l . e point et virgule ( the semicolon)

3 . z

les _ deux points ( ) ( the colon) le 4 . point ( the period) ’ le d i nterro ti n 5 . point ga o ( the note of interrogation) ’ 6 le excl m a i n . point d a t o l) ( the note o f exclamation )

7 . les points de suspension ( the notes of sus pension) 8 . la parenthese ( the parenthesis )

9 . les guillemets ( the inverted commas )

10 . l ( the brace) 60 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

NU MERALS

— ‘ NOMBRES CA RDI NA U x CARDINAL NUMBERS

u n er n as al d eu x d er ( e i n h e r ) t r o is t roo -ah qu atre cat- r cinq sank ( a i n anger ) six s i s sept s et h uit wit neu f nu f di x d i s onze o u -z ( o n in baton ) - d ou ze d oo—z t r eize t ré z qu ato r ze cat -o r z qu in ze ka n- z ( a in ange r ) se ize s e- z d ix-sept d is -—s et dix -hu it di z wit dix-n eu f diz- nu f vingt vi n vingt et u n vi n- té -er ( er nas al) vingt -d eu x vint -d er ( e in h er ) vingt -t ro is vint -tr o o -ah — - vingt - qu at re vint cat r vingt -cin q vint-sank ( a i n anger ) vingt -s ix vint -si s vingt -sept Vi nt -s et vingt -h u it vint -W it vingt-n eu f vint -nu f t r ente tr en -t ( en in enco re ) t rente et u n t ren -t ay -er ( er n asal ) t r ente- deu x t rent -d e r ( e i n h er ) t r ente -tr o i s t rent-tr oo -ah - - — t r ente qu at re t r ent cat r t rente- cinq t rent -sank ( a in anger ) t rente—s ix t r ent-sis tr ente -s ep t t r ent-set t rente-h u it t r ent -wit t rente -n eu f t r ent-nu f

' qu a rante c a- ren-t ( en i n enco re ) qu arante et nu ca ren -tay - er ( er nasal ) qu a rante -d eu x ca r ent - d er ( e in h er ) qu a r ante—-t ro i s c arent -tr o o -ah qu a rante qu at re ca r ent -cat- r qu a r ant e-cinq c a r ent- sank ( a i n anger ) qu a rant e- si x ca r ent- si s qu a rante-s ept carent -s et qu a rant e-h u it ca rent -wi t - — qu ar ant e neu f ca r ent nu f cinqu ante c in -k en-t cinqu ante et nu ci n -k en- tay -er ( e r n asal ) cinqu ante- d eu x ci nk ent -d er ( e i n h er ) NUMERALS 61 cinqu ante -tr o i s fifty -th r ee ci n-kent-tro o -ah cinqu ante- qua t r e fi fty -fo u r cin -kent -cat -r — - - cinqu ante-cinq fifty five cin kent s ank ( a in a nger ) cinqu ante - six fi fty -si x cin -kent-si s cinquante -s ept fifty -s ev en c in-kent -s et c i nquante -hu it fifty - eight c in-kent -wit cinqu ante-neuf fifty -nin e cin-kent -nu f so ixante sixty soo -ah -s ent ( en in enco r e ) so ix ante et u n s ixty-i one soo -ah -sen -tay - er ( e r na sal) so ixante-deu x s ixty-two s oo -ah - sent -d er ( e i n her ) s o ix ant e-t ro is s ixty -th r ee s o o -ah -sent -t ro o - ah — - - - - - soixante qu atr e s ixty fou r so o ah s ent cat r s o ixante-cinq s ixty-five so o -ah - sent - s ank ( a in anger ) - - - - so ixante si x s ixty s ix so o ah a s ent si s — - - - - s o ix ante s ept s ixty seven s o o ah s ent set s o ixante-hu it sixty- eigh t s o o -ah - sent-wit soix ante -neu f s ixty -nine soo - ah -s ent -nu f ” s o ixante et dix s ev enty soo -ah -sent-ay -di s s o ixante et on z e seventy- one s o o-ah -Sent-ay -o u -z soix ante - d ou z e seventy-two s o o -ah -sent -d o o - z - - - — - s o ixante t re ize s eventy th r ee so o ah -sent t re z - - — - - —- s o ixant e qu ato r z e s eventy fou r S OO ah S ent cat o r z ------so ixante qu inz e seventy fiv e s o o f ah s ent kin z - - —- - - so ixante se iz e s eventy six s o o ah sent se z — — - - - - so ixante di x sep t s eventy seven s oo ah sent di s -s et - — so ixant e -dix-h u it seventy-eight S OO ah -s ent -di z wit — - s o ix ante -di x-neu f seventy n in e so o -ah s ent-di z-nu f — —- qu at re vingt eigh ty cat re v in — - - —- - qu at re vin gt u n e igh ty—one cat r e v in u n ( e r n a sal) qu at r e -vig nt-d eu x e igh ty two cat-r e ~ vin - de r ( e in h er ) ‘ - h - h r -r - - qu at r e3 vingt t ro i s eig ty t ee c at e vim tr o o ah — - —- - — qu at re vingt qu atr e eighty-fou r cat r e v in cat r qu at r e -vingt - cin q eighty -fiv e cat -re -vin - s ank ( a in ange r ) u at re - n t -S ix e h t - six cat- r e-vin - si s q vi g ig y , qu at re-vingt-sept e ighty-seven cat-r e -vin-set qu atr e -vingt -hu it eighty-eight cat -r e-vi n-wit qu atre-vingt-n eu f e i g hty-nine c at - re -vin -nu f quat re-vingt -dix n inety cat-r e-vin - di s qu at re-vi ng t-onze n inety-one cat - rew i n-ou -z qu atr e -vingt - d ou z e nin ety-two cat-re-vin-d oo -z — fi qua tr e vingt -treize ninety-th ree cat-re-Vin- tre-z - - - - — - - — qu at r e vingt qu ato r ze n inety fou r c at r e Vin cat o r z - - — - qu atre vingt qu i nz e n inety-fiv e c atre vi n kin -z - - — - - - — quatre vingt s eize ninety s ix cat re vin se z - - — - - quatre vingt di x-sept n inety seven c at r e-vin -dis s et qu at re -vingt -d ix = hu it ni nety-eight cat - re-vin -di z-wit qu atr e-vingt - dix-neuf ninety-nine cat -re -vin -di z -h u f cent o ne h u nd r ed sen ( en in en c or e ) 62 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS ( Nombres Cardinaux) ( Nombres Ordinaux)

l un (m) une ( f) l st premier ( m ) premiere f) 2 2d d euxiem e i n deux , second ( ) seconde ( f ) trois 3d tr015 1eme quatre 4 th qu atriem e cinq sth cinqu iem e six oth sixieme sept 7th septieme huit 8th h u itiem e neuf 9th neuvieme dix l oth dixiém e onze 1 1th onzieme douze 12th douzieme treize 1sth t r ei ziem e quatorze 14th quatorzieme quinze 1sth quinzieme seize l oth seizieme - 17 - m dix—sept th dix—septie e dix huit 18th dix hu itiém e — dix- neuf 19th dix neuvieme vingt ZOth vingtieme vingt et u n 2 1s t vingt et uni em e — - m vingt deux 22d. vingt deu xie e vingt-trois 23d vingt- troisieme — - vingt quatre 24 th vingt qu atriém e - 25th - cin iem ving t—cinq vingt qu e vingt six 26th vingt - sixieme vingt- sept 27th vingt- septieme vingt- huit 28th vingt-hu itiem e vingt -neuf 29th vingt- neuvieme trente 30th t r entiém e trente et u n 3 l st trente et u ni em e - 2 — x m trente—deux 3 d. trente d eu ié e trente trois ssd trente -troisieme trente -quatre 34th trente - qu atr iém e trente - cinq 3 51h trente - cinqu iém e trente - six 36th trente - Sixieme trente - sept 37th trente - septieme - — trente huit 38th trente h u itiém e trente - neuf 39th trente—neuvieme quarante 40th qu a r antiém e CARDINAL A ND ORDINAL NUMBERS

n ni em e quarante et u n quara te—et u quarante- deux quarante deu xiém e quarante - trois quarante - troisieme quarante- quatre quarante qu atriem e quarante - cinq quarante cinqu iém e quarante -S i x quarante sixieme quarante - sept quarante -—septieme quarante - huit quarante h u itiem e quarante - neuf quarante neuvieme cinquante cinqu antiém e cinquante et un cinquante et u ni em e — - cinquante deux cinquante deuxiém e cinquante - trois cinquante -troisieme - i - u atriem e cinquante quatre c nquante—q cinquante - cinq cinquante cinquiém e cinquante - S ix cinquante - sixieme cinquante - sept cinquante - septieme cinquante -huit cinquante - hu itiem e cinquante - neuf cinquante - neuvieme soixante soixantiem e soixante et un soixante et u ni em e — - Soi xante deux soixante deu xiem e soixante - trois soixante - troisieme soixante -quatre soixante qu atr iém e soixante -cinq soixante - ci nqu iem e soixante - six soixante - Sixieme soixante—sept soixante - septieme — - soixante huit soixante h u itiém e — soixante neuf soixante - neuvieme

' s oixante et dix soixante et dixiem e ’ soixante et onze soixante et onzieme soixante—douze soixante—douzieme soixante -treize soixante- tr ei ziém e - — soixante—quatorze soixante quatorzieme soixante quinze soixante - quinzieme soixante - seize soixante—seizieme soixante - dix—sept soixante - dix- septieme

- - — - soixante dix huit soixante dix hu itiem e

- — soixante dix-neuf soixante - dix neuvieme quatre -vingt quatre- vingtieme - - — — quatre vingt un qu atre vingt uniém e

- - — quatre vingt deux quatre-vingt d euxiém e quatre—vingt—trois quatre—vingt—troisieme

- — quatre vingt quatre quatre -vingt-qu atr iem e

- - — quatre vingt cinq quatre vingt -cinqu iem e 64 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

— - - - quatre vingt six 86th quatre vingt sixi eme quatre—vingt—sept 87th quatre - vingt - septieme — - - quatre - vingt huit 88th quatre vingt h u itieme — - - quatre -vingt neuf 89th quatre vingt neuvieme quatre - vingt- dix 90th quatre -vingt- di xieme

— - - quatre vingt onze 9 1 st quatre vi ngt t onziém e quatre - vingt- douze 92d quatre - vingt - douzieme

— - - — quatre vingt treize 93d quatre vingt trei ziem e — ‘ quatre-vingt- quatorze 94th quatre - vingt quatorzieme

- - — quatre - vingt quinze 95th quatre vingt quinzieme quatre - vingt- seize 96th quatre - vingt -seizieme — — quatre vingt dix- sept 97th quatre- vingt- dix- septieme — — — quatre vingt dix huit 98th quatre- vingt -dix- hu itiém e

- — quatre vingt- dix neuf 99th quatre - vingt- dix- neuvieme cent 100th centiem e cent u n 101st cent- uniem e cent deux 102d cent- deu xiem e cent trois 103d cent - troisieme cent dix 1 10th cent- dixiém e cent onze l l l th cent - onzieme cent vingt 120th cent- vingtieme cent vingt et un 12 15 t n et u ni em e cent —vi gt deux cent 200th deux centiem e deux cent un 201st deux cent-u niém e deux cent deux 202d deux cent- deuxiem e 1000th mille , millieme dix mille 10000th dix millieme

OB S ERVATIONS

The ﬁnal t is no t sounded in Vingt which is pro no u nced vin — (wine) . The ﬁnal t is also silent in quatre vingt

w - re-vin a n - — hich is pronounced cat , d in quatre vingt dix - r e—vin - - which is pronounced cat dis . Th ﬁ e nal t of vi ngt is sounded vint in all the numbers from 2 1 29 i n to , clusive .

a e t a nd Pl ce ( ) 20 30 40 50 60 and n to between , , , , , u ( one) m a k 2 1 3 1 , , 4 1 5 1 61 70 71 e , , , , .

No c t a nd i s ( ) u s ed 80 - Vi 81 . after ( quatre ngt) , (quatre v m t - i m g ) .

n te a d I s of s epta nte ( 70) and nonante ( 90 the form adopted . ) no w o xa n - et- d i x x — i s s i te ( si ty and ten ) a nd quatre- vingt dix

66 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

When cent ( 100) and “ mille are used substantively u m ( one) is used :

uh cent de pommes ( one hundred apples ) .

u n mille de noix ( one thousand nuts ) .

u n million de soldats ( one million soldiers) . - u n billion de francs ( one billion francs )

OR D INAL NUMBERS ( Nombres Ordinaux) .

The ordinal numbers are formed by adding i em e to th e car di ex ce le le hals , pt premier ( the ﬁrst) and second ( the second)

i n . The c second is , by exception , sounded as g is garment Use

“ second when there are only two th ings and d eu xieme when there is a third . EXAMPLE ’ J ai deux chapeaux : le premier est en feutre et le second ( gon ) est en paille ( I have two hats : the ﬁrst is of felt and the second is of straw ) . ’ i en deu x1em e J ai trois robes , la prem ere est soie , la est en et est en satin la troisieme velours ( I have three dresses , the

ﬁrst is of silk, the second is of satin and the third is of velvet) . in i Ie Change f into v neuv eme . Never elide the e of ( the) h u itiem e 8th before huit ( ) , onze onzieme

( eleventh) .

U ni em e 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 ( ﬁrst) is used after , , , , , , , to make it :

' ' vingt et u niem e cinquante et u ni em e cent u ni em e trente et u niem e soixante et u niem e mille et u niem e quarante et u niem e quatre- vingt u niem e

I n . English you say George the third , Louis the fourteenth I n F and a rench we use the ordinals only for the first , fter that we use the cardinals . Napoléon premier ( Napoleon the first) Napolé’ on III ( trois ) ( Napoleon the third ) Henri IV ( quatre) ( Henry the fourth) Louis XVI ( seize) ( Louis the sixteenth ) The same rule for the date of the month : le premier Janvier ( the first of January) le deux Février ( the second of February) l e trois Mars ( the third Of March ) I n spelling the ordinal numbers do not neglect , before adding i em e l l , to elide the final e of quatre onze ( ) , douze treize quatorze quinze seize vingt an d i n quatre all numbers ending in e mute , order to e 11 avoid the me ting of two vowels . Add after the final q in cinq . ADvERB S 67

ADVERBES ( AD-VERBS ) — MENT ( en i n encore) LY

i n i n l The adverb which English , always ends y is obtained

“ by . adding ment to the adj ective if i t ends in a vowel . I f it s ends in a consonant , an e mu t be added to form the feminine , befo re adding ment : EXAMPLE ho nnéte ( honest) grand masc) great) honnétem ent (honestly) grande ( fem ) sincere ( sincere ) grandement ( greatly) sincerem ent ( Sincerely) premier (masc) ( ﬁrst) fort (masc) ( strong) premiere ( fem ) forte fem ) pr emier em ent ( ﬁrstly) fo rtem ent ( strongly) d euxiem e ( second ) deu xiem em ent ( secondly)

Vingt et cent ( 20 and 100) take S ( the mark of the plural ) when multiplied by a number and followed immediately by a substantive as . Cent quatre -vingts francs ( one hundred and eighty francs ) n But the , s is not used when vingt precedes another umber

quatre vingt - trois chevaux ( eighty-three horses) Cent follows the same rule as vingt : EXAM PLE cent arbres ( one hundred trees ) cinq cents chevaux ( ﬁve hundred horses ) huit cent cinquante francs ( eight hundred and ﬁfty francs)

one 3 Mille , signifying ten times hundred , never takes ( the mark of the plural) . But mille takes 5 i n the plural when it means mile ( distance) : ma ferme est a huit milles de la ville ( my farm is at a dis tance of eight miles from the city)

Mille is spelled mil i n speaking of the dates of the Christian ’ — era ; as l an mil neuf cent dix sept ( the year one thousand nine hundred seventeen) 68 CORRECT FRENCH—RING

THE TIME ( L’ heure)

