EMECS12 Conference
12th International Conference on the Environmental
Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas
- Cooperative stewardship for integrated management toward resilient coastal seas –
Special Session: Satoumi and ICM Session
Time & Date: 13:30 – 16:30, 5 November, 2018 Venue: Oriental Palm 2, Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel, Pattaya, Thailand
Session Report
International EMECS Center
Preface
“Special Session : Satoumi and ICM Session” was held in EMECS 12 Conference (12th International Conference on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas) to discuss “Sustainable Integrated Coastal Management” with various experts from around the world. In Japan, heavy use of urban enclosed coastal seas caused serious deterioration of environment in 1970s. Since then, legislative and infrastructural measures were implemented such as enactment of the water pollution control act and construction of sewage treatment facilities. Nevertheless, fish catch and biodiversity in the area have not been recovered even after water quality was improved. A new model for the management of enclosed coastal seas is required. Satoumi is a management concept for balancing use and conservation to maximize productivity and biodiversity in coastal area.
In 2014, Government of Japan started a new project “Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea (Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan S-13 project)”, and this project has been implemented until March, 2019. This project involves a comprehensive examination of natural and human activity in coastal seas and land areas that constitute their hinterlands, in order to determine how these areas should be changed from their present state to an appropriate status in terms of material circulation and ecotones. Policy proposals will be made on the following theme: (1) Seto Inland Sea (Enclosed coastal sea) (2) Sanriku Coast (Open-character coastal sea) (3) Japan Sea (International enclosed coastal sea) (4) Discussions regarding the societal and humanities aspects (5) Integrated numerical models for coastal sea management
In this session, we presented the research results of this project we have had so far and discussed under the theme of “Satoumi and ICM” around the world.
This session was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-13) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. CONTENTS
Program ・・・・・・1
Summary ・・・・・・2
Opening Remarks ・・・・・・4
Abstracts ・・・・・・5
Presentations ・・・・・ 14
1 Tetsuo Yanagi: Development of Coastal Management Method to ・・・・・ 14 Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea (Japan)
2 Wataru Nishijima: Management of the ecosystem in the Seto Inland ・・・・・ 21 Sea (Theme 1: Seto Inland Sea) (Japan)
Teruhisa Komatsu: Satoumi practice and sciences support 3 sustainable use of a rias-type bay in southern Sanriku Coast after the ・・・・・ 25 huge tsunami 2011 (Theme 2: Sanriku Coast) (Japan)
Takafumi Yoshida: Land-ocean integrated management of Toyama 4 Bay in the international semi enclosed sea, Japan Sea (Theme 3: ・・・・・ 31 Japan Sea) (Japan)
5 Robert M. Summers: Restoration framework for Guanabara bay, Rio ・・・・・ 35 de Janeiro Brazil (USA)
6 Takuro Uehara: An ecosystem services-based assessment for Sato- ・・・・・ 48 umi (Theme 4: Social & Human Science)(Japan)
7 Suhendar I. Sachoemar: Satoumi activities in Indonesia (Indonesia) ・・・・・ 53
8 Satoshi Yamamoto: The environmental water management in the ・・・・・ 61 enclosed coastal seas in Japan (Japan)
9 R.W. Carter: Does anyone care about declining water and biotic ・・・・・ 67 quality in the eastern Andaman Sea? (Australia)
EMECS12 Conference Schedule ・・・・・ 70
EMECS12 Conference Program ・・・・・ 71 Program
Chair : Tetsuo Yanagi (International EMECS Center) Co-chair : Patama Singharuk(Chulalongkon Univesity)
13:30 – 13:35 Opening Remarks Takanori Konishi: Head of delegation, Hyogo Prefectural Assembly, Japan
Part 1 (13:30 -14:45)
1. 13:35 – 14:00
Coffee-break (14:45 – 15:00)
Part 2 (15:00-16:30)
5. 15:00 – 15:30
1 Summary
This session demonstrated that the Satoumi Concept is one that is steadily increasing in visibility not only in Japan but also at international conferences in Europe, the United States and other parts of Asia. The Special Session featured reports on various activities to preserve marine environments, presented by specialists from both Japan and various other countries including Indonesia. The session attracted an overflow crowd of attendees, with some in the standing room area. There were intense discussions and a spirited exchange of views, so much so that the session actually went overtime. It was decided that there should be further efforts to promote Satoumi internationally as an effective means for achieving Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).
