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Level of Agricultural Development and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Transformation– a Case Study of Malda District (W.B.)

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Level of Agricultural Development and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Transformation– a Case Study of Malda District (W.B.) LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION– A CASE STUDY OF MALDA DISTRICT (W.B.) THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy In Geography BY CHAND SULTANA UNDER THE SUPERVISON OF PROF. SHAMSUL HAQUE SIDDIQUI (CHAIRPERSON) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2017 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I, Chand Sultana, Department of Geography, certify that the work embodied in this Ph.D. thesis is my own bona fide work carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The matter embodied in this Ph.D. thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not willfully lifted up some other’s work, para, text, data, result, etc., reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, thesis, etc., or available at web-sites and included them in this Ph.D. thesis and cited as my own work. (Chand Sultana) En. No. GC- 0576 ………………………………………………………………………………………….. CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. (Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui) (Supervisor and Chairperson) Department of Geography Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. (Signature of the Chairperson of the Department with seal) PROF. (DR.) SHAMSUL H. SIDDIQUI DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY M.Sc., Ph.D. (Alig.) ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (U.P.), INDIA -202002 Chairperson Dated:……………… Certificate This is to certify that Chand Sultana has completed her Ph. D. thesis entitled “Level of Agricultural Development and its Impact on Socio-Economic Transformation - A Case Study of Malda District (W.B.)” under my supervision. The work embodied in this thesis is an original record of research work and distinct addition to the existing knowledge of the subject. She is allowed to submit the work for Ph.D Degree at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India). Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui (Supervisor & Chairperson) Phone : Office 0091-571-2700683, Internal : 1316, Residence : +91-0571-2720189 Mob. : 09412673640 E-Mail : [email protected], Fax : +91-0571-2700528 COURSE/COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/PRE-SUBMISSION SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mrs. Chand Sultana Department of Geography has satisfactorily completed the course work/comprehensive examination and pre- submission seminar presentation which is a part of her Ph.D. programme. (Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui) Chairperson Department of Geography Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh. U.P COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE Title of the Thesis: “LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION – A CASE STUDY OF MALDA DISTRICT (W. B.)” Candidate’s Name: CHAND SULTANA COPYRIGHT TRANSFER The undersigned hereby assigns to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph. D degree. (Chand Sultana) Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for author’s personal use provide that the source and the University’s copyright notice are indicated. Dedicated To My Beloved Parents & Supervisor CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgements i-ii List of Tables iii-v List Figures vi-viii INTRODUCTION 1-11 Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Research Hypotheses Research Design Database Tools of data collection Methodology Study Area Organization of Research Work CHAPTER 1: PHYSIO-CULTURAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA 12-43 1.1. Location 1.2. Historical Background 1.3. Administrative Division 1.4. Physiography 1.5 Drainage Pattern 1.6. Climate 1.7. Geology 1.8. Natural Vegetation 1.9. Agriculture 1.10. Soil 1.11. Demographic Personality 1.12. Growth of Population 1.13. Distribution of Population 1.14. Density of Population 1.15. Sex Ratio 1.16. Literacy 1.17. Industry 1.18. Transport and Communication 1.19. Economy CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE 44-68 REVIEW 2.1. Conceptual Framework 2.2. Review of Literature 69-101 CHAPTER 3: DYNAMICS OF AGRICULTURE 3.1. Concept of Land use 3.2. Conceptual Framework of Land use 3.3. Land use pattern in Malda District 3.4. Cropping Pattern 3.4.1. Cropping Pattern in Malda District 3.4.2. Cropping pattern during 2000-2001 3.4.3. Cropping pattern during 2010-11 3.5. Growth rate of area, production and yield of major crops during 2001-2011 3.6. Cropping of Intensity 3.6.1. Spatial Pattern of Cropping Intensity in Malda District (2001-2011) 3.7. Diversification of Cropping 3.7.1. Crop Diversification by Gibbs and Martin 3.7.2. Pattern of Crop Diversification in Malda 3.7.3. Pattern of Crop Diversification in 2000-2001 3.7.4. Pattern of Crop Diversification in 2010-11 3.8. Crop Combination Regions 3.8.1. Spatial Pattern of Crop Combination Regions (2000-2001) 3.8.2. Spatial Pattern of Crop Combination Regions (2010-2011) CHAPTER 4: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND 102-148 INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS 4.a. Technological Factors 4.1. Tractor 4.1.1. Spatial distribution of Tractor (2000-01) 4.1.2. Spatial distribution of Tractor (2010-11) 4.2. Power Tiller 4.2.1. Spatial distribution of Power tiller (2000-01) 4.2.2. Spatial distribution of Power tiller (2000-01) 4.3. Pumpset 4.3.1. Spatial distribution of Pumpset (2000-01) 4.3.2. Spatial distribution of Pumpset (2010-11) 4.4. Sprayer/Duster 4.4.1. Spatial distribution of sprayer/duster (2000-01) 4.4.2. Spatial distribution of sprayer/duster (2010-11) 4.5. Thresher 4.5.1. Spatial distribution of thresher (2000-01) 4.5.2. Spatial distribution of thresher (2010-11) 4.6. Fertilizers 4.7. Irrigation 4.8. Sources of Irrigation in Malda District 4.8.1. River lift irrigation (RLI) 4.8.2. Deep Tube well (DTW) 4.8.3. Shallow Tube well (STW) 4.8.4. Tanks 4.8.5. Others 4.9. Agricultural Labourer 4.9.1. Spatial distribution of Agricultural Labourer (2000-01) 4.9.2. Spatial distribution of Agricultural Labourer (2010-11) 4.10. Cultivator 4.10. 1. Spatial distribution of cultivators (2000-01) 4.10.2. Spatial distribution of cultivators (2010-11) 4.b. Institutional Factors 4.11. Literacy 4.12. Co-Operative Societies 4.12.1. Spatial distribution of co-operative societies (2000-01) 4.12.2. Spatial distribution of co-operative societies in (2010-11) 4.13. Fair Price Shop 4.13.1. Spatial distribution of fair price shop (2000-01) 4.13.2. Spatial distribution of fair price shop (2010-11) 4.14. Fertilizer Depot 4.14.1. Spatial distribution of fertilizer depot (2000-01) 4.14. 2. Spatial distribution of fertilizer depot (2010-11) 4.15. Seed Store 4.15.1. Spatial distribution of seed store (2000-01) 4.15.2. Spatial distribution of seed store (2010-11) CHAPTER 5: MEASUREMENT OF AGRICULTURAL 149-180 PRODUCTIVITY 5.1. Concept of Agricultural Productivity 5.2. Measurement of Agricultural Productivity 5.3. Productivity Regions – Cereals (2001) 5.4. Productivity Regions – Pulses (2001) 5.5. Productivity Regions – Oilseeds (2001) 5.6. Productivity Regions – Cash Crops (2001) 5.7. Productivity Regions Based on Composite Index (2001) 5.8. Productivity Regions – Cereals (2011) 5.9. Productivity Regions – Pulses (2011) 5.10. Productivity Regions – Oilseeds (2011) 5.11. Productivity Regions – Cash Crops (2011) 5.12. Productivity Regions Based on Composite Index (2011) 5.13. Pattern of areal change of Agricultural Productivity (2000-01 to 2010-11) CHAPTER 6: LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 181-216 6.1. Agricultural Development 6.2. Factor Analysis 6.2.1. Factor Analysis 2000-01 6.2.2. Spatial Variation in Factor Scores of Agricultural Development 2000-01 6.2.3. Factor Analysis 2010-11 6.2.4. Spatial Variation in Factor Scores of Agricultural Development 2010-11 6.3. Inter-relationship among independent variables (2000-01) 6.4. Inter-relationship among independent variables (2010-11) 6.5. Level of Agricultural Development 6.5.1. Level of Agricultural Development (2000-01) 6.5.2. Level of Agricultural Development (2010-11) 6.6. Change in Levels of Agricultural Development 2000-01 to 2010-11 6.7. Level of Socio-Economic Development 6.7.1. Level of Socio-Economic Development (2000-01) 6.7.2. Level of Socio-Economic Development (2010-11) 6.8. Agriculture and its impact on Socio-Economic Development 6.8.1. Agricultural Development vis-à-vis Socio-economic Development (2000-2001) 6.8.2. Agricultural Development vis-à-vis Socio-economic Development (2010-2011) CHAPTER 7: SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION – A MICRO 217-269 LEVEL ANALYSIS 7.1. Socio-Economic Transformation 7.2. Village Profile 7.3. Personal and Household Characteristics of Respondents 7.3.1. Age Composition of Respondents in decision making process 7.3.2. Educational Status of Respondents 7.3.3. Family Size of the Respondents 7.3.4. Size of Landholdings of the Respondents 7.3.5. Level of Innovativeness 7.4. Level of Social Transformation 7.4.1. Preference of the Quality of Education 7.4.2. Preference of Location of School 7.4.3. Attitude towards Marriage 7.4.4. Attitude towards Family Planning 7.4.5. Level of Religiosity 7.4.6. Political Awareness and Involvement 7.4.7. Level of Social Mobility 7.4.8. Overall Level of Social Transformation 7.5. Level of Economic Transformation 7.5.1. Level of Per Capita Income 7.5.2. Level of Standard of Living 7.5.3.
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