Quelle heure est- il ? ( what time is it ? ) F of irst tell the number hours , then the word heure ( hour) then the fraction . If there is a fraction over the hour, put the e word t ( and) before the fraction . If there is a fraction less than the hour, put the word moins (less) before that fraction . ’ I l est une heure ( it is one o clock) Il est deux heures et demie ( it is hal f past two) Il est quatre heure s et quart ( it is a quarter past four) ' Il 12 2 est midi et minutes ( it is 1 minutes past twelve , noon Il est trois heures moins nu quart ( it is quarter to three) Il est sept heures moins 5 minutes ( it is 5 minutes to seven Il 1 1 est minuit moins 0 minutes ( it is 0 minutes to twelve , midnight) ’ — dans u n quart d h eu r e ( i n one quarter of an hour) dans trois quarts d ’ heure ( in three—quarters of an hour) I l th rere i y a ( s , there are , ago) Il y a 24 heures dans u n j our ( there are 24 hours in one day) Il y a 60 minutes dans une heure ( there are 60 minutes in one hour) II y a 60 secondes dans une minute ( there ar e 60 seconds in o ne minute) Il y a trois ans ( three years ago ) Il y a longtemps ( long time ago) u n e seconde ( o ne second) une minute ( one minute) ’ nu quart d heu re ( quarter Of an hour) — ’ une demi heure ( one-half hour) ’ d heu re - trois quarts — ( three quarters of a n hour) Quelle date est ce auj ourd - hui ? Quel qu anti em e avons nous ? ( What date is it today ? ’ C ' le 2 le 25 le 30 -ﬁ f h est , , ( it is the second , the twenty t , the thirtieth) ’ auj ourd hui ( t odav ) hier (yesterday) avant-hier ( the day before yesterday) demain ( tomorrow ) apres - demain ( the day after tomorrow ) le j our ( the day) la veille ( the day before ) ’ l avant- veille ( two days before ) le lendemain ( the day after) le surlendemain ( two days after ) la semaine prochaine ( the next week ) MISCELLANEOUS NUMBERS

le mois prochain ( the next month ) ’ l année prochaine ( the next year ) — la semaine passée la semaine derni ere ( the past or w eek) — le mois passé le mois dernier ( the past or last month) ’ — ’ l a nnée passée l annec derniere ( the past or last year) la veille de Noel ( Christmas eve)

MULTIPLYING NUMBERS (Nombr es d e M u ltipli ca ti on) une fois ( once) sept fois ( seven times) deux fois ( twice) huit fois ( eight times ) trois fois ( thrice) neuf fois (nine times) quatre fois ( four times ) dix fois ( ten times)

‘ cinq fois ( ﬁve times ) and so on . six fois '( six times)

COLLECTIVE NUMBERS (Noi n br es Collectifs une couple ( a couple) une trentaine ( about 30) une huitaine ( a week) u ne quarantaine about ( 40) une douzaine ( a dozen) une cinquantaine ( about 50) - une demi douzaine ( V2 dozen ) u ne soixantaine ( about 60) une quinzaine ( about 15 ) une centaine ( about 100) une vingtaine ( about 20) nu millier ( about

PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS (Nombr es de P r op or ti on) le double ( double) le septuple ( sevenfold) ’ le triple ( treble ) l octuple ( eightfold) le quadruple ( fourfold) le nonuple ( ninefold) le quintuple ( ﬁvefold) le décuple ( tenfold) le sextuple ( sixfold) le centuple (hundredfold)

FRACTIONAL NUMBERS (R egle d e Fra cti ons) — — le demi la demie la moitié les 2 tiers ( the two -thirds) the half les 3 quarts ( the three - fourths ) le tiers ( the third) u n cinqu iem e ( one -ﬁ fth ) le quart (the fourth) u n sixieme ( one sixth ) — 70 CORRECT FRENCH BING

THE METRIC SYSTEM (Le Systeme Métrique) The metric system was established in France on the twenty

t 1801 . hird day of September, The decimal metric system is a m legal system for weights and measures . All those easures are m deducted from the etre , and are the only ones authorized in F ’ 1840 rance since the first of January, . r The metre ( the Frenchya d ) contains 100 centimetres . The four terms which express increase are ' D eca ( ten , signifies ten fold) n Hecto ( hu dred , signifies hundred fold) K one ilo ( thousand , signifies thousand fold) ten ten Myria ( thousand, signifies thousand fold) The three terms which express decrease are : D eci ( ten , signifies the tenth part) C enti ( a hundred , signifies the hundredth part)

Milli ( a thousand , signiﬁes the thousandth part) The names of all weights and measures are formed by a union of the principal terms ( metre, litre , gramme , are , stere) K m with one of increase or decrease . ilogramme , for exa ple, is

K m 1000 . ilo thousandfold and gram e , and signiﬁes grammes OBSERVATION Although the word centime is generally used to express all the fractions from one s on to 19 s ons ( 95 centimes ) it is not in ’ actual circulation except in the bakers shops .

For instance , all bills of sale mention the centimes or frac m tions of the centime , but if in the total there are not 5 centi es ( which is 1 sou) the two or three centimes are reckoned as if it was ﬁve centimes to the beneﬁt of the dealer .

FRENCH COIN ( Monnaie Francaise)

The franc is a silver piece of money weighing ﬁve grammes .

It is the unit for the monetary system . m no e The ultiples of the franc have particular names . Th y ten are called ﬁve francs , francs , one hundred francs “ The fractions of the franc are the son ( soo) which contains

. 100 ﬁve centimes There are centimes in one franc .

BRONZE COI NS ( Monnaie de Bronze) one centime two centimes ﬁve centimes ( or) un sou (half penny) ten centimes ( or) deux sous ( a penny) ( or) ~ un gros sou COI N S AND WEIGHTS 71

SILVER COIN ( Monnaie d ’ argent)

- piece de cinq sous , vingt cinq centimes ( quarter of a franc) nu demi franc , piece de dix sous , cinquante centimes ( half a franc) u n i franc , p ece de vingt sous ( a franc )

deux francs , piece de quarante sous ( two francs )

piece de cinq francs , piece de cent sous ( ﬁve francs )

GOLD COIN ( Monnaie d ’ or) piece de cinq francs ( 5 francs ) piece de dix francs ( 10 francs ) piece de vingt francs ( 20 francs ) piece de quarante francs ( 40 francs) piece de cent francs ( 100 francs)

BANK NOTES ( Billets de Banque) Billet de banque de 100 francs ( bank note of 100 francs) ( about Billet de banque de 200 francs ( bank note of 200 francs) ( about Billet de banque de 500 francs ( bank note of 500 francs)

( about $100. 00) Billet de banque de 1 francs ( bank note of francs) ( about

VVEIGHTS Poids) m One gram e the unit of the metric system for W eights , is 1 equivalent to a little less than 9 grains . th e 72d 1 one grain is equivalent to part of gros . one gros is the 8th part of 1 ounce 16 1 one ounce is the th part of pound . 1 livre ( or demi kilo ) ( 1 pound ) weighs 500 grammes 1 kilo ( or 2 pounds ) weighs grammes The i word kilo s an abbreviation of kilogramme .

The multiples ( for increase) are : D 10 écagramme , weighs grammes Hectogramme weighs 100 grammes K r m ilogramme , weighs g am es mm e Myriagra e , weighs gramm s 50 . The quintal métrique weighs . kilogrammes The millier ( or to n ) (tonneau de mer) weighs kilo s gramme , 72 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

The sous multiples ( for decrease) are :

The décigramme weighs the l 0th part of 1 gramme . 1 th l The centigramme weighs the 00 part of gramme . 1 000th 1 The milligramme weighs the , part of gramme . um quart de livre pound) contains 4 ounces and weighs 2 1 5 grammes . une demi -livre pound) contains 8 ounces and weighs 250 grammes . trois quarts de livre pound) contains 12 ounces and weighs 375 grammes . CAPACITY MEASURES ( Mesures de Capacité)

m s : For easuring liquids , also grain , alt, dried peas , beans , etc le litre ( a cubic decimeter ) le kilolitre litres ) le décalitre ( 10 litres) le myrialitre litres ) ’ l h ectolitr e ( 100 litres ) SOUS MULTIPLES ( for decrease) le décilitre ( l 0th of a litre) la chopine or V2 a litre ( pint) le centilitre ( 100 of a litre) une feuillette ( a cask) ITINERARY MEASURES ( Mesures Itinéraires ) Fo r ( measuring distance) . The multiples are le metre ( or 1 yard inches ) le decametre ( 10 metres) ’ l hectometre ( 100 metres ) le kilometre metres ) le myriametre metres) MEASURES OF LENGTH ( Mesures de longueur) ( For measuring stuff ) F 9 3 s Le metre ( the rench yard) is centimetres , or V2 inche longer than the yard measure . 100 - : The metre contains centimetres . The sous multiples are decimetre ( l 0th of a metre) centimetre ( 100th part of a metre) 1 000th millimetre ( , o f a metre) SOLID MEASURES ( For Wood) stere ( 1 cubic metre) decistere ( l 0th of a stere) decastere ( 10 steres )

Mesures de superﬁci e pour les terrains ( for surveying land ) ’ ’ l are ( 100 square metres ) l hectar e ( 100 ares ) le centiare ( contains the hundredth part of one are , or a square metre .

— 74 CORRECT FRENCH BING

I ndi ca tif P r es ent Pr es ent I ndi ca ti v e

COMPOUND OF TH E PRESENT INDICATIVE

P ass e[nd éﬁni P as t I nd eﬁni te J ’ ai eu ( u) I have had Tu as eu Thou hast had I I a eu He has had Elle a eu S h e has had Nous avons eu We have had Vous avez eu You have had Ils o nt eu They have had ( mas) Elles ont eu They have had ( fem )

’ IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ( Imparfait de l indi cati f)

1 — I . Past form had . 2 — I . Progressive form was having . —I 3 . Emphatic form did have . — I . 4 . The emphatic past form used to have

All these four forms are expressed by one single form :

I had Thou hadst He had S h e had We had You had They had ( mas ) They had ( fem)

ent end l , forming the of the third person p ural of verbs , is

. w be always silent The ﬁnal t is carried to the next ord , if it gins with a vowel or a silent h . — VERB TO HAVE 75

COMPOUND OF TH E IMPERFECT INDICATIVE

P lns -qne-p ar fait Plup erfec t ’ J avai s eu I had had Tu avais eu Thou hadst had Il avait eu He had had Elle avait eu She had had Nous avions eu We had had Vous aviez eu You had had Ils avaient eu They had had (masc) Elles avaient eu They had had ( fem)

The past deﬁnite is also called the historical tense , because it is used for relating events which took place at a time of which the present time forms no part .

’ P as s e D eﬁni Pits t D eﬁni te I had Thou hadst He had She had We had You h ad They had ( ma) They had ( fem)

COMPOUND OF TH E PAST DEFINITE OR TH E HISTORICAL TENSE

’ P as s e A nteri enr Pas t A n teri or J ’ eus eu ( u ) I had had Tu eus eu Thou hadst had Il eut eu He had had Elle eut eu She had had

’ Nous eﬁm es eu We had had Vous eutes eu You had had Ils eurent eu They had had ( mas ) Elles eurent eu They had had ( fem)

Pu tni ’ S imple F u tur e I shall have Thou wilt have He will have She will have We shall have You will have They will have ( mas ) They will have ( fern) O 76 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

TH COMPOUND OF E _FUTURE

’ F u tnr A nter i enr Pas t Pi t tur e

’ J au r ai eu ( u ) I shall have had Tu auras eu Thou wilt have had ' 11 aura eu He will h ave had Elle aura eu She will have had Nous aurons eu We shall have had Vous aurez en You will have had Ils auront eu They will have had ( mas) Elles a uront eu They will have had ( fem)

Condi ti onel P r es ent Condi ti onal P r es en t ’ J au ra i s I should have Tu aurais Thou wouldst have Il aurait He would have Elle aurait She W ould have Nous aurions We should have Vous auriez You would have Ils auraient They would have ( ma s ) Elles auraient They would have ( fern)

COMPOUND OF TH E CONDITIONAL

Condi ti onel P as s e Con di ti onal Pas t ’ J au rai s eu ( u) I should have had Tu aurais eu Thou wouldst have ha d I l aurait eu He would have h ad Elle aurait eu S he would have had Nous aurions eu We should have had Vous auriez eu You would have had Ils auraient eu They would have h a d ( mas) Elles auraient eu They would have had ( fem)

I M PERATI VE M OOD

I mpér a tif I mp era ti v e aie h ave ( thou) qu ’ il ait let him have ’ qu elle ait let h er have ayons let us have ayez have (you) ’ qu ils aient let them have ( mas) qu ’ elles aient let them have ( fem ) — VERB To H AvE 77

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD S u bj onctif P r és ent S u bj u nc ti v e P r es ent Que j ’ aie That I may have Que tu aies That thou mayst have Qu ’ il ait That he may have Qu ’ elle ait That she may have Que nous ayons That we may have Que vous ayez That you may have ’ Qu ils aient That they may have ( mas) Qu ’ elles aient That they may have ( fem) COMPOUND OF TH E SUBJUNCTIVE ’ S u bj on ctif P ass e S nbj nncti fz/ e P as t ’ Que j aie eu ( u) That I may have had Que tu‘ aies eu That thou mayst have had Qu il ait eu That he may have had ’ Qu elle ait eu That she may have had

Que nous ayons eu That we may . have had Que vous ayez eu That you may have had ’ Qu ils aient eu That they may have had ( mas) Qu ’ elles aient eu That they may have had fem)

I mpar fa'i t d a S u bj onctif I mp er fect S u bj u n ctiv e ’ Que j eu sse ( us) That I might have Que tu eusses That thou mightst have ’ Qu il eut That he might have ’ ‘ Qu elle eut That she might have Que nous eussions That we might have Que vous eussiez That you might have ’ Qu ils eussent That they might have ( mas) Qu ’ elles eussent That they might have fem) COMPOUND OF TH E IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

P lns - near ai t lu er ect q , p f P p f ’ Qu e j eu s se eu That I might have h ad Que tu eusses eu That thou mightst have ha d ’ Qu il eut eu That he might have had ’ Qu elle eut eu That she might have had Que nous eussions eu That we might have had Que vous eussiez eu That you might have had ’ Qu ils eussent eu That they might have had ( mas) ’ Qu elles eussent eu That they might have had fem ) As the verbs avoir ( to have) and etre ( to be) are used as auxiliaries to conj ugate all the verbs in their compound tenses ,

I suggest that the student should commit them to memory .

They will ﬁnd that this little exertion will be repaid many fold . — 78 CORRECT FRENCH RING

AUXILIARY VERB , TO BE ( Verbe Auxiliaire etre)

Temps primitifs ( primitive tenses) Forme affirmative ( affirmative form) INFINITIVE MOOD — / — I nfiniti f present etre ( pr esent infiniti ve to Passe—avoir été (past—to have been) PARTICIPES ( Participles) Présent— étant ( present— being) Passé—ayant été ( past—having been) — — Participe passe été ( past participle been . )

INDICATIVE MOOD ( Mode Indicatif )

I ndi ca tif P r és ent Pr es en t I ndi ca tive Je suis I am Tu es Thou art Il est He is Elle est S h e is Nous sommes We are Vous etes You are Ils sont They are ( mas) Elles sont They are ( fern )

REMARK

In an d ils sont elles sont (they are) , the s of sont being initial , — has the sound of s i n son while i n ils ont an d elles ont ( they 5 have ) , the ﬁnal of ils and elles is carried to the word ont and has the sound of z in zone .

COMPOUND OF PRESENT INDICATIVE

’ P ass e I ndéﬁni P as t I ndeﬁni te J ’ ai été I have been Tu as été Thou hast been II a été He has been Elle a été S he has been Nous avons été We have been Vous avez été You have been Ils ont été They have been ( mas ) Elles ont été They have been ( fem) — VERB TO B E

’ l l ndi catif I mp erfect I ndi ca tive

COMPOUND OF TH E I M PERFECT ' I NDI CATI VE

' P lns -qne-p ar fai t P lup erfect ’ J avai s été I had been Tu avais été’ Thou hadst been Il avait été He had been Elle avait été She had been Nous avions été We had been Vous aviez été You had been

Ils . avaient été They had been ( mas ) Elles avaient été They had been ( fem)

Pas t D eﬁni te als o called hi s to ’ ’ as s e D eﬁni p ri cal tens e Je fus Tu fus Il fut Elle fut Nous fumes ' Vous futes Ils furent Elles furent

COMPOUND TH E PAST DEFINITE

P as s e Antéri e‘ur Pas t Anteri or J ’ eus été I had been Tu eus été Thou hadst been Il eut été He had been Elle eut été She had been Nous eumes été We had been Vous eutes été You had been I-ls eurent été They had been ( mas ) Elles eurent été They had been ( fem ) 80 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

F ntnr S imple Fntnre I shall or will be Thou wilt be He will be She will be We shall be You will be They will be ( mas ) They will be ( fem)

COMPOUND OF TH E FUTURE

’ F n tnr A nter i enr Pa s t F n tnr e ’ J au rai été I shall have been Tu auras été Thou wilt have been I l aura été He will have been Elle aura été S h e will have been Nous aurons été We shall have been Vous aurez été You will have been Ils auront été They will have been ( mas) Elles auront été They will have been ( fem)

Condi ti onel P r es en t Condi ti ona l Pr es ent Je serais I should or would be Tu serais Thou wouldst be Il serait He would be Elle serait S h e would be Nous serions We should be Vous seriez You would be Ils seraient They would be (mas ) Elles seraient They would be ( fem )

COMPOUND OF TH E CONDITIONAL

’ Condi tionel P as s e Condi ti ona l P as t ’ J a u ra i s été I should have been Tu aurais été Thou wouldst have been I l aurait été He would have been Elle aurait été S he would have been Nous aurions été We should have been Vous auriez été You would have been Ils auraient été They would h ave been ( mas) Elles auraient été They would have been ( fem)

— 82 CORRECT FRENCH RING

COMPOUND OF I M PERFECT SUBJ UN CTI VE

P lns - qn e-p ar fai t Plup erfec t ’ Que j eu s se été That I might have been Que tu eusses été That thou mightst have been ’ Qu il eut été That he might have been ’ Qu elle eﬁt été That she might have be en Que nous eussions été That we might have been Que vous eussiez été That you might have been ’ Qu ils eussent été That they might have been ( m a s ) Qu ’ elles eussent été That they might have been fem)

LE VERBE ( TH E VERB ) ff There are four di erent conj ugations . They are distin u i g sh ed by the endings of the inﬁnitive ( the verb itself) . The Inﬁnitive endings are :

i . In the first conj ugat on er , as coup er, ( to cut) fin 1r In the second conj ugation ir , as , (to finish) I n r — r i oi r ecev oi . the third conj ugat on , as , ( to receive)

- r e . In the fourth conj ugation re , as vend , ( to sell)

A verb consists of two parts , the root and the ending . The root is what remains after striking off the inﬁni tive ending ; as couper ( to cut) root , coup ; ending, er . The present participle of all French verbs ( without excep i n i n i n 1n tion ) ends ant , while English it ends g .