“12th International Conference on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas (EMECS 12)” included a special session entitled “Satoumi and ICM Session”. The special session was held from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. on November 5, 2018 at the Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel in Pattaya, Thailand.
At the opening of the session, Takanori Konishi, Vice-Chair of the Hyogo Prefectural Assembly, took the podium and greeted the attendees. He said that Seto Inland Sea (Japan), which has managed to overcome the extreme pollution of its past, is now suffering from declining fishing catches. He said that scientists, government and local residents were cooperating in the effort to restore the beautiful and abundant Seto Inland Sea, and said he hoped that today’ s session would play a role in restoring its abundance.
In the first half of the session , by way of introducing the Satoumi concept, Principal Researcher Yanagi (International EMECS Center) presented an overview of the S13 “Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea” Project of the Ministry of the Environment, and discussed the approach to putting together a final report. Next, Professor Wataru Nishijima (Hiroshima University) reported on the results of research into S-13 Topic 1. He said that the revitalization of Zostera beds in coastal ocean areas was the most effective way of managing nutrient salt concentrations in Hiroshima Bay. Next, Professor Teruhisa Komatsu (Yokohama College of Commerce) reported on the results of research into S-13 Topic 2. He said that, at Shizugawa Bay in Miyagi Prefecture, which is working to recover from the damage caused by the “Huge Tsunami in 2011”, fishermen, the government and scientists had worked together to
2 devise the ideal cultivation technique for use in the bay. Finally, Chief Researcher Takafumi Yoshida( Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center (NPEC)) reported on the results of research into S-13 Topic 3. He said that environmental management in the Sea of Japan would require management on three levels: the entire area, the medial zone of the Tsushima Current, and the nearby ocean areas. As an example of management of nearby ocean areas, he said that, in Toyama Bay, groundwater management efforts designed to accommodate the effects of climate change would be important.
In the second half of the session, Robert M. Summers (U. S.) reported on environmental improvement policies in Guanabara Bay, Brazil and the results of those policies. Professor Takuro Uehara(Ritsumeikan University) reported on research into S-13 Topic 4. He said that, in order to achieve sustainable coastal ocean areas, it was effective to establish activities to evaluate sustainability on three levels, based on integrated sustainability indicators. Suhendar Sachoemar (Indonesia) reported on the successful conclusion of combined aqaculture on the Karawang Coast in Indonesia and off the coast of Banting, based on the Satoumi Concept. Satoshi Yamamoto(Director of the Office for Environment Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the Environment,Japan) reported that Japan’s policy of Management Pollutant Load System was effective and was improving water quality in various enclosed coastal seas in Japan. Finally, R. W. Carter of Australia spoke about the deterioration of water quality in the eastern part of the Andaman Sea, and raised the question of what measures would be effective and which entity in the coastal ocean area should take the lead in implementing those measures.
There was spirited debate during the question and answer session, with questions such as “In Indonesia, where there are various types of local wisdom such as the traditional ‘Sasi’ system of managing fishery resources, is there really a need to introduce the concept of Satoumi?” “What are the similarities and differences in coastal marine area management in Japan, Brazil, Indonesia and Thailand?” and “What is the most effective methodology for achieving cooperative action on the part of local residents, the government and scientists?” Finally, the need to continue to hold international workshops on “Satoumi and ICM” was confirmed.
3 Opening Remarks
Takanori Konishi: 12th EMECS Conference delegation from the Hyogo Prefectural Assembly, Vice Chairman of Hyogo Prefectural Assembly
Hello everyone. Welcome to the Satoumi and ICM Special Session. My name is Takanori Konishi, a representative of the 12th EMECS Conference delegation from the Hyogo Prefectural Assembly where I serve as a vice chairman. The Seto Inland Sea is the most well- known enclosed coastal sea in Japan, and Hyogo prefecture is facing the Seto Inland Sea. Due to our high economic growth in the 1960s, we had a serious water pollution and eutrophication problem in the Seto Inland Sea. At that time, it was called as “The dying sea”. Therefore, municipalities around the Seto Inland Sea including Hyogo prefecture worked together to reduce industrial waste water and domestic waste water, and as a result, the water quality was much improved. On the other hand, new problems had appeared such as a declining fish catch, a decreasing sea weed bed and tidal flat where various organisms are grown. In order to regenerate the Seto Inland Sea as “Clean and Productive Coastal Sea,Satoumi”, in Hyogo prefecture, the local governments, people in fishery industry and citizens are working together to establish biological habitat such as sea weed bed and tidal flat. This kind of effort matches the concept of Satoumi, a coastal sea with high biodiversity and productivity under human interaction, and it should be the ideal model for the Seto Inland Sea in the future. In this session, with everyone here, I would like to encourage you all to share information and new knowledge about Satoumi from various perspectives. I am very pleased to have this opportunity to discuss the common theme “Satoumi and Integrated Coastal Management.” We strongly hope that environmental conservation activities for the world’s enclosed coastal seas will expand with the word “Satoumi” as the key concept, and also we hope that we can all corporate and take care of new challenges in the future to pass on a rich and beautiful Satoumi to the next generation. Thank you very much everyone.
