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Use of Anatomical Root Markers for Species Identification Incatasetum (Orchidaceae) at the Portal Da Amazônia Region, MT, Brazil

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Use of Anatomical Root Markers for Species Identification Incatasetum (Orchidaceae) at the Portal Da Amazônia Region, MT, Brazil ACTA AMAZONICA http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201401832 Use of anatomical root markers for species identification in Catasetum (Orchidaceae) at the Portal da Amazônia region, MT, Brazil Ivone Vieira da SILVA1*, Rubens Maia de OLIVEIRA1, Ana Aparecida Bandini ROSSI1, Angelita Benevenuti da SILVA1, Daiane Maia de OLIVEIRA2 1 Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus Universitário de Alta Floresta. Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias, BR 208, km 147, CEP 78580-000, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil. 2 Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Biologia, Avenida Rui Braga, Vila Mauriceia, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Orchidaceae is one of the largest botanical families, with approximately 780 genera. Among the genera of this family, Catasetum currently comprises 166 species. The aim of this study was to characterize the root anatomy of eight Catasetum species, verifying adaptations related to epiphytic habit and looking for features that could contribute to the vegetative identification of such species. The species studied were collected at the Portal da Amazônia region, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The roots were fixed in FAA 50, cut freehand, and stained with astra blue/fuchsin. Illustrations were obtained with a digital camera mounted on a photomicroscope. The roots of examined species shared most of the anatomical characteristics observed in other species of the Catasetum genus, and many of them have adaptations to the epiphytic habit, such as presence of secondary thickening in the velamen cell walls, exodermis, cortex, and medulla. Some specific features were recognized as having taxonomic application, such as composition of the thickening of velamen cell walls, ornamentation of absorbent root-hair walls, presence of tilosomes, composition and thickening of the cortical cell walls, presence of mycorrhizae, endodermal cell wall thickening, the number of protoxylem poles, and composition and thickening of the central area of the vascular cylinder. These traits are important anatomical markers to separate the species within the genus and to generate a dichotomous identification key forCatasetum . Thus, providing a useful tool for taxonomists of this group. KEYWORDS: adaptations, Catasetinae, epiphyte, velamen Uso de marcadores anatômicos radiculares para a determinação de espécies de Catasetum (Orchidaceae) da Região do Portal da Amazônia, MT, Brasil RESUMO Orchidaceae é uma das maiores famílias botânicas, com cerca de 780 gêneros. Dentre seus gêneros, Catasetum inclui atualmente 166 espécies. Caracterizou-se a raiz de oito espécies de Catasetum com o objetivo de verificar caracteres relacionados ao hábito epifítico e contribuir para a taxonomia do grupo. As espécies foram coletadas na região do Portal da Amazônia, no norte do estado de Mato Grosso. Raízes foram fixadas em FAA 50 (1:1:8 formaldeído, ácido acético glacial e álcool etílico 50%), cortadas à mão livre e corados com azul de astra e fucsina. As ilustrações foram obtidas por meio do capturador de imagens acoplado ao fotomicroscópio. As raízes das espécies estudadas compartilharam a maioria dos caracteres anatômicos observados em outras espécies de Catasetum, e vários destes demonstraram adaptações ao hábito epifítico, tais como presença de espessamento secundário na parede das células do velame, da exoderme, do córtex e da medula. Alguns caracteres foram reconhecidos como tendo aplicação taxonômica, como composição do espessamento da parede das células do velame, ornamentação da parede dos pelos absorventes, presença de tilossomos, composição e espessamento da parede das células do córtex, presença de micorriza, tipo de espessamento da parede das células da endoderme, número de pólos de protoxilema e composição e tipo de espessamento da região central do cilindro vascular. Esses caracteres são importantes marcadores anatômicos, pois possibilitam separar as espécies dentro do gênero e gerar uma chave dicotômica de identificação para asCatasetum da região investigada, fornecendo, assim, uma ferramenta útil para os taxonomistas do grupo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Epífita, velame, adaptações, Catasetinae 21 VOL. 45(1) 2015: 21 - 28 ACTA Use of anatomical root markers for species identification in Catasetum AMAZONICA (Orchidaceae) at the Portal da Amazônia region, MT, Brazil INTRODUCTION the genus Catasetum (Orchidaceae, Catasetinae) were used. The species were: Catasetum x apolloi Benelli & Grade, C. Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of flowering fimbriatum Lindl, C. juruenense Hoehne, C. longifolium plants in the superorder Liliiflorae, and consists of about 780 genera. The Orchidaceae contains approximately 25,000 Lindley, C. matogrossense Bicalho, C. osculatum Lacerda & species (Pridgeon et al. 2009). Chase et al. (2003) divided these P. Castro, C. saccatum Lindl, and C. schmidtianum Miranda species into five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, & Lacerda. They were collected at the Portal da Amazônia Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae. They region and taken to the Chácara Recanto das Orquídeas, grow in cold and hot climates and temperate regions, but can located at Perimetral Auxiliar Oeste on the urban perimeter be found in greater abundance in both number and diversity of Alta Floresta (56º05’44.5”W and 09º52’34.2”S). The in tropical regions (Englert 2000). Portal da Amazônia region has a hot, humid equatorial climate, characterized by a rainy season and a dry season. The The subtribe Catasetinae (Epidendroideae) comprises vegetation is characterized as Amazon rainforest in a section seven genera (Pridgeon et al. 2009). Among these genera we of the Amazon Basin. findCatasetum , which was described by L. C. Richard Kunth in 1822. This genus includes 166 species distributed in South For the anatomical study, root samples were obtained and Central America, 67 of them occurring in Brazil. at about 1 cm from the rhizome from a minimum of three individuals of each species collected in different populations. Catasetum has epiphytic species that develop mainly on The roots were fixed in FAA 50 and preserved in ethanol tree tops. The leaves of these species are deciduous in the 70%. Cross and longitudinal sections were made free-hand dry season while roots and pseudobulbs are always present. by cutting with a razor blade, washed, stained with Astra blue The anatomical characteristics of these vegetative organs are continuously accessible, thereby potentially useful in and basic fuchsin, and mounted on semi-permanent slides vegetative identification. Anatomy of the vegetative organs has with glycerol jelly (Kaiser 1880). been applied for at least 150 years, enabling both phylogenetic Some sections of fresh material were used for histochemical inferences and species identification. analysis. In particular, starch was identified with Lugol, Portal da Amazônia encompasses the municipalities Alta lipids with Sudan IV, lignin with an acid-phloroglucin and Floresta, Apiacás, Carlinda, Colíder, Guarantã do Norte, safranin solution, cellulose with Astra blue (Johansen 1940). Marcelândia, Matupá, Nova Bandeirantes, Nova Canaã Steinmetz reagent were used for the recognition of cellular do Norte, Nova Guarita, Nova Monte Verde, Nova Santa constituents, such as starch, cellulose, lignin, suberin, various Helena, Novo Mundo, Paranaíta, Peixoto de Azevedo, and lipids, latex, resin duct, and cutin (Costa et al. 2002), and Terra Nova. This region typically features ombrophilous confirming with chlor-zinc-iodine (Costa 1972), thionine forest biomes, with both wet and dry seasons, and has a great (Costa 1972), flavonoids by potassium hydroxide (Costa diversity of orchids. Catasetum is among the most frequent. 1982), and methylene blue solution to verify the presence of This genus is appreciated for domestic landscaping. The mucilage (Langeron 1949). immense deforestation of the Amazon and the removal of The illustrations were obtained with a digital camera many Amazonian orchid species due to their commercial value mounted on a photomicroscope (Leica DMLB, Wetzlar, intensify the disappearance of natural habitats of many species, Germany). The program Leica IM50 was used in this such as those of Catasetum (Pedroso-de-Moraes et al. 2012). step. After that, a dichotomous key was created, seeking There are few studies on Catasetum in the Amazon. Stern to highlight the diagnostic anatomical characteristics that and Judd (2001) anatomically characterized the vegetative were detected. organs of species of the subtribe Catasetinae, and Pedroso- de-Moraes et al. (2012) described the root anatomy of 12 RESULTS representatives of Catasetinae. In this context, the aim of this The roots presented velamen, a differentiated cortex, study was to describe the root anatomy of eight Catasetum uniseriate endodermis and pericycle, and a polyarch vascular species, verifying adaptations related to epiphytic habit and cylinder (Figures 1A-G). The velamen varies in the number looking for features that could contribute to the vegetative of cell layers and in the structure of their walls (Figures identification of such species. 1 A-G, 2A, 2D). In all species studied, the velamen cell wall thickens from tenuous spirals of cell wall material; MATERIALS AND METHODS this may be cellulosic as seen in Catasetum fimbriatum, C. This study was conducted at the Universidade do Estado matogrossense, and C. schmidtianum (Figure 2D) or lignified de Mato Grosso – UNEMAT, Campus Universitário de in C. apolloi,
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