OB S ERVATION The verbs of the first conj ugation ( ending in er) are all regular . That means that they are conj ugated like the model verb couper ( to cut) . 1 There are only two i r egu la 1 verbs in the first conjugation . : an d They are aller ( to go ) , envoyer ( to send) . There is a considerable number of verbs i n the first con j ugation . Almost every action is expressed by those verbs . C an onsequently you will find it easy task to know that, ex ce tin p g aller ( to go) , and envoyer ( to send) , you may be cer in tain that all other verbs ending er are regular . — FIRST CON JUGATION ER 83

FIRST CONJUGATION I N ER

(Pr emi er e Conya gat s on.)

f - er A ﬁrmative form , coup (to cut) — INFINITIVE MOOD u . Pres—ent co per ( to cut ) Past avoir coupé ( to have cut) .

PARTICIPLES — Present coupant ( cutting) . — Past ayant coupé (having cut) . — Past coupe ( cut) .

INDICATIVE MOOD Indicatif Present ( Present) Je coup - e ( I cut) Tu coup- es ( Thou cuttest) Il coup - e ( He cuts) Elle coup - e ( She cuts ) Nous coup - ons ( We cut) Vous coup ez ( You cut) Ils coup - en—t ( They cut (mas) Elles coup ent ( They cut ( fem)

The endings for all verbs ( ending in er) of th e ﬁrst conj uga ' e fOr tion are , es , e the three persons singular and ent for the third person plural , which are silent , therefore the root only is sounded .

Th r i m in — e e e s only—one for to express the present French J coupe ( I cut) while there are three forms in English , which are 1 —I . The present cut . - 2 . I The progressive fo—rm am cutting . 3 . The emphatic form I do cut .

n ow These three forms express that the action takes place , a at the present time , and must be translated in each c se by using the simple and only form existing in French .

r The past indeﬁnite , or compound , of the p esent indicative is obtained by using the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avoir ( to have ) and adding to every person the past th e participle o f verb to be conjugated . 84 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

’ ’ P ass e I nd eﬁni

P as t I nd eﬁni te or Componnd of the Pr es en t I ndi ca tiv e J ’ ai coupé I have cut Tu as coupé Thou hast cut II a coupé He has cut Elle a coupé S he has cut Nous avons coupé We have cut Vous avez coupé You have cut Ils ont coupe They have cut ( mas) Elles ont coupé They have cut ( fern) The endings for the imperfect indicative of all verbs ( with out exception ) are : — ai s . For the three persons singular , ais , ait — i ez . For the three persons plural ions , , aient These endings are the same as those of the conditional o present of all verbs ( without exception) , I should r would, etc . The root only is different . For the imperfect indicative the endings are added to the root of the verb and for the conditional they are added to the in inﬁnitive full . — NOTE After si ( if ) , the imperfect indicative is used instead

: . of the conditional . Example If you should hear the thunder l ( Si vous entendiez e tonnerre) ( not entendriez) .

The imperfect indicative 1n di cates that the acti on or state is past .

There are four forms to express it i n English : 1 —I . The simple past form cut . 2 — . I The former past form used to cut . —I 3 . o The progressive past f rm was cutting . — 4 . I The emphatic past form did cut . All t—hese four forms are equivalent to only one form in French J e coupais .

I mp arfai t d e l I ri di ca tif (I mpe-rfect I ndi ca ti v e) Je coup - ais I was cutting Tu coup -ais Thou wast cutting Il coup - ait He was cutting Elle coup - ait S h e was cutting Nous coup - ions We were cutting Vous coup - iez You were cutting Ils coup - aient They were cutting ( mas) Elles coup - aient They were cutting ( fem) — FIRST CONj uGATI ON ER 85

com o u n o f The pluperfect indicative , or p d imperfect indi b cative , is obtained y using the imperfect indicative of the auxiliary verb avoir ( to have) and adding to every person the past participle of the verb to be conj ugated . — — Plus qu e p ar fai t (Plup er fect or Comp ou nd of the I mpe r fe ct I ndi ca tiv e)

’ J avai s coupé I had cut Tu avais coupé Thou hadst cut II avait coupé He had cut Elle avait coupé She had cut Nous avions coupé We had cut Vous aviez coupé You had cut Ils avaient coupé They had cut ( mas ) Elles avaient coupé They had cut ( fem) Remember that ent forming the ending of the third person plural of verbs is always silent .

Ils avaient is pronounced avait, like the third person singu lar .

d efinite ' which The past , is also called historical tense , is used when relating to events which took place at a time entirely and past of which the present time forms no part . In ordinary conversation we use the past indefinite or com t o d efi pound ( of the present indicative in preference the past nite or historical tense . The endings for the past definite or historical tense for all in exce verbs of the first conj ugation ( ending er ) , without p : tion , are — For the three persons singular ai , as , a . For the three per — a a er n e t . sons plural mes , tes, , added to the root of the verb

’ ’ P as s e D eﬁni (P as t D eﬁni te or H is tori cal Tens e

Je coup - ai I cut or did cut Tu coup-as Thou cuttest or did cut I l coup - a He cut or did cut Elle coup - a S h e cut or did cut Nous coup -ames We cut or did cut Vous coup -ates You cut or did cut \ Ils coup - er ent Th ey cut or did cut ( mas ) Elles coup - erent They cut or did cut ( fem ) — 6 CORRECT FRENCH RING

The past anterior or compound of the past deﬁnite or bistori cal tense is obtained by us1ug the past deﬁnite of the auxiliary verb avoir ( to have) and adding to every person the past participle of the verb to be conj ugated . J ’ eus coupé I had cut Tu eus coupé Thou hadst cut 11 eut coupé He had cut Elle eut coupé S h e had cut Nous eum es coupé We had cut Vous eutes coupé You had cut Ils eurent coupé They had cut (mas) Elles eurent coupé They had cut ( fem)

The endings for the future of all verbs ( without exceptions) are : er For the three persons singular ai , as , a . For the three p — n o s ez . sons plural , , ont These endings are added to the

v i n : . inﬁniti e full to form the future I shall , or will , etc These endings are similar to the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avoir ( to have) . ’ - - il a - - - z - J ai tu as nous a v ons vous av e ils ont . As the inﬁnitive of all verbs which forms the future and the conditional always ends in r those two tenses are readily recog i z n n ed because there is always a r before their endings . Fo r — I : r a the future shall or will , etc rai , ras , , rons , rez, ront . —I For the conditional should or would, etc rais , rais , rait, rions , riez , raient .

F u tu r S impl e ( F u tur e ) — J e couper ai I shall or will cut Tu couper - as Thou shalt or wilt cut 11 couper- a He shall or will cu t Elle couper- a S h e shall or will cut Nous couper- ons We shall or will cut Vous coup—er- ez You shall or will cut Ils couper ont They shall or will cut ( ma s ) Elles couper - ont They shall or will cut ( fem) OBSERVATION — — Je cou pe rai . The syllabic division takes place according to the general rule . Each syllable must ( when possible) begin

o r - with a consonant , but when there are three more syllables i C - — n a word the e mute is n o t sounded . onsequently cou pe rai

- is pronounced as if spelt cou prai , etc . — FIRST CONJ U CATI ON ER 87

The future anterior or compound of the simple future is obtained by using the future tens e of the auxiliary verb avoir ( to have) and adding to every person the past participle of the verb to be conj ugated .

F u tur A ntéri eu r ( P as t F u tu r e ) ’ J au rai coupé I shall have cut Tu auras coupé Thou shalt have cut 11 aura coupé He shall have cut Elle aura coupé S h e shall have cut Nous aurons coupé We shall have cut Vous aurez coupé You shall have cut Ils auront coupé They shall have cut ( mas ) Elles auront coupé They shall have cut ( fem) The future is used when referring to an event which will u take place at a f ture time .

’ Condi ti onel P r es ent ( Condi ti onal Pr es ent ) Je couper - a—is I should or would cut Tu couper ais Thou shouldst or wouldst cu t II couper—ait He should or would cut Elle couper- ait She should or would cut Nous couper - ions We should or would cut Vous couper-i ez You should or would cut Ils couper - ai—ent They should or would cu t ( m a s ) Elles couper aient They should or would cut ( fem) The conditional expresses the action as taking place i n the future , but subj ect to a condition .

The n co ditional past, or compound of the conditional present , is obtained by using the conditional ten s e o f the auxiliary verb avoir ( to have) and adding to every person the past participle of the verb to be conj ugated .

’’ Condi ti onel Pas s e ( Condi ti onal P as t) ’ J au r ai s coupé I should or would have cut Tu aurais coupé Thou shouldst or wouldst have cut 11 aurait coupé He should or W ould have cut Elle aurait coupé She Should or would have cu t Nous aurions coupé We should or would have cut Vous auriez coupé You should or would have cut Ils auraient coupé They should or would have cut (mas) Elles auraient coupé They should or would have cut ( fem) — 88 CORRECT FRENCH P ING

The imperative mood has but one tense , present or future .

for . It is used commanding, exhorting, requesting or reproving ’ I mper a tif I mp er a ti ve Coupe cut ( thou ) Qu ’ il coupe let him cut Qu ’ elle coupe let her cut Coupons let us cut Coupez cut ( you ) ’ Qu il s coupent let them cut ( mas) Qu ’ elles coupent let them cut ( fem) The subj unctive mood is dependent upon and subordinate to another verb . It is used to express hope, fear , anxiety , doubt , wish , command , order, etc . S u bj onc tif P r es en t ( P r es ent of th e S u bj un cti ve ) Que j e coup - e That I may cut Que tu coup -es That thou mayst cut ’ Qu il coup - e That he may cut ’ Qu elle coup - e That she may cut Que nous coup - ions That we may cut Que vous coup -i ez That you may cut ’ — Qu il s coup ent That they may cut ( mas ) Qu ’ elles coup—ent That they may cut ( fem)

The preterit , or past , compound of the subj unctive present is obtained by using the present subj unctive tense of the aux ili ary verb avoir ( to have) and adding to every person the past participle of the verb to be conj ugated .

’ ’ Pr eter i t du S u bj on ctif ( S u bj u n cti v e P as t) Que j ’ aie coupé That I may have cut Que tu aies coupé That thou mayst have cut Qu ’ il ait coupé That he may have cut ’ Qu elle ait coupé That she may have cut Que nous ayons coupé That we may have cut Que vous ayez coupé That you may have cut ’ Qu ils aient coupé That they may have cut ( mas) Qu ’ elles aient coupé That they may have cut ( fem )

I mp ar fai t d u S u bj on ctif ( I mp er f ect of th e S u bj u n cti ve ) Que j e coup-asse That I might cut Que tu coup -asses That thou mightst cut Qu ’ il coup—at That he might cut ’ Qu elle coup - at That she might cut Que nous coup -assions That we might cut — Que-vous coup a s si ez That you might cut ’ u ils - cu t Q coup assent That they might l (mas ) ’ — Qu elles coup assent That they might cut ( fem )

— 90 CORRECT FRENCH RING

— Imperfect ( single tense) I ﬁnished , I was ﬁnishing, I

ﬁnish , I used to ﬁnish .

Je fi ni s s ai s I finished Tu fini ssai s Thou -didst finish I 1 fini ssait He finished Elle fini ssait She finished Nous fini s si ons We finished Vous fin i ssiez You finished Ils fini s sai ent They finished ( mas) Elles fini s s ai ent They finished ( fem)

Plup erfect ( Comp ou nd of th e I mp er fect)

’ J avai s fin i I had finished Tu avais fini Thou hadst finished I l avait fi ni He had finished Elle avait fini S h e had finished Nous avions fi ni W e had finished Vous aviez fini You had finished Ils avaient fin i They had finished (mas ) Elles avaient fini They had finished ( fem)

D eﬁni te ( S imple tens e )

I fini shed Thou didst finish He finished S h e finished We finished You finished They finished ( mas ) They finished ( fem)

P as t Anter i or ( Co mp ou nd of the P as t D eﬁ ni te )

’ J eus fini I had finished Tu eus fini Thou hadst finished Il eut fini He had finished Elle eut fini She had finished Nous eum es fini We had finished Vous entes fini You had finished Ils eurent fi ni They had finished (mas) Elles eurent fi ni They had finished ( fem) — SECOND CON JUGATION I R 9 1

F u tur e ( S imple tens e ) j e fini r ai I shall finish Tu fini ras Thou wilt finish I l finira He will finish Elle fini ra She will finish Nous fini r ons We shall finish Vous fini r ez You will finish Ils fini ront They will finish ( mas) Elles fini r ont They will finish ( fem)

F u tu r e Anteri or ( Comp ou nd of the Fu tur e )

’ J au rai fini I shall have finished Tu auras fini Thou wilt have finished Il aura fini He will have finished Elle aura fim She will have finished Nous aurons fini We shall have finished Vous aurez fi ni You will have finished Ils auront fini They will have finished (mas) Elles auront fini They will have finished ( fem )

— Condi ti onal M ood Pr es ent (S imple tens e )

Je fini rai s I should finish Tu fini ra i s Thou wouldst finish I1 finir ait He would finish Elle finirait She would finish Nous fini ri ons We should fini sh ' Vous fini ri ez You would finish Ils fi ni raient They would finish (mas ) Elles fini rai ent They w ould finish ( fem)

P as t Condi ti onal ( Comp ou nd of th e Condi ti onal )

’ J aura1s fini I should have finished Tu aurais fini Thou wouldst have finished Il aurait fini He would have finished Elle aurait fini She would have finished Nous aurions fini We should have finished Vous auriez fini You would have finished Ils auraient fini They would have finished ( mas) Elles auraient fini They would have fini sh ed ( fem ) — 92 CORRECT FRENCH RING

I mp er a ti v e M ood

fi ni s finish ( thou ) ’ qu il fini s se let him finish ’ qu elle fini sse let her finish fin i sson s let us finish fini ss ez finish ( you ) ’ qu ils fini s sent let them finish (mas) ’ qu elles fini ssent let them finish ( fem )

— S u bj u nc ti ve M o a d Pr es ent ( S imple tens e )

Que j e fi ni sse That I may finish Que tu fini sses That thou mayst finish ’ Qu il fini s s e That he may finish ’ Qu elle fini sse That she may finish Que nous fi ni s si on s That we may finish Que vous fini ssi ez That you may finish ’ Qu ils fini ss ent That they may finish ( mas) ’ Qu elles fini s sent That they may finish ( fem)

P as t S u hj unctive ( Comp ound of th e Pr es ent)

’ Que j aie fi ni That I may have finished “ Que tu aies fini That thou mayst have finished ’ Qu il ait fini That he may have finished ’ Qu elle ait fini That she may hav e finished Que nous ayons fini That we may have finished Que vous ayez fini That you may have finished ’ Qu ils aient fini That they may have fini sh ed ( m ) ’ Qu elles aient fi ni That they may have fini sh ed ( f )

I mp erfect S u bj unctive (S impl e tens e )

Que j e fini s s e That I might finish Que tu fini s ses That thou m igtst finish ’ Qu il finit That he might finish ’ Qp elle finit That she might finish Que nous fini ss io ns That we might finish Que vous fini s si ez That you might finish ’ Qu ils fini s sent That they might finish (mas ) ’ Qu elles fini ss ent That they might finish ( fern) — THIRD CON JUGATION OI R 93

Plu p erfec t S u bj u nctiv e ( Compou nd of t h e I mp er f ect)

’ . Que j eu s se fini That I might have finished Que tu eusses fi ni That thou mightst have finished ’ Qu il eut fi ni That he might have finished ’ Qu elle eut fini That she might have finished Que nous eussions fini That we might have finished Que vous eussiez fini That you might have finished ’ Qu ils eussent fini That they might have fini sh ed ( m ) ’ Qu elles eussent fini That they might have fini sh ed ( f)

THIRD CO-NJUGATION IN OIR ( Tr ois i eme Conj u gais on — Model verb recevoir ( to receive) . INFINITIVE MOOD Present—recevoir ( to receive) Past—avoir recu ( to have received ) Present participle— recevant ( receiving) Past—ayant recu ( having received) Past Participle—recu ( received)

I NDI CATIVE M QOD

— r Present ( simple tense) I receive , I am receiving, I do e i ce ve .