4 Abstracts
1 Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea 【Invited paper】
Tetsuo Yanagi* International EMECS Center, Kobe, Japan
This study involves a comprehensive examination of natural and human activity in coastal seas and the land areas that constitute their hinterlands, in order to determine how these areas should be changed from their present state to an appropriate status in terms of material cycling and ecotones. Specific actions are proposed as methods for the environmental management of coastal seas in Japan. In order to create methods for environmental management of coastal seas near land areas, a policy for the environmental management of coastal seas, using the Seto Inland Sea, Shizukawa Bay and the Japan Sea as model areas, is proposed. *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
5 2 Management of the Ecosystem in the Seto Inland Sea
Wataru Nishijima1* Tetsuji Okuda2, Akira Umehara1, Satoshi Nakai3 and Kuninao Tada4 1 Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, 1-5-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi- hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8513, Japan 2 Department of Environmental Solution Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokoya, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan 3 Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan 4 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita 761-0795, Japan
The Seto Inland Sea is a semi-enclosed sea with 23,203 km2 of area and 38.0 m of mean depth, which were subject to severe eutrophication and pollution in the 1970s. A Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS) has been implemented since 1979 and contributed to decline the pollutant loads from land and to improve water quality. In this stage, highly sustainable coastal management techniques are required to maintain high water quality without the remarkable decline of biological productivity. However, the basic knowledge of ecosystem structure in the sea is lacking. We estimated the distribution of temporal and spatial primary production in the sea and then the production of zooplankton was estimated in some parts of the sea. The decrease in the primary production was estimated about 20% from the first half of the 1980s to present even if the reduction of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from land was 40% and 61%, respectively, since nutrient load from the connecting sea (the Pacific Ocean) is dominant in the sea. Moreover, large reduction of the primary production was observed near the coast, where chlorophyll-a concentration was still high and high primary production would not be transferred to the second production by zooplankton. Therefore, the reduction of phytoplankton growth in the coastal area is still required without the reduction of production in offshore area. The nutrients absorption by seaweed and seagrass in the growth period of phytoplankton was evaluated to develop the measure to control excess growth of phytoplankton in the coastal area.
Keywords: environmental management, nutrient, seaweed bed, biological productivity *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
6 3 Satoumi practice and sciences support sustainable use of a rias-type bay in southern Sanriku Coast after the huge tsunami 2011
Teruhisa Komatsu1*, Shuji Sasa1, Shigeru Montani1, Chihiro Yoshimura2, Manabu Fujii2, Masafumi Natsuike2, Osamu Nishimura3, Takashi Sakamaki3 and Tetsuo Yanagi4
1Yokohama College of Commerce, 4-11-1 Higashiterao, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8577, Japan 2School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Meguro- ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan 3School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 4International EMECS Center, DRI East 5F, 5-2 Wakinohama-kaigandori 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651- 0073 Japan
Rias-type bays, where aquacultures have been active due to a sheltered geomorphological characteristic with a deep bottom, are one of the most common coastal types in Japan. The huge tsunami hit Sanriku Coast facing Pacific Ocean and consisting of rias-type bays near the epicenter on 11 March 2011. It is very important to include sustainability in a recovering program of Sanriku Coast. Satoumi is defined as a human use and management of coastal seas for high productivity while maintaining high biodiversity. We proposed Satoumi approach to an open rias-type bay, Shizugawa Bay, in southern Sanriku Coast. Committee for Shizugawa Bay Management of Fishermen’s Cooperative of Miyagi Prefecture decided to decrease in aquaculture facilities for sustainable development of aquaculture after the tsunami. We conducted scientific researches on mapping of coastal habitats and aquaculture facilities, hydrography, and material flows of nutrients, a minor element (Fe) and organic matters in the bay including those from the rivers and from the offshore waters. We clarified the seasonal material flows. Based on these data, a physical-biological coupling model was developed for examining the number of aquaculture facilities that are suitable not only for yields but also for environments. The results show that the current number of aquaculture facilities is sustainable but the past one. We have discussed the results at Council for Shizugawa Bay Environment in the Future organized by the fishermen’s’ cooperative, local governments, WWF and scientists. Our experiences will help to realize sustainable use of a bay in Asia and the world.
Keywords: Satoumi, rias-type bay, tsunami, aquaculture, sustainability *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
7 4 Land-ocean Integrated Management of Toyama Bay in the international semi enclosed sea, Japan Sea
Takafumi Yoshida1*, Jing Zhang1, Akihiko Morimoto2, Ryota Shibano2, Naoki Hirose3, Katsumi Takayama3, Xinyu Guo2, Yucheng Wang2 and Takashi Mano2
1Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center, Toyama, Japan 2 Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan 3 Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
“Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea” was established in 2014 by Ministry of Environment Japan in order to develop environmental policy for sustainable use of coastal area. In this project, Japan Sea was selected as target sea area. Japan Sea is semi enclosed international sea area, thus international cooperation is necessary. In addition, Japan Sea faces various environmental changes. Objective of our group is to propose how to manage Japan Sea with relevant countries, and how to manage coastal area of Japan Sea. Using numerical ecosystem models, impacts of global warming and the East China Sea on environment and ecosystem in Japan Sea are studied. Our study showed environment in coastal area of Japan is influenced strongly from the East China Sea, and sea surface water temperature will increase next 100 years. Due to the environmental changes, not only primary production but also high trophic marine species such as Japanese common squid and snow crab might be impacted. Therefore we proposed three layer management for sustainable use of Japan Sea. The first layer is wide scale which covers Japan Sea and East China Sea. Second layer is middle scale and focus on the variation of the Tsushima Warm Current. The third layer is local scale, and land-ocean integrated management is studied in Toyama Bay. Toyama Bay is located in central part of Japan and submarine groundwater discharge is key factor for land-ocean integrated management. We will introduce the characteristic of Toyama Bay and its management.
Keywords: Japan Sea, East China Sea, Global warming, coastal area management *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
8
5 Restoration Framework for Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro Brazil 【Invited paper】
Robert M. Summers1* and João Paulo Coimbra2
1University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 429 4th Street, Annapolis, Maryland, 21403, USA 2 KCI Technologies, Inc., 936 Ridgebrook Road, Sparks, Maryland 21152
Rio de Janeiro’s Guanabara Bay, is a 384 km2 Bay with a narrow opening to the sea, located on the South Atlantic coast of Brazil. The Bay is a very important economic asset for Brazil, home to a major Port, industrial development, a major oil refinery and serves as the hub for ship and drilling platform anchorage, construction and repair to support oil exploration on the continental shelf of Brazil. The City of Rio de Janeiro is also a major tourist and recreational attraction, known for its beautiful scenery, celebrations like the 2016 Olympic Summer Games, annual Carnival and world-famous beaches like Copacabana and Ipanema, located just outside the mouth of the Bay. Unfortunately, the Bay and adjacent coastal waters are highly polluted by untreated sewage, industrial waste, trash and runoff from dense urban areas that support a population of 8.6 million people living and working in the Bay’s watershed. Since the 1990’s, Rio de Janeiro has been working with international technical and financial assistance to address the major problems, untreated sewage and trash dumping, however, progress has been painfully slow. In 2013, Rio approached the State of Maryland, under the terms of a cooperative sister-state agreement signed in 1999, to request technical assistance for the restoration effort in Guanabara Bay. Environmental restoration experts from Maryland worked closely with their counterparts in Rio to develop a restoration plan framework and public “score card” to track and accelerate progress for Guanabara Bay based on the successful Chesapeake Bay restoration effort.