Je recoi s I receive Tu reco i s Thou receivest Il r eco it He receives Elle r ecoit She receives Nous recevons We receive Vous recevez You receive Ils r ecoiv ent They receive ( mas) Elles recoivent They receive ( fem

P as t I nd eflni te (Comp ound of the P r es ent I ndi ca ti ve ) J ’ ai recu I have received Tu as recu Thou hast received II a recu He has received Elle a recu She has received Nous avons We have received ‘recu Vous avez recu You have received Ils ont recu They have received ( mas ) Elles ont recu They have received ( fem ) 4 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

! “ Imperfect ( simple tense) I received , I was receiving,

rece1ve rece1ve . , I used to

Je recevais I received Tu recevais Thou wast receiving Il recevait He received Elle recevait She received Nous recevions We received Vous receviez You received Ils recevaient They received ( mas) Elles recevaient They received ( fem)

Plu p er fec t ( Comp ound of th e I mp erfect)

’ J avai s recu I had received Tu avais recu Thou hadst received Il avait recu He had received Elle avait recu She had received

' Nous avions recu We had received Vous aviez recu You had received Ils avaient recu They had received ( mas ) Elles avaient recu They had received ( fem)

D eﬁni te (S imple tens e )

Je r ecu s I received Tu recu s Thou receivedst Il recut He received Elle recut She received Nous recum es We received Vous r ecutes You received Ils r ecu rent They received ( mas) Elles r ecu r ent They received ( fem)

P as t A nter i o r ( Comp ound of the P as t D eﬁni te) J ’ eus recu I had received Tu eus recu Thou hadst received Il eut recu He had received Elle eut recu She had received Nous eum es recu We had received Vous eutes recu You had received Ils eurent recu They had received ( mas ) Elles eurent recu They had received ( fem) — THIRD CON JUGATION OI R 95

F u tur e ( S imple tens e ) , Je recevrai I shall receive Tu recevras Thou wilt receive 11 recevra He will receive Elle recevra S h e will receive ‘ Nous recevrons We shall receive Vous recevrez You will receive Ils recevront Th’ey will receive ( mas) Elles recevront They will receive ( fem ) F u tu r e A n teri or ( Comp ound of the F u tur e ) ’ J au rai recu I shall have received Tu auras recu Thou wilt have received 11 aura recu He will have received Elle aura recu She will have received Nous aurons recu We shall have received Vous aurez recu You will have received Ils auront recu They will have received (mas ) Elles auront recu They will have received ( fem) — Condi ti onal M oo d P r es en t ( S imple tens e ) Je recevrais I should receive Tu recevrais Thou wouldst receive 11 recevrait He would receive Elle recevrait She would receive Nous recevrions We would receive Vous recevriez You would receive Ils recevraient They would receive ( ma s ) Elles recevraient They would receive ( fem)

P as t Condi ti onal ( Comp ound of th e Condi ti onal ) ’ J a ural s recu I should have received Tu aura is recu Thou wouldst have received 11 a urait recu He would have received Elle aurait recu She would have received Nous aurions recu W e should have received Vous auriez recu You would ha ve received Ils auraient recu They would have received ( m) Elles auraient re‘cu They would have received ( f) I mp er a ti v e M o od r eco i s receive ( thou ) ’ qu il recoive let him receive ’ qu elle recoive let h er receive recevons let us receive recevez receive (you) ’ qu ils r ecoivent let them receive ( mas ) ’ qu elles r ecoi vent let them receive ( fem) 96 CORRECT FRENCH—BING — S u bj u nc ti ve M o od Pr es ent (S imple tens e)

Que j e r ecoiv e That I may receive Que tu r ecoi v e s That thou mayst receive ’ Qu il recoive That he may receive ’ Qu elle r eco iv e That she may receive Que nous recevions That we may receive Que vous receviez That you may receive ’ Qu ils r ecoi v ent That they may receive ( mas ) ’ Qu elles recoiv ent That they may receive ( fem)

P as t S u hj unc tive ( Comp ound of th e P r es ent) Que j ’ aie recu That I may have received Que tu aies recu That thou mayst have received Qu ’ il ait recu That he may have received ’ Qu elle ait recu That S h e may have received Que nous ayons recu That we may have received Que vous ayez recu That you may have received ’ Qu ils aient recu That they may have received ( m) ’ Qu elles aient recu That they may . have received ( f )

I mp er f ec t S u bj u n cti v e ( S impl e tens e )

Que j e regusse That I might receive Que tu r ecu ss es That thou mightst receive Qu ’ il recut That he might receive Qu ’ elle recut That she might receive Que nous r ecu s si on s That we might receive Que vous r ecu ssi ez That you might receive ’ Qu ils r ecu s sent That they might receive ( mas) ’ Qu elles r ecu ss ent That they might receive ( fem)

Plu p er f ect S u bj un ctiv e ( Comp ou nd of th e I mp erfe ct)

’ Que j eu s se recu That I might have received Que tu eusses recu That thou mightst h ave r ec eived ’ Qu il eut recu That he might have received ’ Qu elle eut recu That she might have received Que nous eussions recu That we might have received Que vous eussiez recu That you might have received ’ Qu il s eussent recu That they might have received ( m) Qu ’ elles eussent recu That they might have received f )

98 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

Plup erfect ( Comp ound of th e I mp er fect)

’ J avai s vendu I had sold Tu avais vendu Thou hadst sold Il avait vendu He had sold Elle avait vendu She had sold Nous avions vendu We had sold Vous aviez vendu You had sold Ils avaient vendu They had sold ( mas ) Elles avaient vendu They had sold ( fem)

D eﬁni te (S imple tens e)

J e vendis I sold Tu vendis Thou sold est Il vendit He sold Elle vendit She sold Nous vendim es We sold Vous vendites You sold Ils vendirent They sold (mas) Elles vendirent They sold ( fem)

P as t A n ter i or ( Comp ou nd of the P as t D eﬁni te )

J ’ eus vendu I had sold Tu eus vendu Thou hadst sold II eut vendu He had sold E lle eut vendu S h e had sold Nous eum es vendu We had sold Vous eutes vendu You had sold Ils eurent vendu They had sold ( mas ) Elles eurent vendu They had sold ( fem)

F u tur e (S imple tens e )

Je vendrai I shall sell Tu vendras Thou wilt sell Il vendra He will sell Elle vendra S he will sell Nous vendrons We shall sell Vous vendrez You will sell Ils vendront They will sell ( mas ) Elles vendront They will sell ( fem) — FOURTH CONJUGATION RE

F u tur e Anteri or ( Comp ou nd of the F u tur e )

’ J au rai vendu I shall have sold Tu auras vendu Thou wilt have sold Il aura vendu He will have sold Elle aura vendu She will have sold Nous aurons vendu We shall have sold Vous aurez vendu You will have sold Ils auront vendu They will have sold ( mas ) Elles ‘auront vendu They will have sold ( fem )

CONDITIONAL MOOD

Pr es ent (S i mple tens e )

Je vendrais I should sell Tu vendrais Thou wouldst sell I l vendrait He would sell Elle vendrait She would sell Nous vendrions We should sell Vous vendriez You would sell Ils vendraient They w ou ld ~sell (mas ) Elles vendraient They would sell ( fem )

P ast Condi ti onal ( Comp o und of th e Co ndi ti onal )

’ J au rai s vendu I should have sold Tu aurais vendu Thou wouldst have sold Il aurait vendu He would have sold Elle aurait vendu S h e would have sold Nous aurions vendu We should have sold Vous auriez vendu You would have sold Ils auraient vendu They would have sold (mas ) Elles auraient vendu They would have sold ( fem )

I M PERATI VE M OOD vends qu ’ il vende qu ’ elle vende vendons vendez ’ qu ils vendent qu ’ elles vendent — 100 CORRECT FRENCH RING

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Pr es ent ( S imple tens e ) Que j e vende That I may sell Que tu vendes That thou mayst sell Qu ’ il vende That he may sell Qu ’ elle vende That she may’ sell ' Que nous vendions That we may sell ‘ Que vous vendiez That you may sell ’ Qu ils vendent That they m ay sell ( mas) Qu ’ elles vendent That they may sell ( fem)

P as t S u bj unc tiv e ( Comp ou nd of th e Pr es ent) Que j ’ aie vendu That I may have sold Que tu aies vendu That thou mayst have sold Qu ’ il ait vendu That he may have sold Qu ’ elle ait vendu That she may have sold Que nous ayons That we may have sold ' vendu Que vous ayez vendu That you may have sold ’ Qu ils aient vendu That they may have sold ( m) “ Qu ’ elles aient vendu That they may have sold ( f)

I mp er fect S a bj u nctiv e ( S imple tens e )

Que j e vendisse That I might sell Que tu vendisses That thou mightst sell Qu ’ il vendit That he might sell Qu ’ elle vendit That she might sell Que nous vendissions That we might sell Que vous vendissiez That you might sell ’ Qu ils vendissent That they might sell (mas ) Qu ’ elles vendissent That they might sell ( fem )

' Plup er fect S u bj u nc tive ( Comp ou nd of th e I mp er fec t)

’ Que j eu ss e vendu That I might have sold Que tu eusses vendu That thou mightst have sold ’ Qu il eut vendu That he might have sold ’ Qu elle eut vendu That she might have sold Que nous eussions vendu That we might have sold Que vous eussiez vendu That you might have sold ’ Qu ils eussent vendu That they might have sold ( m ) Qu ’ elles eussent vendu That they might have sold ( f )

102 CORRECT FRENCH— BING

P a s t A n ter i or or Co mp o und of th e P as t D eﬁni te

Je fus allé ( or) allée I had gone Tu fus allé ( or) allée Thou h adst gone I l fut allé He had gone Elle fut allée S h e had gone Nous fumes allés ( or) allées We had gone Vous fntes allés ( or ) allées You had gone Ils furent allés They had gone ( mas) Elles furent allées They had gone ( fem)

F — I uture Simple shall or will go . ’

I l 1r a . . . J irai . Tu iras . ira . Elle Nous irons Vous irez ll . e Ils iront B st iront .

F u tur e A nter i or ( Comp ou nd of the F u tur e)

J e serai allé ( or) allée I shall have gone Tu seras allé ( or) allée Thou wilt have gone I l sera allé He will have gone Elle sera allée S h e will have gone Nous serons allés ( or) allées We shall have gone Vous serez allés ( or) allées You will have gone Ils seront allés They will have gone ( mas ) em Elles seront allées They will have gone ( f ) ,

C — I onditional Present should or would go . ’ I a r i s . l . . J a Tu irais . irait . Elle irait Nous irions Vous 1 iriez . Ils raient . Elles iraient .

Condi ti on al P as t ( Comp ou nd of th e Condi ti onal)

Je serais allé ( or) allée I should have gone Tu serais allé ( or) allée Thou wouldst have gone Il serait allé He would have gone Elle serait allée S h e would have gone Nous serions allés ( or) allées We should have gone Vous seriez allés ( or) allée! You would have gone Ils seraient allés They would have gone ( mas) Elles seraient allées They would have gone ( fem)

I M PERATI VE M OOD va ( go thou) allez ( go you) ’ ’ qu il aille ( let him go) qu ils aillent ( let them go ) ( m) qu ’ elle aille ( let her go) qu ’ elles aillent ( let them go) ( f) allons ( let us go ) IRREGULAR VERB—ALLER 103

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD —T Present hat I may go . ’ ’ ’ Que j aille . Que tu ailles . Qu il aille . Qu elle aille . Que ’ ’

il . . u s . nous allions Que vous alliez . Q aillent Qu elles aillent

P as t S u bj un cti v e ( Comp ou nd of the P r es en t)

Que j e sois allé ( or ) allée That I may be gone Que tu sois allé ( or ) allée 'I ‘hat thou mayst be gone Qu ’ il soit allé That he may be gone Qu ’ elle soit allée That she may be gone Que nous soyons allés ( or) allées That we may be gone Que vous soyez allés ( or) allées That you m ay be gone ’ Qu ils soient allés That they may be gone ( mas) Qu ’ elles soient allées That they may be gone ( fem)

—T Imperfect hat I might go . ’ ’ ’

llas a . a . Que j a se . Que tu allasses . Qu il all t Qu elle all t ’

u ils . Que nous allassions . Que vous allassiez . Q allassent ’ Qu elles allassent .

Plup er f ec t ( Comp ou n d of the I mp er fec t) Que j e fusse allé ( or) allée That I might have gone Qu e tu fusses allé ( or) allée That thou mightst have gone ’ Qu il fut allé That he might have gone ’ Qu elle fut allée That she might have gone Que nous fussions allés ( or) That we might have gone allées) Que vous fussiez allés ( or) That you might have gone allées ’ Qu ils fussent allés That they might have gone ( m) Qu ’ elles fussent allées That they might have gone ( f)

RULE

When a verb is conj ugated i n its compound tenses with the use of the auxiliary verb etre ( to be) , the past participle , which in accompanies every person , agrees gender and number with the pronoun subj ect . That is , if the subj ect is feminine sin gular an e is added to the past participle . If the subj ect is an s masculine plural , is added to the past participle . If the

es . subj ect is feminine plural , is added to the past participle — O4 CORRECT FRENCH RING

’ n aller s e aller (to go away) is conjugated like . This : ﬁective verb is declined with three pronouns , as follows

S i mple Tens e Comp ound Tens e

’ ’ Je m en vais Je m en suis allé ( or) allée ’ ’ Tu t en vas Tu t en es allé ( or) allée ’ ’ Il s en va Il s en est allé ’ ’ Elle s en va Elle s en est allée Nous nous en allons Nous nous en sommes allés ( or) allées Vous vous en allez Vous vous en etes allés ( or) allées Ils s ’ en vont Ils s ’ en sont allés Elles s ’ en vont Elles s ’ en sont allées IM PERATIVE

’ Va -t en Go away ( thou) Qu ’ il s ’ en aille Let him go away Qu ’ elle s ’ en aille Let her go away Allons - nous en Let us be gone — en Allez vous Go away , be g one ( you) ’ ’ Qu ils s en aillent Let them 'go away ( mas) ’ ’ Qu elles s en aillent Let them go away ( fem )

IRREGULAR VERB ENVOYER ( To SEND ) INFINITIVE MOOD — Pres—ent envoyer ( to send) . Past avoir envoyé ( to have sent) . — a Present Participle envoy nt ( sending) . C — ompound ayant envoyé (having sent) . — Past Participle envoyé ( sent) . INDICATIVE MOOD —I ‘ Present send . I am sending . I do send . ’ i envo e . Il J Tu envoies . envoie . Elle envoie . Nous voyons . Vous envoyez . Ils envoient . Elles envoient .

Pas t I nd eﬁni te ( Comp ou nd of th e P r es ent)

I have sent , etc . J ’ ai envoyé Nous avons envoyé Tu as envoye Vous avez envoyé I I a envoyé Ils ont en voye Elle a envoyé Elles ont envoyé

— 106 CORRECT FRENCH RING

—I Conditional Present should ( or) would send . ’ Il nv r r i s . J e e a . Tu enverrais enverrait . Elle enverrait .

n r r l ns n r raI n . Nous e v e o . Vous enverriez . Ils e ve e t Elles

enverr al ent .

Condi ti onal P as t ( Comp ound of th e Condi ti onal)

’ J au r ai s envoyé I should have sent Tu aurais envoyé Thou wouldst have sent Il aurait envoyé He would have sent Elle aurait envoyé S he would have sent Nous aurions envoyé We should h ave sent Vous auriez envoyé You would have sent Ils auraient envoyé They would have sent ( mas ) Elles auraient envoyé They would have sent ( fem)

I M PERATI VE M OOD Envoie Send (thou ) Qu ’ il envoie Let him send Qu ’ elle envoie Let her send Envoyons Let us send Envoyez Send ( you) ’ Qu ils envoient Let them send Qu ’ elles envoient Let them send

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

-T m Present hat I ay send . ’ ’ ’

env 1 . . Que j 0 e . Que tu envoies . Qu il envoie Qu elle envoie ’

1 i u I ls . Que nous envoy ons . Que vous envoy ez . Q envolent ’ Qu elles envolent .

P as t S u bj u ncti ve ( Comp ou nd of the Pr es ent) Que j ’ aie envoyé That I may have sent Que tu aies envoyé That thou mayst have sent Qu ’ il ait envoyé That he may have sent Qu ’ elle ait envoyé That she may have sent Que nous ayons envoyé That we may have sent Que vous ayez envoyé That you may have sent ’ Qu ils aient envoyé That they may have sent ( m) Qu ’ elles aient envoyé That they may have sent ( f ) U S E OF AUXILIARIES 107 — Imperfect That I might send . ’ ’ ’

. envo at . Que j envoyasse . Que tu envoyasses Qu il y Qu elle n e voyat . Que nous envoyassions . Que vous envoyassiez . ’ i ’ u ls . Q envoyassent Qu elles envoyassent .

Plu p er fec t ( Comp ou nd of theI mp er fect) ’ Que j eu s se envoyé That I might have sent Que tu eusses envoyé That thou mightst have sent ’ Qu il eut envoyé That he might have sent ’ Qu elle eut envoyé That she might have sent ’ Que nous eussions env oye That we might have sent Que vous eu ssmz envoyé That you might have sent ’ Qu ils eussent envoyé That they might have sent (m ) ’ Qu elles eus-sent envoyé That they might have sent ( f )

Envoyer ( to send ) is irregular only i n two tenses : the future and the conditional . Renvoyer ( to send back , to return , to l dismiss ) is conj ugated ike envoyer .

On th e Us e o A voi r to have and etr e to be as A uxili ar i es f ( ) ( ) .

’ Avoir ( to have) is auxiliary : 1 . For its own compound tenses J ’ ai eu ( I have had) 2 . For the compound tenses of etre ( to be) ”J ’ ai été ( I have been)

3 . For the compound tenses of all the active verbs / J ’ ai mangé ( I have eaten)

4 . e For the compound tenses of some neuter v rbs , W hile a few are conj ugated with etre .

Etre ( to be) is auxiliary : 1 Fo r . all passive verbs

‘ Je suis ai mé ( I am loved ) 2 F . o r the compound tenses of all reﬂective verbs : Il s ’ est habillé ( He has dressed himself)

’ ’ ’ I r r egu lar i tes D or th ogr aphe ( Or th ogr ap hi c I r r egu lari ti es )

1 n dm l n e a f ill . e c r c ced a a 0 In verbs g the takes before , or , 1n order to preserve the soft sound which it has in the In ﬁnitiv e , as placer ( to place) effacer ( to eff ace ) pla cant (placing) effacant ( effacing) Nous pla cons ( we p lace) nous effa con s ( we efface ) ’ Je placai s ( I placed) J effacai s ( I effaced) O8 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

2 i n . er e a 0 Verbs ending g retain before or , that the soft of : sound g, in the inﬁnitive may be preserved, as manger ( to eat) j uger ( to j udge) mangeant ( eating) j ugeant ( j udging) nous mangeons ( we eat) nous j ugeons ( we j udge) ' J e mangeais ( I was eating) J e jugeais ( I j udged)

ter l 3 . el er e t Verbs ending in or double or , whenever the : termination begins with e mute , as appeler ( to call) j eter ( to throw ) ’ J appelle ( I call ) Je j ette ( I throw ) ’ J appellerai ( I shall call) J e j etterai ( I shall throw)

Except the following which , in cases like the above , take a grave accent over the e prece ding the l or t ; as : acheter ( to buy) geler ( to freeze) ’ J a chete ( I buy ) J e gele ( I freeze) ’ J acheter a i ( I shall buy) Je gelerai ( I shall freeze )

' ' h a 4 . Verbs which have an e mute or an é wit the acute c i n cent the inﬁnitive take a grave accent on that e , if it is fol lowed by a consonant and an e mute as : espérer ( to hope) mener ( to lead) ’ J espere ( I hope) Je mene ( I lead) ’ J espererai ( I shall hope) Je menerai ( I shall lead) However the acute accent remains unaltered throughout the : verbs in eger, as assiéger ( to besiege) -Il protege ( He protects ) ’ J a s siége ( I besiege) Elle protégera ( she will pro Il assiégera ( He shall besiege) t ect ) protéger ( to protect)

i n 5 . Verbs ending ayer, oyer, uyer change y into i before e mute as payer ( to pay) effrayer ( to frighten) ’ Je paie ( I pay) J effraie ( I frighten) ’ Je paierai ( I shall pay) J effr ai er ai ( I shall frighten)

6 i n u er and ou er dioeresi s on the . Verbs ending require a 1 of the ﬁrst an d second persons plural of the imperfect indica and : tive present subj unctive, as distribuer ( to distribute) j ouer ( to play) Nous distribu 1ons ( we dis Nous j ou l on s ( we played) tributed) Vous j oui ez ( you played) Vous di stribu l ez ( you dis tributed)

10 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

2 m . Fro the participle present are formed :

1 ( ) The plural of the present indicative , by changing ant into

ez . ons , , ent ( oi is kept instead of e in the third person of the third conj ugation . )

- — - - 1 . C ez —hant ant ( singing) nous chant ons , vous chant , ils chant ent . 2 F - fi i hin — fini — fin - z . n s o s s i s s e iniss ant ( g ) n us ons , vous , ils fini s s - ent .

‘ - — - - 3 . r ecev r ecev recev ez ant ( receiving) nous ons , vous , ils

- - rec Oi vent . - — - - l 4 . ez l s vend ant ( selling) nous vend ons , vous vend , - vend ent .

2 h ( ) The imperfect of the indicative , by c anging ant into i z e . ais , ais , ait, ions , , aient

1 — e — il - . chant ant J chant ais , tu chant ais , chant ait , nous

- - - 1ez . chant ions , vous chant , ils chant aient 2 fi i — fini s — fini s - il fini s s . n ss e s s ant J ais , tu ais , ait , nous fi i —- 1 fi n - n s s i ss fini ss . ons , vous lez , ils aient - — — - il recev - 3 . r ecev e r ecev r ecev ant J ais , tu ais , ait , nous

- - — r ecev r ecev i ez r ecev . ions , vous , ils aient — — - - il - 4 . e vend ant J vend ais , tu vend ais , vend ait , nous

- - - i ez . vend ions , vous vend , ils vend aient

3 ant ( ) The present of the subj unctive , by changing into i ez ent a i n e , es , e , ions , , , ( oi is still kept inste d of e the three persons singular , and the third person only of the plural ) .

’ 1 - — e - e - es - e . chant ant que j chant , que tu chant , qu il chant ’ - — l - i ez u i s . que nous chant ions , que vous chant , q chant ent ’ fi i - an - fini - e fini s - e s fini s s—e 2 . n s s t e s s s que j , que tu , qu il , ’ fi n i s s ni ss i ez u fini s s ent fi . que nous ions , que vous , q ils ’ r e ant— v e u il 3 . cev e que j rec oi , que tu rec oi ves , q rec ’ -i z u - v e r ec ev recev e . oi , que nous ions , que vous , q ils rec oi vent - — n — — 11 - 4 . e e e s u e vend ant que j ve d , que tu vend , q vend , ’ - - l on s o 1ez u . que nous vend , que v us vend , q ils vend ent F rom the past participle used with avoir , or etre, are formed all the compound tenses ; and from the present indicative are th e formed all the corresponding persons of imperative , by omitting the personal pronouns used as subj ects to the verb . ( The s of the second person singular of the first conjugation is suppressed an d the third persons ( singular and plural ) are like v those of the present subj uncti e ) . PARTICIPLES 1 1 1

“ (4 ) From the second pe rson singular of the past deﬁnite is

formed the imperfect subjunctive , by adding se , ses , sions , siez , and sent . ( For the third person singular , change s into t , place

a circumﬂex accent upon the preceding vowel . )

’ 1 Tu — e — - . chantas que j chantas se , que tu chantas ses , qu il ’ e chanta—t - — u ils , que nous chantas sions , que vous chantas siez , q - chantas sent . ’ 2 fini s— e fini s— fini s - es fini—t . Tu que j se , que tu , qu il , que ’ fini - fi ni - u il fini - s s s s . nous sions , que vous siez , q sent ’ r u — u r - u - u-t 3 . e s e e e u s r e s Tu c q j c se , que tu c ses , qu il rec , ’ - — il r u s - r e u s o re u s u s e . que nous c si ns , que vous c siez , q c sent ’ — - - 4 . e Tu vendis que j vendis se , que tu vendis ses , qu il ’ -t nou s v endi s - - u ils vendi , que sions , que vous vendis siez , q

- vendis sent .

L e P ar tic ip e P r es ent ( The Pr es en t P ar ti ciple )

The present participle is invariable . It always ends in ant , : while it ends in ing in English , as ﬁni n ssa t . parlant ( speaking) , (ﬁnishing) It is regularly conj ugated throughout with only two excep v tions :

ayant ( having) present participle of avoir ( to have) . sachant ( knowing) present participle of savoir ( to know) Sometimes the present participle is used as an adj ective

! ( adj ectif verbal ) , in which case it agrees in gender and num be : g with the noun to which it relates , as n Une troupe chanta te est arrivée . ( A singing troop has ar

rived) . — u ? Do Trouvez vous ces livres am sants ( you , ﬁnd those books amusing ? )

! — n i n NOTE All verbs of the second conj ugation ( endi g , ir)

whose present participle ends in issant are regular , that is , can ' ﬁni r be conj ugated like the model verb ( to ﬁnish ) .

Par ti cip e P ass é ( P as t P ar ti ciple ) GENERAL RULE

When the past participle is used without avoir , or etre , it

“ an and is considered as adj ective , therefore agrees in gender : and number with the noun or pronoun to which it relates , as oe ff f Ma s ur parait o ensée . ( My sister appears o fended . )

Respectez les lois établies . ( Respect the established laws . ) — 12 CORRECT FRENCH RING

When the past participle is preceded by its obj ect , it agrees i n with it gender and number, but it remains invariable when : the obj ect follows , as Avez -vous eu mes livres ? Have you had my books ? e n I J —e les ai pas eus have not had them Ai j e eu mes robes ? Have I had my dresses ? Vous les avez eues You have had them J ’ ai brodé des bretelles I have embroidered some sus penders Les bretelles que j ’ ai brodées The suspenders that I have em broidered

The past participle does not agree : 1 . When it belongs to a neuter verb , conjugated with avoir , as : m a Les voyageurs ont bien dor i . ( The tr vellers have slept well . )

Les dames ont péri . ( The ladies have perished . ) 2 . When either the subj ect or the obj ect ( if the obj ect fol lows) the participle belongs to a neuter verb , as

' Mes freres ont recu plusieurs cadeaux . ( My brothers have received several presents . ) Qui a dessiné ces j oli es fleurs ? ( Who has drawn those pretty flowers ? ) e 3 . When it belongs to a r flective verb not being preceded : by its direct obj ect , as ’ m La jument s est cassé la j ambe . ( The are has broken her leg . ) ’

M a r I . e s est déchiré la robe . ( Mary has torn her dress )

4 . When it belongs to unipersonal verbs , whether used with avoir, or etre , as

Il est arrivé deux accidents terribles sur le chemin de fer . n ( Two dreadful accidents have occurred o the railroad . ) i Quelle pluie l est tombé ce matin . ( What a rain fell this morning . ) r 5 . When it is preceded by the elative pronoun en ( some , an : y of it, of them) , as Avez- vous eu des pommes ? ( Have you had any apples ? ) ’ n Je n e ai pas eu . ( I have not had any . ) or by the connective pronoun dont ( of whom , of which , : whose) , as Connaissez -vous les enfants dont j e vous ai parle ? ( D o you know th e children of whom I spoke to you ?)

— 1 14 CORRECT FRENCH RING

ID IOMATICAL EXPRES SIONS

I di oma ti cal x r es s i ons i th A voi r E p W .

Avoir mal is used i n French t o express that a part of the f body is a fected with illness or pain .

EXAMPLES Avez - vous mal aux dents ? ( Have you the toothache ? ) ’

a . Non , j ai mal la tete ( No , I have the headache ) I m i x I a al a u pieds ( His feet are sore . ) Avoir ( to have) 1 8 used in French where etre ( to be) is used “ i n i n : English the following The French say , I have hunger . “ ” The English say , I am hungry . Avoir faim To be hungry

Avoir. soif T0 be thirsty Avoir peur T0 be afraid Avoir honte T0 be ashamed Avoir raison T0 be right Avoir tort T0 be wrong Avoir froid T0 be cold Avoir chaud T0 be warm Avoir sommeil To be sleepy

I di o ma ti c Us e of F ai r e ( to ma ke )

? Quel temps fait- il ? ( How is the weather ) ’ 11 fait beau temps auj ourd hui . ( The weather is ﬁne today . )

II fait du vent It I S windy I l fait de l ’ orage It is stormy I l fait chaud It is warm Il fait froid It is cold 11 fait du soleil It is sunshine I I fait l e clair de lune It is moonlight Il fait obscure It is dark I I fait sec It is dry II fait du brouillard It is foggy I I fait d u tonnerre It is a thunderstorm Il fait humide It is damp ' Il fait tres - sale It is very muddy I1 fait de la pluie It is raining Il fait de la neige It is snowing Il fait de la po u S S 1 er e It is dusty I 1 fait de la fumée It is smoky TEN PARTS OF SPEECH 1 15

A B low a K n o ck a Ki ck a ta b a Cla =a la — Un Cou , , , S , p; S p p u n coup de bé ton a blow with a stick un coup de pied a kick with the foot u m coup de po ing a blow with the ﬁst u mcoup de couteau a stab with a knife un coup de fusil a shot with a gun u m coup de pistolet a ' shot with a pistol ’ u n coup d oeil a glance of the eye um coup de tonnerre a clap of thunder

’ ’ Bruler la cervelle a quelqu u n . ( To blow out one s brains . ) ’ II r l r b u . s est é la cervelle . ( He has blown out his b ains )

THE TEN PARTS OF SPEECH

i n va r1able There are French ten parts of speech , six , that they are liable to change their termination , according to cir cum stances ; and four invariable , that is , never admitting of in n any change their terminatio .

The six variable parts of speech are : 1 ’ 1 1 . . article the article 2 l 2 e . h . substantif t e substantive ’ i l d f . 3 . a j ect 3 the adj ective l 4 e 4 . . pronom the pronoun l ' e 5 . 5 . verbe the verb 6 l e participe 6 . the participle The four invariable parts of speech are 1 ’ . 1 l adverbe . the adverb 2 r i i n 2 e o s t o . the . la p p preposition

3 . 3 la conj onction . the conjunction ’

4 . l interj ection 4 . the interj ection — 1 16 CORRECT FRENCH RING

GENERAL RULE ’ ’ (R egle Gener al e)

n e f m1n1n The ﬁnal e mute ge erally indicat s the e e gender , a m ﬁnal consonant indicates the asculine .

FEMININE 1 . All words in Latin . 2 . All terms seeming to constitute a feminine appellation , and all proper names of women .

3 . All names of female animals D 4 . f iminutive o the female sex .

“ 5 . Names of months used with mi ( half) before them as mi la Mai ( middle of may) . f 6 . r l o . le e Names virtues , except courage ( cou age) mérite l ( merit) e génie ( genius) . 7 . m All names of states , e pires , kingdoms , and provinces , are of the gender indicated by their terminations , that is , m n feminine if ending m e ute or e with the acute accent , mase line if ending with a consonant

Except those having the masculine article le before them as le le Bengale , Mexique etc .

MASCULINE

1 . . God, His angels , cherubim and seraphim 2 m . All names of ale animals , when these are distinguished ff from the female by a di erent denomination . 3 . All diminutive of animals . 4 n a d . . All names of days , months seasons

5 . Nouns of numbers .

6 . h Nouns belonging to t e decimal calculati on . m 7 . Na es of metals .

8 . Names of salts and minerals . m 9 . Na es o f colors .

1 . 10. Names of trees and shrubs ( with a few except ons)

1 1 . All nouns masculine and neuter in Latin . 2 1 . All terms seeming to constitute a masculine appellation n a d all proper names of men . 1 3 . Names of mountains ( except those chains which have no singular as , les Alpes , les Pyrenees) . 14 . Names of towns ( except those which necessarily take 1 a : o . the article before them as la Ferte, la R chelle , etc

18 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

to th e a t th e : Express , or

1 an a le e . By ( contraction of ) b fore a masculine singular : noun beginning with a consonant or h aspirate , as Ce cheval appartient au général ( This horse be longs to the general) .

Le marché se tient a u hameau tous les Mardis . ( The market takes place at the hamlet every Tuesday) .

2 it la . By before a feminine singular noun beginning with : a consonant or h aspirate , as

La route du chateau 21 la ville . ( The road from the castle to the city . ) D O nof Ne touchez pas a la hache du menuisier . ( touch the ’ carpenter s axe . ) d l’ 3 . By before a noun of either gender beginning with a : vowel or silent h , as C ’ ette vieille dame v a souvent a l eglise . ( This old lady goes often to church . ) ’ r r m n l b Ce petit garcon va égu h e e e t a ecole . ( This little oy goes regularly to school . ) ’ La parole a été donnée a l homme pour exprimer sa pensée .

( S peech was given to man to express his thoughts . )

aux a 4 . By ( contraction of les) before any plural noun , : whatever may be its gender or spelling, as Di o Les commandements de eu aux hommes . ( The c mmand ments of God to men . ) ﬁll Les conseils des peres aux es . ( The advices of the fathers to the daughters . )

THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE

s ome an o th e r om th e The partitive article , or y, f or f , is ex pressed :

a l e 1 . By d ( contraction of de ) before a masculine singu a o : lar noun beginning with c nsonant or h aspirate , as d u pain some bread du v1n some w i n e du hachis some hash

2 d e la . By before a feminine singular noun beginning with a consonant or h aspirate , as de la viande de la biere de la hure ADJ ECTI vEs 1 19

’ d e l 3 . By before singular nouns of either gender beginning with a vowel or silent h . ’ de l eau some water . de l ’ herbe some grass ’ de l éto ffe s ome stuff ’ de l huile some oil

d es ' By ( contraction of de les ) before any plural noun , ma : whatever y be its gender or spelling , as ' des hommes men des enfants children des écoles schools des huttes huts THEIND EFINITE ARTI CLE ’ ’ (L A r ti cle I nd eﬁni

a an one u n Express , , or by for the masculine singular and u ne for the feminine singular . EXAMPLE a u n i h at n Voil chapeau sur une cha se . ( There is a o a chair . )

ADJECTIVES The plural of adj ectives is generally formed in the same wa n 5 y as ouns , by a ding to the singu ar . r d l

The feminine of adj ectives not ending in e mute , is generally an t : formed by adding e to the masculine ermination , as le frere est grand the brother is tall la soeur est grande the sister is tall °le fils est petit the son is short la fille est petite the daughter is short — Remark Adj ectives which end in er require a grave accent in the feminine le prem1er roi the first king la premiere reine the first queen Adj ectives which end in gu take a diaeresis over the final e of the feminine as : u m mot ambigu an ambiguous word une phrase ambi gue a n ambiguous sentence

as : Adj ectives ending in e mute do not vary , u n monsieur aimable an amiable gentleman une dame aimable an amiable lady u n j eune prince a young prince une j eune princesse a young pr1nce s s — 120 CORRECT FRENCH RING

i n : Adj ectives ending x , change x into se , as homme j aloux j ealous m an femme j alouse j ealous woman heureux oncle happy uncle heureuse tante happy aunt Remark—The five following are excepted and most are ' very irregular — doux (mild) fem 1n1ne douce ' — faux ( false) feminine—fausse prefix ( appointed) feminine réfixe —p roux ( red) feminine rousse vieux ( old) feminine—vieille

ve : Adj ectives ending in f , change f into , as u n cheval vif a quick horse une j ument vive a quick mare u n chapeau neuf a new hat une robe neuve a new dress — — N ote bref ( short) an d brief ( pronounced bree e f) ( brief) require a grave accent in the feminine breve, brieve .

end1n 1n el il u l t et Adj ectives g , eil , , , en , on , o , or , generally an d : double the ﬁnal consonant take e mute, as cruel ( cruel) feminine —cruelle pareil ( alike) feminine—pareille gentil ( pretty) feminine—gentille —n nul (not any ) feminine— ulle ancien ( ancient) feminine v anci enn e Parisien ( Parisian) feminine—Parisienne — bon ( good) feminine bonne sot ( silly) feminine— sotte muet ( dumb) feminine— muette ’

The seven following are excepted , and follow the general rule complet ( complete) feminine—complete — concret ( concrete) femi nine concrete discret ( discrete) feminine— discrete — inquiet ( anxious ) f eminine inquiete m i — replet ( stout) fe nin e—replete vil ( vile) fem inin e vile dévot ( devout) feminine—devote

i n et ’ f r Adj ectives ending , and not doubling the t o the feminine , take a grave accent .

— 122 CORRECT FRENCH RING

0 The following ﬁve adj ectives are invariable : aquilin ( aquiline) grognon ( grumbling) chatain ( nut brown) imposteur ( deceitful) dispos ( active)

’ A dj ectifs D em ons tr a tifs (D em ons tr ati ve A dj ectives )

The demonstrative adj ectives are : ce (this or that) before a masculine singular word beginn ing with a consonant or h aspirate . cet before a masculine singular word beginning with a vowel or silent h . s 1n u lar w cette ( this or that) before any feminine g ord .

ces (these or those) before any word in the plural . Demonstrative adj ectives agree in gender and number with the noun they point out an d are repeated if there are several : nouns in the sentence , as

Ces ce et a 1 . gants , chapeau , cette casquette cet habit sont mo ’ a nd m1ne ( Those gloves , hat , cap coat are

The adverbs ci ( here) ( abridged from ici ( h ere ) ) e and 121 ( there) are often added with a hyphen to th e nnou ns preceded by ce i , cet, cette , or ces , to po nt out their places more distinctly, as : - - l Prenez ce livre ci et cette plume e. ( Take this book and that pen . )

A dj ec tifs p oss es s ifs P oss es si ve A dj ectives ) F m e . . Sing Plural for all ma mes ( my) ta tes ( thy) ’ s a ses ( his , her, its or one s) notre nos ( our) votre vos (your ) leur leurs ( their)

French possessive adj ectives agree in gender and number and not i with the obj ect possessed , with the possessor , as n : English , as — Mon frere aime beaucoup s a belle mere . ( My brother likes - i n- very much his mother law . ) -ﬁ ﬁl Ma tante Lucie est tres ere de son s Jacques . ( My aunt

Lucy is very p 1 oud of her son James . )

Jean a vendu s a vache et son cheval . ( John has sold his cow and his horse . ) ADI ECTI VES 123

m on m m pere ( yfather) , ma ere ( my mother) , mes enfants ﬁls son s a ﬁlle ( my children ) , son ( his or her ) , ( his or her daughter) , ses amis ( his or her friends ) . Possessive adj ectives must be repeated before each noun : to which an idea of possession is attached , as

et . Ton frere ta soeur tes enfants sont ici ( Thy brother , sister , and children are here . ) sa ma , ta , , are changed into the masculine , mon , ton , son , v before feminine words beginning with a owel or silent , h , for : the sake of euphony , as mon aimable niece my amiable niece s on excellente tante : his or her excellent aunt

REMARK

a s It is a French custom to use , a mark of respect, one of the following qualiﬁcations :

M o ns1eu r , Messieurs , Madame , Mesdames , Mademoiselle, e i n Mons igneur , before the possessive adj ective , addressing a ’ ' be person , or inquiring about others relations ; but it would n ridiculous to use them when one speaks of his ow relations . Comment se porte Monsieur votre pere ? ( How is your father ? ) Ou est m adame votre mere ? ( Where is your mother ? ) l Voici Mesdemoise les vos soeurs . ( Here are your sisters . )

When speaking of a departed person the wor d feu ( ﬁre) is h u se : used when in Englis they late or lamented , as Feu la reme The late queen Feu le President The late President The adj ective feu agrees with the noun if it follows imme di atel interven y , but remains invariable if there is a word : ing, as feu votre mere your late mother votre feue mere your late mother

a nd nu a r e invar i able The adj ectives demi ( half) ( bare) _

“ when they precede the noun , but they agree when they fol : low it, as une demi livre a half a pound u ne livre et demie o ne pou nd a n d a hal f nu pieds bare footed pieds nus bare footed — 124 CORRECT FREN CH RING

’ Adj ec tifs I nd eﬁnis (I nd eﬁni te Adj ec ti ves ) aucun-pas u n not any pareil such a autre other , else plusieurs several certain some quel which , what chaque each, every quelconque whatever ’ ’ et 1 r l un autre both quelque some, whateve l ’ un ou l ’ autre either quel que whatever maint many a tel such , like meme tout all , every

’ e n ai J aucun livre ici . ( I have not any book here . ) ’ 11 u n n a pas sou . ( He has not a cent . ) — u n an Voulez vous autre morceau de pain . (Will you have o f other piece bread . ) 11 y a certaines personnes bien malheureuses . ( There are some persons very unfortunate . ) C haque age a ses plaisirs ( Each age has its plea sures . )

Plusieurs enfants courent dans cette prairie . ( Several child ren run in this meadow . ) ’ ’ J ai acheté plusieurs fourchettes d argent . ( I have bought several silver forks . )

DEGREES OF COMPARISON (D egr es d e Comparais on

: There are three degrees of comparison the positive , the comparative , the superlative . The p ositive degree denotes simply a quality with out a comparison . The comparatives are of three different kinds : That of equality, that of superiority , that of inferiority . The comparative of equality is expressed : 1 . By aussi ( as ) before the adj ective and que ( as) follow i n : g it, as r Ma maison est aussi belle que la vOt e . ( My house is as beautiful as yours . ) 2 n in t . ot : By pas si ( so ) a nega ive sentence , as ’ Ma soeur Marie n est pas si instruite que ma cousine Louise .

( My sister Mary is not so learned as my cousin Louise . ) F Than , is always expressed in rench by que .

The comparative of superiority is expressed .

1 . By plus ( more) before the adj ective and que ( as ) fol : lowing it, as l 13 Mon j ardin est plus grand que e sien . ( My garden larger than his . )

126 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

The following adj ectives and adverbs are irregular in the formation of their comparatives an d superlatives :

ADJ ECTI VES

1 . l e . bon ( good ) , meilleur ( better) , meilleur (the best)

‘

2 . l e . mauvais ( bad) , pire ( worse) , pire ( the worst) l h 3 . e t e . petit ( little ) , moindre ( less) , moindre ( least) ADVERBS l 1 . e . bien ( well) , mieux ( better ) , mieux ( the best) l 2 . bad e mal ( ) , pis ( worse) , pis (the worst) .

l . 3 . e peu ( little) , moins ( less) , moins ( the least) l 4 . e . beaucoup ( much ) , plus ( more) , plus ( the most)

FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES

Adj ectives which end with a vowel take ment for their termi : nation , as sage sage - ment wisely poli poliment politely ingénu ingénu -ment ingenuously obstiné obstiné-ment obstinately facile facile -ment easily inﬁni i nﬁni - ment exceedingly absolu absolu - ment absolutely modéré modéré-ment moderately m The following are excepted , and add ment to their fe inine adj ective :

MASC . FEM . ADVERB beau belle belle -ment ﬁnely — fou folle folle ment fo olishly mou molle molle - ment softly nouveau nouvelle nouvelle - ment newly Adj ectives which end in ant or ent change ant into amm ent e n and nt into emm e t . — — ( Both are pronounced alike amment but the correct spell ing requires that the a or th e e of the adj ective should be re n tai ed in the adverb . )

ADJ ECTI vEs ENDING IN A NT — const amm ent constantly pu i s s -amment powerfully

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ENT pati - emm ent patiently prud - emm ent prudently ADvERB S 127

T o here are two excepti ns to this rule . lent makes lentement slowly présent makes présentement presently

end in ent Adj ectives which neither in a vowel , nor ant or have ment added to their feminine terminati on . MASCULINE ADVERB attentif attentive - ment attentively grand grande -ment greatly doux douce -ment g ently heureux heureuse -ment happily

— ' NOTE The ﬁ nal e of adj ectives remains mute before ment when they become adverbs , except in the following, where the e takes an acute accent : ADVERB aveuglé- ment blindly commode- ment commodiously commune- ment commonly conformé—ment conformably con fusé- ment confusedly diffusé- ment diffusely énormé-ment enormously expresse- ment expressly immense- ment immensely importuné—ment importunately incomm—odé- ment inconveniently obsu r é ment obscurely Opiniatre-ment obstinately précisé- ment precisely profonde-ment profoundly profuse—ment profusely uniforme-ment uniformly IRREGULAR FORMATIONS éco nom - iqu em ent economically genti -ment prettily impune- ment with impunity t rait r - eu sem ent treacherously

AD VERBS N OT FORMED FROM ADJ ECTI vES ainsi ( thus , so ) mal ( ill , badly bien ( well , very) peu ( little in quantity) comment ( how) vite ( quickly) ensemble ( together) — 28 CORRECT FRENCH RING

D C Two M CC DI A JE TIVES WITH EANINGS , A OR NG To TH C CC E PLA E THEY O UPY, BEFORE OR AFTER THE NOUN “

BEFORE TH E NOUN

bon homme simple man brave h omme honest man certa‘ine nouvelle certain news cher ami dear friend

cruel enfant . teasing child différents livres various books commun accord mutual agreement le dernier j eudi the last Thursday digne homme worthy m an fol enfant foo lish child franc j oneu r thorough gambler galant homme gentleman gentilhomme nobleman grosse femme stout woman grand homme great man fausse corde chord not tuned ' furieux animal huge animal honnete homme honest man maigre diner poor dinner

maigre salaire small salary , m alho nnete homme dishonest man mauvais air contaminated air ' méchants vers bad verses noir attentat atrocious attempt nouveau vin fresh wine parfait imbecile downright idiot pauvre homme worthless m an petit homme mean man plaisant homme pleasant ma n en pleine cour before th e ' cou rt mon propre habit my own coat pure vanité mere vanity sage femme midwife sain d ’ esprit sound mind u n seul homme one m an only simple soldat a private ( s oldier) — tr iste mari paltry husband v er itable histoire real story vrai militaire real soldier vilain homme nasty man

130 CORRECT FRENCH —BING

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS (F or m a ti on du Plu r i el S u bs tantif ou Nom)

The plural of French nouns 1s generally formed by adding : an s to the singular, as le frere ( the brother) les freres ( the brothers) la soeur ( the sister) les soeurs ( the sisters ) l ’ eglise ( the church ) les églises ( the churches) l ’ ecole ( the school) les écoles ( the schools )

’ R egles S p'eci al es ( S p eci al R u les )

: Nouns ending in s , x , z , do not vary in the plural , as le ﬁls ( the son) les ﬁls ( the sons ) la voix ( the voice) les voix ( the voices) le prix ( the price) les prix ( the prices) le nez (the nose ) les nez ( the noses )

au oeu X : Nouns ending in eau , , eu , or , take , as le chapeau ( the hat) les chapeaux ( the hats) ’ i l etau ( the v se , a tool ) les étaux ( the vises) le j eu ( the game) les j eux ( the games) le voeu (the vow) les voeux ( the vows )

' l Except landau ( a kind of a carriage) les andaus .

al C al : Nouns ending in , hange into aux, as le cheval ( the horse) les chevaux ( the horses) ’ l hOpit al ( the hospital ) les hOpitau X ( the hospitals )

3 a The ten following are excepted , and take , ccording to general rule : aval ( surety for payment) local ( premises ) bal ( dancing ball ) narval ( unicorn-ﬁ sh ) cal ( callosity) nopal ( nopal ) carnaval ( carnival ) pal ( pale in heraldry) chacal ( j ackal ) régal ( treat) EXCEPTIONS

n 5 X Nouns ending m o take , but the seven following take , as le bij ou ( j ewel ) les bij oux ( the j ewels) le caillou (pebble) les cailloux ( the pebbles) le Chou ( cabbage ) les choux ( the cabbages ) le genou ( knee ) les genoux ( the knees ) le hibou ( owl ) les hiboux ( the owls)

' le j ouj ou ( toy) les j ouj oux ( the toys ) le pou ( louse ) les poux ( the lice) NOUNS 13 1

n i n the ‘ si x Nouns endi g ail take 5 , but following change ail into aux : le bail ( lease) les baux ( the leases ) le corail ( coral) les coraux ( the corals ) ’ ' 1 émail ( enamel) les em au x ( the enamels ) le soupirail ( air hole ) les soupiraux ( the air holes ) le vantail ( door ﬂap ) les vantaux ( the door ﬂaps ) le plum ail ( feather brush) les plu mau x ( the feather brushes ) — Remark ail ( clove of garlic) makes either ails or aulx in

h . . e the plural Bétail ( cattle) , t most irregular , makes bestiaux CC D NOUNS WITH TWO PLURALS , A OR ING TO THE MEANING ’ (Noms Ayan t D eux F or m es D e Plu r i el D apr es L eu r Di ffe r en te S igni ﬁca ti on travail travaux—labors ’ r — t r t av a1ls mim s e s . brake , or reports — a l eux ancestors i l — a eu s paternal or maternal grandfathers . ciel

! — cieux heaven . — o . ciels testers , ro f of a quarry, climate , sky of picture

oeil — yeux eyes . o — o oe — ox eils eils de b u f eyes .

LINKING OF WORD S (Li ais on d es M o ts )

Before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h , the final consonant of the preceding word is sounded when these two words are so linked together that if pronounced separately the i signification would loose ts clearness and be incomplete . d eu xami s ( two friends) le pr emi era rbr e ( the first tree) a les fruits bons manger ( The fruit good to eat) . e r esen t des p ( henceforth ) . The nasal sounds ( those ending with n or m ) form an excep ' r t on . Neither n or m are carried . la faim et la soif hunger and thirst u n parfum - agréable a pleasant perfume le bien et le mal good and evil — 32 CORRECT FRENCH RING

OBSERVATION

The n of nasal endings is not carried to the following words , although it begins with a vowel or silent h : l ’ an entier the entire year artisan habile clever mechanic terrain a batir building lots serin apprivoisé tame canary bird chacun agit pour soi each o ne for himself ’ qu elqu u n est-il venu ? has some one come ?

u n When adj ectives ending in , ain , ien , on , , followed by the noun which they qualify , the ﬁnal n is carried and is sounded as if it was the initial letter of that noun . an ci enu sage ( nu ) old custom va inespoi r (nes ) futile hope c erta in au teu r ( nau ) certain author bonéc r ivai n ( né) good writer m on am i ( na) my friend au cunh omm e ( nom) no man The nasal endings formed with m follow the same rule as those formed with n . The m is not carried . la faim et la soif hunger and thirst Adam et Eve Adam an d Eve u m parfum agréable a pleasant perfume u n essaim énorme an enormous swarm

CONSONANTS a n Gen era l r u le on the pr onu n ci ti on of ﬁnal c ons o an ts . When the ﬁnal consonant is preceded by a nasal sound not linked to the following word . plomb ( lead ) front ( forehead) - aplomb ( self command) argent ( silver , money) banc ( bench sans ( without) franc ( franc ) fonds ( fund ) blanc ( white ) temps ( weather) j onc ( rush ) printem ps ( the spr1ngtim e ) grand ( great) prompt ( prompt ) bond ( leap ) exempt ( exempt) profond ( deep) vent ( Wind) rang ( rank) moins ( less ) sang ( blood ) instinct ( instinct) seing ( signature ) J e vins ( I came) camp ( camp ) Tu vins ( Thou camest) diamant ( diamond) I l vint ( He came)

4 CORRECT FRENCH— BING

C S UB S TANTIVES , MAS ULINE IN ONE S IGNIFICA A ND I N TION , FEMININE ANOTHER u n aide ( helper ) un garde ( keeper) une aide ( assistance) une garde ( guard ) u n aigle ( eagle) u n givre (hoar frost) u ne une aigle ( standard) givre ( serpent , in heraldry) u m aune ( alder) le greffe ( registry ) une aune ( ell ) la greffe ( graft) u m Barbe ( Barbary horse) u n guide ( guide ) une barbe ( beard) une guide ( rein) u n u n o barde (bard , poet) hymne ( nati nal hymn) une barde ( thin slice of bacon) une hymn e (s acred hymn ) u n Basque ( Basque) ( people) u n iris ( rainbow) - flo wer une basque ( skirt) une iris ( iris , stone ) u m carpe ( wrist) ( anatomy) le laque ( lacker) une carpe ( a carp ) ( fish) la laque ( gum - lac) u m cartouche ( ornament in un livre (book) sculpture) une livre (pound) une cartouche ( cartridge) u m manche ( handle) u m coche (travelling coach) une manche ( sleeve ) une coche ( sow ) u n manoeuvre (l aborer ) u n claque ( opera hat) une manoeuvre ( drill ) une claque ( a slap ) u n mémoire ( memorandum ) un cornette ( cornet , standard une mémoire ( memory) bearer) u n m o de ( form) une cornette ( a sort of cap) une mode ( fashion ) u n mOle u n couple ( a couple , husband ( pier ) and wife) une mOle ( moon calf) u n m ou fl e une couple ( a brace , a pair , ( a vessel used to two ) bake china ) u n C C C m ou fle ravate ( roat , roatian une ( mitten) Soldier) um moule ( mould) une cravate ( neck cloth ) u ne moule (mussel ) un crepe ( crape) u m mousse ( cabin boy) une crepe ( pancake) une mousse ( moss ) u n u n o enseigne ( ensi gn) euvre ( work, act) une en seigne ( comm er ci al sign) une oeuvre ( literary works) u n espace ( space) u n office ( divine service) une espace ( space in printing) une office (pantry) u n exemple ( example) un ombre ( game at cards) une exemple ( writing copy) une ombre ( shadow, spectre ) nu faux ( forgery) u m page ( page to a king) une faux ( scythe) une page ( page of a book) u n u n foret ( drill , tool ) paillasse ( clown ) une foret ( forest) u ne paillasse ( straw bed) NOUNS WITH Two MEANINGS 135

’ u n palme ( hand s breadth) u n r elachef ( relaxation ) une palme ( the advantage) une relache ( harbor) — les Paques ( Easter devotions) u n remise (hackney coach) a la P que ( Passover) une remise ( carriage , house , Paque or Paques ( Easter) also postponement) un parallele ( compa rison ) u m Satyre ( Satyr) une parallele ( parallel line) une satire ( satire) le le pendule (pendulum) Serpentaire ( Serpentarius , une pendule ( clock) constellation ) un - période ( acme , height) une serpentaire ( dragon wort)

.le une période ( period , epoch ) solde ( balance of account) um pique ( spade , at cards ) la solde (pay) u ne un m pique ( pike) som e ( nap , sleep ) u n sna er u ne pivoine ( bird , gnat pp ) somme ( sum ) u ne u n m pivoine ( peonie , flower) souris ( s ile ) u m m plane (plane , tree) une souris ( ouse ) ’ tool u n une plane ( plane , j oiner s ) tour ( tour, turn , trick) le platine (platina ) une tour ( tower ) la platine ( small metallic plate ) un triomphe ( triumph) u n 1 a poele ( stove , pall) une triomphe ( trump t une poele ( frying pan ) cards ) le i n u n om ponte (punter, game) tr pette ( trumpeter) la ponte ( laying of eggs) une trompette ( trumpet) u n f le poste ( place , o fice) vague ( space , emptiness ) ‘ la poste ( posto ffi c e ) 1a vague ( wave) 'i le u r 1e u n pourpre ( p p s ( illness ) vase ( vase , vessel) 1a m la pourpre ( royal purple) vase ( ire , slime) u m prétexte (pretence) u m voile ( veil ) une Prétexte ( Roman robe) une voile ( sail) u n quadrille ( quadrille , dance) une quadrille ( troop of horse men ) 136 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

The follo wI ng nouns have a distinct form for individuals of the female sex : MASCULINE FEMININE u n abbé une abbesse an abbot u n accusateur une accusatrice an accuser u n acteur une actrice an actor nu ambassadeur une ambassad r 1c e an amba ssa d or q u n apprenti une apprentie an apprentice un baron une baronne a baron u n berger une bergere a shepherd u n bienfaiteur une bi enfaitrice a benefactor un chanoine une chanoinesse a canon u n chanteur une chanteuse a singer u n chasseur une chasseuse a - hunter u n chasseur une chasseresse a hunter ( in poetry) u m comte une comtesse a count u n danseur une danseuse a dancer u n dieu une déesse a god u n duc une duchesse a duke un électeur u ne électrice an elector u m empereur une impératrice a n emperor um fondateur une fondatrice a founde r u n j ouvenceau une j ouvencelle a lad u n u ne a lion lionne - lion u n pai en une pai enne a heathen u n paon une paonne a peacock Q u n paysan u n e paysanne a peasant

' u n prieur une pri eure a prior u n prince une princess e a prince u n protecteur u n e protectrice a protector u n roi u ne reine a king

The few substantives , auteur ( author) , peintre (painter) , c W h en u sed poete ( poet) , are of the mas uline only . in the : feminine , the word femme ( woman) is placed before them une femme auteur ( an authoress ) u ne femme peintre ( a woman painter) une femme poete ( a poetess ) une femme médecin ( a doctress ) une femme avocat ( a woman lawyer) u ne femme chirurgien ( a woman surgeon) une femme dentiste ( a woman dentist) une femme sculpteur ( a woman sculptor) une femme témoin ( a woman witness ) une femme écrivain ( a woman writer) une femme orateur ( a woman o ra tor)

138 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

PO S SES SIVE P RONOUNS (Pr onoms P oss es s ifs) Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the noun to which they refer . They are :

MASC . SING . FEM . SING . le mien la mienne le tien la tienne le sien la sienne le n Otre la n Ot re le v Otr e la v Otr e le leur la leur

MASC . PLUR . FEM . PLUR . les miens les miennes mine les tiens les tiennes thine les siens les siennes his , hers , its — — — les n Otr es ours les v Otr es yours les leurs theirs EXAMPLES l 1 Voici votre chapeau et voila e m en . ( Here is your hat and m there is ine . ) le Mon cheval est plus beau que sien . ( My horse is hand somer than his . ) l ’ Le chien de mon oncle est plus fort que e tien . ( My uncle s dog is stronger than thine . ) ’ le e Tout monde a ses gants ; j ai les miens ; vous , monsi ur C v Otr es et harles , vous avez les , madame Paul a les siens les messieurs Henri ont les leurs . ( Every one has his gloves ; I C have mine ; you , Mister harles , have yours , Madame Paul has hers , and the Misters Henry have theirs . )

PERSONAL PRONO-U NS (P r on oms P er s onels) There are three persons : T e o h ﬁrst , or the person who speaks . The sec nd , or the person spoken to . The third, or the person spoken of . SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT J e ( I ) me ( me me ( to me ) Tu ( Thou) te ( thee) te ( to thee ) II ( He) le ( him or it) lui ( to him) Elle ( S h e ) la ( her or it) lui ( to her or to it) Nous ( We) nous ( us) nous ( to us) Vous ( You ) vous (you) vous ( to you) Ils ( They) les ( them) leur ( to them ) Elles ( They) les ( them) leur ( to them) PRONOUNS 139

' SUBJECT A ND OBJECT EM P H ATI C FOR M moi ( I or me) moi - meme ( myself) toi ( thou or thee ) toi -meme ( thyself )

- lui ( he , him , it) lui meme ( himself )

- elle ( she , her, it) elle meme (herself) nous ( we or us ) nous - memes ( ourselves ) vous ( you ) vous—memes ( yourselves ) — euX (they or them) eux memes ( themselves ) elles ( they or them) elles -memes ( themselves )

The personal pronouns , either as subj ects or obj ects , gen erall y precede the verb , the subj ect being placed first , as Je te parle I speak to thee Tu me parles Thou speakest to me Il le conn ait He knows him or it Elle la bat She strike s her or it Nous lui écrivons We write to him or to her Vous nous fl attez You flatter us Ils les aiment They love them Elles leur sourient They smile on them

The negative ne ( not) may separate the pronoun subj ect from the pronoun obj ect by coming between them , but an adverb never separates them , as

me a n e s ot . J les aime p . ( I do like them )

Je lui écris souvent ( not Je souvent) . ( I often write to him or to her . ) ? ? I Qui chante ( Who sings ) Moi ( . ) ? ? e Qui parle ( Who speaks ) Nous . ( w ) ? ? h e Qui vient (Who comes ) Elle . ( S ) - et m oi o Toi nous s mmes bons amis . ( Thou and I are good friends . ) ’ le l , la , l , les , a though being like the deﬁnite article in C spelling, are also used as personal pronouns , in which ase they l a ways accompany a verb , while the article accompanies a noun.

en S . ( ome , any of it , of them) always precedes the verb En is required in answering a question asked with a verb followed du in by , de la , des , used a partitive sense , or by the preposition : de , as Avez - vous du bois ? Have you any wood ? ’ Oui , j en ai Yes , I have some ? Ont- ils de la poudre H ave they any powder ?

Oui , ils en ont Yes , they have some ? ? Avons - nous des lettres Have we any letters

Oui , nous en avons Yes , we have some 140 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

RULE s me , te , e, nous , vous , go before any other . le , la , les , go before lui , leur y or en lu 1 o , leur , go bef re y or en

y goes before en ; moi , toi , go the last .

THE SEASONS (L es S ais ons ) ’ 11 l nn y a quatre saisons dans a ée . ( There are four seasons r in the yea . ) le printemps ( spring) ( prin ( in as vin) ’ l ete ( summer) ( lay- tay) ‘ — l au tom ne ( fall ) ( lo ton) ’ — l hiv er ( winter) ( lee vayr ) THE DAYS OF THE WEEK (L es I ou rs d e la S emai n e I l u ne m e i n y a sept j ours dans se aine . ( Ther are seven days a week) I l — u n e are y a cinquante deux semaines dans année . ( There ﬁ f — ty two weeks in one year . ) Lundi ( Monday) (l er ( nasal) dee) Mardi ( Tuesday) ( mar dee ) Mercredi ( Wednesday) ( mair- crer dee ) Jeudi (Thursday) ( zhu ( urn) dee) — Vendredi ( Friday) ( ven ( encore) dre dee) Samedi ( Saturday) ( sam—dee) Dimanche ( Sunday) ( dee sh ) T H E MONTHS OF THE YEAR ’ ’ L es M ois d e L A nn ee ( _ ) ’ 12 l an n ée 12 i Il y a mois dans . ( There are months n the year . ) — Janvier ( Zhan -vee ay ) ( January) - — Février ( Fay vree ay ) ( February) Mars ( Mars) ( March) -A-vril ( Ah -vree - ye ) ( April) Mai ( May) ( May) Juin ( Zh - w a ) ( a in anger) ( June) Juillet ( Zh - wee -yay) ( July) Aout ( 00 ) ( August) Septembre ( br ) ( S eptember) Octobre ( br ) ( October) Novembre ( br ) ( November) Décembre ( br ) ( D ecember) — ’ ? Quel qu antiem e avons nous auj ourd hui ( What day o f the month is it today ? )

42 CORRECT FREN CH m B I NG

F or m e I nter r og a ti ve I nterr oga tive F or m ) Eight verbs which have only one syllable in the ﬁrst person singular of the indicative present may be used interrogatively either way . EXAMPLES

— ’ ai -j e ? ( or ) est ce que j ai ? ( have I ? ) — suis-j e ? or ) est ce que j e suis ? ( am I ? ) — vais - j e ? ( or ) est ce que j e vais ? ( do I go ? ) puis - j e ? ( or ) est- ce que j e peux ? ( can I ? ) sais - j e ? ( or ) est- ce que j e sais ? ( do I know ? ) vois - j e ? ( or ) est- ce que j e vois ? ( do I see ? ) — ? dois -j e ? ( or) est ce que j e dois ? ( do I owe ) — ? — ? di s j e ( or) est cc que j e dis ? ( do I Say )

Est- ce- que ? ( Is it that ? ) is also used before the ﬁrst person : singular of verbs having only one syllable , as

Je sens ( I feel) J e tends ( I extend) J e prends ( I take) J e fonds ( I melt) i n e : or those whose last syllable ends g , such as J e mange ( I eat) J e range I arrange) Je venge ( I avenge) J e songe ( I dream) a n d others like : ’ ’ ff ff J unis ( I unite ) J o re ( I o er ) , J e permets ( I permit)

An euphonic t is placed between the verb and the pronoun i n : the third person singular ending in a vowel , as — a -t - il ? ( has he ? ) aime t- il ? ( does he like ? )

- —— ? aura t- il ? ( will he have ? ) donna t il ? ( did he give )

When verbs used interrogatively end with a silent e i n the a n : ﬁrst person singular , that e takes acute accent , as

? - e ? ? par_lé_ ( do I speak ) chanté j ( do I sing )

The interrogative form‘ is obtained by placing the personal : pronoun after the verb to which it is united by a hyphen , as ai - j e ? (have I ? ) avons - nous ? The tenses of the indicative and conditional are the only ones used interrogatively .

Est- ce- que ? ( Is it that ? ) may also be used before every per s on o f a n afﬁrmative verb a nd will simplify the use of the in r t e ro gati ve form . VEE RS 14 3

’ ’ Ver bes R eflechis ou Pr on ominaux (R efl ecti v e Ver bs )

1n In French all reflective verbs , without exception , take ' t their compound enses the auxiliary verb etre ( to be) , while ma in English they take to have . Nearly all the active verbs y become reflective . In reflective verbs the pronoun obj ect is of the same person as the subj ect . Each person is , therefore , : conjugated with a double personal pronoun , thus

J e me I myself Tu te Th ou thyself Il se He himself Elle se She hersel f On se One one ’ s self Nous nous We ourselves Vous vous You yourself Ils se They themselves ( mas ) Elles se They themselves ( fem )

EXAMPLES

M od el of a R eflecti v e Ver b S e Fla tter ( To F la tter Ones elf)

N GATI v Y AFFIRMATIVELY. E EL Je me flatte ( I flatter myself) Je ne me flatte pas flatt s flatterest T n e flatte s T_ u te e ( Thou thyself ) u te pas Il se fl atte ( H e fl atter s himself) I l ne se fl atte pas Elle se fl atte ( She fl atte rs herself ) Elle ne se flatte pas Nous nous flattons ( We flatter our Nous ne nous fl atton s pas selves) Vous vous fl a ttez ( You flatter Vous ne vous fl attez pas yourselves) Ils se flattent ( They flatter them Ils n e se fl attent pas selves) Elles se fl attent ( They flatter them Elles ne se flattent pas selves )

INTERROGATIVELY N EGATI VELY A ND I NTERROGATI VELY ? — ? Me flatte- j e Ne me fl atté—j e pas Te flattes -tu ? Ne te flattes tu pas ? Se flatte-t -il ? Ne se fl atte - t-il pas ? Se flatte-t - elle ? Ne se fl atte-t - elle pas ?

' — ? Nous flatton s-nous ? Ne nous flatt ons nous pas Vous flattez - vous ? Ne vous fl attez -vous pas ? — - Se flattent ils ? Ne se fl attent ils pas ? Se fl attent - elles ? Ne se fl attent - elles pas ? 44 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

Verbes P as sifs ( P assi ve Ver bs ) P assive verbs represent the subj ect as being acted upon .

They are conj ugated with the auxiliary verb etre ( to be) , i j oined to the past participle of the act ve verb . Thus , any active verb may be changed into passive form . EXAMPLES J ’ aime ( I love ) Vous etes punis ( you are J e suis aimé ( I am loved) punished) Vous punissez (you punish)

Ver bes I mpers on els ( I mp er s onal Ver bs) Impersonal verbs are conj ugated only in the third person singular . EXAMPLES pleuvo 1r ( to rain) neiger ( to snow ) 11 pleut ( it rains) il neige ( it 1 5 snowmg ) il pleuvra ( it will rain ) g r eler ( to hail ) 11 a plu ( it has rained ) il grele ( it hails )

PREPOSITION The preposition a is used before the names of towns or villages with regard to residence and dest ination and the en o f : preposition is used before the names countries , as Je vais a Paris I go to Paris J e demeure a Rom e I r eside in Rome J e vais en France I go to France J e demeure en Italie I reside ln Italy a n t d d . o Avant , evant , both mean before Avant relates time and order ( the opposite of apres ( after) and devant relates : to place ( the opposite of derriere , ( behind ) , as ’ s Ma place est devant , j etais ici avant vous . ( My place i before , I was here before you . ) m o . Pren ns une place de devant, nous verrons ieux ( Let us a take a front seat , we sh ll see better . ) C hez , means at the house , dwelling house , or business place ’ of ( at any o n e s home) and i s followed by a pronoun which determines the person , as . J e suis chez moi I am at home Tu es chez toi Thou art at home I l est chez lui He is at home Elle est chez elle S he is at home Nous sommes chez nous We are at home Vous etes chez vous You are at home Ils sont chez eux They are at ho me Elle s sont chez elles They are at home

— 146 CORRECT FRENCH BING

LA FAMILLE ( FAMILY) parenté relationship ancetr es ancestors ai eux forefathers ' bi sai eul great grand father — grand pere ( or) a 1eul grand father ’ ' grand mere ( or) ai eule grand mother parents parents grands parents grand parents descendants posterity pere father mere mother enfants children fils ( fi s ) son fille daughter aine eldest son ainee eldest daughter cadet youngest son cadette youngest daughter j umeaux twin br others j umelles twin sisters frere brother soeur s 1ster époux ( or) mari husband épouse ( or) femme wife petit-fils grand son petite - fille grand daughter — ' arriere petit fils gr eat g r and son arriere petite-fille great grand daughter un veuf a widower une veuve a widow u n orphelin an orphan ( boy) une orpheline an orphan ( girl ) les parents relatives proche parent near relative parent éloigné distant relative beau -pere step father or father- in-Iaw belle- mere step mother or mother-in-law beau - frere step brother or brother-in-law belle - soeur step sister or sis—ter-i n-law beau -fils step s on or son in-law -fill -in- belle e step daughter, daughter law gendre son-in-law bru daughter-in-law parrain godfather RELATIONSHIP 147

godm other godson goddaughter uncle great uncle aunt great aunt nephew niece cousin ( male) cousin ( female) ﬁrst cousin ( male) ﬁrst cousin ( female) s econd cousin ( male) second cousin ( female) by marriage by adoption ( male) by adoption ( female) half ( on one side) foster parents betrothed ( male) betrothed ( female)

ONS IEUR ( GENTLEMAN ’ S TOILET) shirt ﬂannel shirt stockings socks garters suspenders collar stud handkerchief leggings silk handkerchief pocket watch pocket a suit of clothes waistcoat trousers a pair drawers breeches strap glove 148 CORRECT FRENCH—BING des gants de peau kid gloves veste ( or) j aquette j acket redingote frock- coat paletot great- coat pardessus over- coat imperm eable water proof v etem ents ( or ) habits clothes doublure lining— habit dress coat manteau cloak cravate neck- tie chapeau hat casquette cap pantou ﬂe slipper escarpin pump soulier shoe bottines low boots bottes high boots lacet shoe lace bouton button boutonmer e button hole pan ( or ) basque skirt lorgnon eye- glass lorgnette opera - glass lunettes spectacles canne cane parapluie umbrella porte - monnaie pocket-book porte- cigares cigare case tabatiere snuff box perruque wig .

— 150 CORRECT FRENCH RING

BIJOUTERIE ET PIERRES PRECIEUSES ( JEWELRY AND PRECIOUS STONES ) bij ou j ewel montre watch chaine chain bague ring alliance wedding ring ’ boucle d oreille ear-ring collier necklace la vall1ere neck chain bracelet bracelet broche brooch camée cameo une parure de corail a set of coral épingle p1n boutons de manchettes cuff links épingle anglaise safety pin or gold argent silver aluminium aluminum médaillon locket diamant diamond topaze topaz saphir sapphire rubis ruby émeraude emerald cornaline cornelian agate agate corail coral perle pearl escarboucle carbuncle améthyste amethyst grenat garnet o nix onix

’ ' a igu e ni afine aqua marine ( or) j aspe j asper ’ oeil de chat cat s eye lapis lazuli lapis lazuli nacre m other of pearl j ais j et strass rhine stone opale opal APPAREL 15 1

ARTICLES DE TOILETTE ( ARTICLES FOR TOILET) peigne c omb savon soap brosse a cheveux hair brush brosse a habits coat brush brosse a chapeau hat brush brosse a dents tooth brush brosse a ongles nail brush blaireau shaving brush houppe powder puff

! poudre de riz rice powder poudre dentifrice tooth powder cure - dents tooth-pick chausse pied shoe horn tire-botte boot- j ack rasoir razor cuir a rasoir razo r-strop pinces tweezers cosmétique cosmetic pommade pomatum eau de cologne eau de cologne

REPAS ( MEALS ) le dej euner breakfast le second dej euner second breakfast le diner dinner le gouter luncheon le souper supper un banquet ba nquet

' un festin a feast une collation a collation u n thé tea u n convive guest ’ l hOte host la carte du j our the bill O f fare le menu the bill of fare u n couvert a cover du boeuf beef d u mouton mutton du veau veal ’ 'de l agneau lamb du porc pork de la volaille poultry d u gibier game du poisson ﬁsh 52 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

LE MANGER ( FOOD ) comestibles , vivres victuals nourriture nourishment régal treat plat dish morceau piece , morsel bouchée mouthful u n repas a meal u n service a course ’ hors d oeuvre froid cold side dishes ’ hors d oeuvre chaud warm side dishes ’entremets sweet dishes restaurant restaurant cuisinier cook chef de cuisine head cook cordon bleu excellent woman cook de la patisserie pastry du r Oti roast meat de la salade salad des oeufs eggs des legum es vegetables le dessert dessert u ne u n soupe , potage soup du le carte j our, menu bill of fare faire la Cuisine to d' o the cooking u n couvert a c over u n e cuillere a spoon une fourchette a fork u n couteau a knife une assiette a plate une tasse a cup une soucoupe a saucer u n verre a glass une carafe a decanter une bout eille a bottle u ne table a table une chaise a chair garcon waiter cornichon pickle dragée sugar plum sucre sugar cassonade brown sugar sel salt poivre pepper moutarde mustard

154 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

ou es o ta es ou s S p , P g ( S p ) bouillon broth consommé gravy soup pot-au - feu French soup soupe grasse meat soup soupe maigre herb soup soupe au lait milk soup potage au vermicelle vermicelli soup potage au riz rice soup potage au tapioca tapioca s oup potage a la j ulienne vegetable soup potage au macaroni macaroni soup purée aux croutons pea soup

P oi s s on ( Fis h ) saumon au gratin salmon with crumbs tr'uite trout sole frite fried sole merlan au gratin whiting with crumbs morue a la Hollandaise cod a la Hollandaise raie au beurre noir skate fried in butter homard en salade lobster salad ’ ’ maquereau a la maitre d hOtel m ackerel a la maitre d hOtel rouget grillé red surmullet fried matelote several kinds of fish stewed moule m u s sle écrevisses craw fish grenouilles frog legs crevettes shrimps hareng herring turbot turbot alose shad brochet pike anguille a la tartare eel with tartar dressing fried gudgeon alose shad fish anguille eel fish carpe carp fish perche perch fish éperlan sprat fish ’ u ne douzaine d hu itres 12 oy stereon the half shell friture fried fish sardine fresh fresh sardine thon mariné pickled tunny pate de foie gras paté de foie gras FOOD 155 beurre frais sweet butter ‘ radis radish une tranche de melon a slice of melon une tartine slice of bread spread with butter un sandwich a sandwi ch u n morceau a piece u n e tranche a slice le fumet the flavor

P ai n et Patis s eri e (B r ead and P as try) farine flour levain yeast, leaven pate dough son bran pain bread pain blanc wheat bread pain de gruau fancy bread pain de ménage home made bread pain de seigle rye bread pain bis brown bread pain tendre new bread pain rassis stale br ead miche loaf griller to toast retie toast petit pain roll c rOfI te crust mie crumb miettes crumbs boulanger baker patissier cake baker gateau cake pate meat pie paté de foie gras pate de foie gras pate chaud de legumes hot vegetable pie vol au vent a la fin anciere ( same in English) vol au vent de volaille vol au vent of fowls vol a u vent de saumon vol au vent of salmon tarte de pommes apple pie tarte de cerises cherry pie tarte de prunes plum pie beignet de pommes apple fritter ’ beignet d abricots apricot fritt er Charlotte russe Charlotte russe éclair au chocolat chocolate eclair 56 CORRECT FRENCH—BING chou a la creme cream puff croquette de riz rice croquet plum pudding au rhum ( the same) biscuit glacé iced sponge cake galette muffin ’ pain d épi ce ginger bread ' talmouse pot cheese cake

’ L eg u m es ( Vegeta bles ) purée de pommes de terre mashed potatoes patates sweet potatoes chou cabbage chou-fleu r cauliflower chou de Bruxelles B russels sprout épinard au j us spinach with gravy chicorée a la creme endive with cream salsifis frits fried oyster plants asperge a la sauce asparagus with sauce petits pois au suc re green peas with sugar artichaut a la poivrade artichoke with pepper a nd vine gar laitue au j us lettuce with gravy haricots verts string beans haricots blancs shelled beans pomme de terre frite fried potatoes pomme de terre saute’ stewed in butter pomme de terre bouillie boiled ’ a l itali enne m macaroni acaroni , Italian style

( M eat) viande meat bouilli boiled aloyan sirloin “ la mode beef a la mode bift eck aux pommes beefsteak and potatoes bifteck au cresson beefsteak and cresses ’ bifteck au beurre d anch oi s beefsteak with anchovy bifteck aux oignons beefsteak with onions bifteck saignant beefsteak rare bifteck bien cuit beefsteak well done cOtelette de mouton mutton chop cOtelette de veau veal chop ’ cOtelette a la maitre d hOtel ( same ) cOtelette j ardiniere chop j ardiniere

— 158 CORRECT FRENCH BING oeuf egg coque sh eH blanc white j aune yellow un oeuf a la coque a boiled egg u h oeuf dur a hard boiled egg des oeu fs brouillé s scrambled eggs des oeufs pochés poached eggs une omelette an omelet oeufs sur le plat fried eggs omelette au lard an omelet with bacon omelette au rhum an omelet with r um omelette s ou fﬂée ( same) crepe pan cake oeuf au lait custard oeuf a la neige ﬂoating island

Volaill e F owl ou ltr ( , P y ) dindon turkey dinde truffée truffled turkey poulet chicken poularde fat chicken poulet en salade chicken salad poulet en mayonnaise mayonnaise of chicken chapon truffé capon with truffle dressing pigeon au petits poi s pigeon with green p eas pigeon a la crapaudine pigeon a la crapaudine pigeon au petits oign ons pigeon with small onions perdrix aux choux partridge with cabbage filet de perdreau fillet of partridge tripes a la mode de caen tripe ’ foie de veau r Oti roasted calf s liver ris de veau au j us sweet bread with gravy langue au pois tongue with peas perdreau aux truffes partridge with truffles mauaqe ctes en salmis ragout of larks caille s : gla fi nan cier e quail a la fin anc1 ere canard sauvage wild duck

B oiss on ( B ever ag e ) water wine cider beer brandy liquor BEVERAGES 1 59

Inno nade lemonade orangeade orangeade eau de seltz soda 'water café a l ’ eau black coffee café au lait coffee and milk lait milk creme cream petit lait butter milk , whey eau sucrée su gar and water anisette caraway seed liquor cass1 s cassis cognac cognac rhum r um sirop syrup genievre g1n esprit de vin spirits du vin blanc white wine du vin rouge red wine du vin doux sweet wine du vin muscat muscatel wine du vin de Bordeaux claret wine du vin de Bourgogne Burgundy wine du vin de Champagn e champagne wine du vin de Malaga Malaga wine ’ du vin d Oporto Port wine du vin Macon Macon wine du vin Madere Madeira wine du vin Xeres Sherry wine ' du vin Malvoisie Malmsey wine de l ’ eau rougie wine and water eau de puits well water eau de pompe pump water eau de source spring water

OBSERVATION

The French use only two ways of greeting each other . They ” say Bonj our ( good day) for good morning, good afternoon , “ ” good day , as long as there is daylight , and Bonsoir ( good evening, also good night) when artiﬁcial light is necessary . Bonne nuit ( good night ’ s rest) is used only with intimate friends , when parting before retiring . 160 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

THE MARSEILLAISE

Ye sons of France , awake to glory ,

Hark , hark, what myriads bid you rise ,

Your children , wives , and grandsires hoary , ' Behold their tears and hear their cries !

Shall hateful tyrants , mischief breeding, ru ﬁ a n With hireling hosts , a f band , ff h A rig t and desolate the land , While peace and liberty lay bleeding ?

To ! arms , to arms , ye brave ’ Th avenging sword u n sh eath !

March on , march on , all hearts resolved

To victory or death .

r Now , now the dangerous sto m is scowling

With treacherous kings , confederate,rise ; o ! The dogs of war , let l ose , are howling, 1 And 0 our ﬁelds and cities blaze . A nd r we basely view the uin ,

While lawless force , with guilty stride , an d Spreads desolation far wide , With crimes and blood his hands emb ruing ?

a n d With luxury pride surrounded ,

The vile , insatiate despots dare ,

Their thirst of power and gold unbounded , To mete and vend the light and air ;

Like beasts of burden would they load us , o d s‘ w ou ld : Like g . bid their slaves adore m an ? But is man , and who is more an d ? Then , shall they longer lash goad us

fi can m a n ! O Liberty, resign thee ’ Once having felt thy g en r ou s flame ? Ca n an d dungeon , bolts , bars confine thee , Or whips thy noble spirit tame ?

Too long the world has wept , bewailing ’ That falsehood s dagger tyrants wield ;

But freedom is our sword and shield , An d all their arts are unavailing .

162 CORRECT FRENCH—BI NG

F s n rancai , en guerriers magna imes Portez ou retenez vos coups ; Epargnez ces tristes victimes ’ A regret s arm ant contre nous ’ A regret s arm ant contre nous Mais ces despotes sanguinaires Mais les complices de Bouille Tous ces tigres qui sans pitié Déchirent le sein de leurs meres !

Nous entrerons dans la carr1ere ’ Quant nos aines n y seront plus ; Nous y trouverons leur poussiere Et la trace de leurs vertus ! Et la trace de leurs vertus ! Bien moins j aloux de leur survivre Que de partager leur cercueil Nous aurons l e sublime orgueil D e les venger ou de les suivre !

m A our sacré de la Patrie , C n : o duis , soutiens nos bras vengeurs

Liberté, Liberté chérie , Combats avec tes défenseurs ! Combats avec tes défenseurs ! Sous nos drapeaux que la Victoire Accoure a tes males accents Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire !

! ! Aux armes , citoyens formez vos bataillons ! Marchons , marchons ’ Qu un sang impur abreuve nos s1llon s ! — Clau d e I os eph R oug et d e Lis le ( 1760 CONTENTS ( Ta ble d es M a ti er es

Preface The Lord ’ s Prayer Alphabet Rule for Reading Consonants Accents Simple Vowels E e unaccented é with the acute accent e with the grave accent e with the circumﬂex accent er ez ed

Compound Vowels a1 ei eu oi ou oui Liquid Sounds ill Exception ail aill eil eill eui1 euill oeil ceill ou il ou ill Nasal Sounds an ean am en em Exceptions ien

Observation . in —im — - — — — — —ym yn ain aim ein on eon om Exceptions u n eun um Consonants B C 64 CORRECT FRENCH—BING

The Apostrophe The Hyphen The Cedilla The Diaeresis Punctuation Numerals Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers Observatons

Numbers .

Ordinal Numbers , when used Adverbs The Time an F Proportional d ractional Numbers . The Metric System Coins Weights Meas ures Verbs Auxiliary Verb To Have

Auxiliary Verb To B e . . The Four Conj ugations First Conjugati on in er S econd Conj ugation in Third Conj ugation in o Fourth Conj ugation i n Irregular Verb Aller ( to go) Irregular Verb Envoyer ( to send) On the Use of Avoir ( to have) and Etre ( to be) as Auxi li a ri es Orthographic Irregularities For mation of the Tenses

Participles , Present and Past Observation Idiomatical Expressions The Ten Parts of S peech on Gene~ Rule Genders Th e D ﬁnite Article .

The Partitive Article . The Indeﬁnite Article The Adj ectives Demonstrative Adj ectives Possessive Adj ectives Remark Indeﬁnite Adj ectives D egrees of Comparison Formation of Verbs from Adj ective

Adj ectives With Two Meanings .

Formation of the Plural of Nouns . Nouns with Tw o Plural Forms Linking of Words