Keywords: Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, water pollution, restoration, Chesapeake Bay *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
9
6 An ecosystem services-based assessment for Sato-umi
Nakagami Ken’ichi1, Uehara Takuro2*, Obata Norio1, Takao Katsuki1, Ota Takahiro3, Sakurai Ryo2 and Yoshioka Taisuke4
1 Specially Appointed Professor, College of Policy Science, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan 2 Associate Professor, College of Policy Science, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan 3 Associate Professor, Graduate School of Fishery and Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan 4 Senior Researcher, Research Organization of Open Innovation and Collaboration, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
The Japanese term “Sato-umi” inspires us to pursue a sound coastal zone governance by taking sustainable development into consideration (Yanagi, T (2008)). The integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is a potential approach toward a coastal area with the harmonious interaction between human being and natural environment (i.e., Sato-umi). The Seto Inland Sea in Japan, our study site, has undergone serious environmental degradation due to anthropogenic pressures. To recover and sustain its unique values, an ecosystem service-based ICZM that reflects wellbeing obtained from the coastal area is highly required. As inputs to ICZM, this study estimates long-term changes in people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem services benefited from the Seto inland Sea, and identify associated socio-ecological attributes determining the WTP. Furthermore, to evaluate the comprehensive sustainable values of Sato-umi, this study designs a three-step framework for dynamic sustainability assessment. The first step is the state of sustainability of the environment, economy and society. The second step is the management ability of sustainability composed of diversity, vulnerability and resilience. The last step is the will of sustainability composed of management, capability and social consensus. This study applies the dynamic sustainability assessment to examine sustainability towards regional revitalization through the case studies of Hinase Bay, Shizugawa Bay and Nanao Bay.
Keywords: Sato-umi; Seto Inland Sea; Ecosystem services; Sustainability; ICZM *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
10 7 Satoumi Activities in Indonesia
Suhendar I Sachoemar1*, Tetsuo Yanagi2, Ratu Siti Aliah1, Singo Kochi2, Mitsutaku Makino3 and Mark L. Wells4
1Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), INDONESIA 2International EMECS Center, JAPAN 3Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FREA), JAPAN 4Maine System University, Orono, USA
Since excessive intensive shrimp farming activities have been developed along the coastal areas of Indonesia during the 1980s, coastal environment has been degraded and resulted in brackish water prawn productivity declining from 4 tons per hectare (ha) to less than 1 ton per ha. As consequences, the utilization of brackish water pond that reaches 1,2 million ha decreases to 37.5 %, while in the onshore coastal area, the marine culture activities is only occupied 2 % of 4.5 million ha potential area due to mismanagement of the coastal resources environment as well as poor technology on the provision of seeds and marine culture. To overcome the utilization of coastal and marine resources within Indonesian region, it is time to implement the concept of management and utilization of natural resources taking into account the balance and stability of the natural resources and the environment, such as in the concept of Satoumi. By applying the Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) model on the bases of bio-recycle system and Satoumi concept in the coastal and marine area, it is expected that coastal environment conditions can be more stable and productive. To socialize the concept of Satoumi, the workshop, training and demonstration plot development activities cooperate with various stakeholder of the National and International Organization such as International EMECS Center and PICES (The North Pacific Marine Science Organization) has been conducted since 2013. The objective of the workshop, training and demonstration plot experiment is to inspire and give new spirit to manage coastal and marine resources optimally, harmonious and productive to improve human well-being. The Sato Umi concept application is being expanded to the west and eastern coastal area of Indonesia.
Keywords: Sato Umi, IMTA, coastal area, Indonesia *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
11 8 The environmental water management in the enclosed coastal seas in Japan
Satoshi Yamamoto*, Takashi Sakaguchi and Kana Shimazu
Office for Environment Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Water Environment Management Division, Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Coastal sea areas were once habitats of various species and provided much benefits to people. However, we experienced serious water pollution issues through the period of the high economic growth in 1960s. Due to the concentration of both population and industry in coastal areas, large amounts of pollutants began to flow from the land into the seas, resulting in critical damages to the fishing industry and the environment due to “red tides” and “dead zones.” To resolve those issues, we have taken various measures, such as improving effluent regulation and sewerage systems based on the Water Pollution Control Act and various laws other. Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS) have been implemented in Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay, and the Seto Inland Sea, which are relatively extensive, densely populated and industrialized regions. As a result, the amounts of pollutants have been steadily decreasing, and water quality has also gradually improved. However, red tides and dead zones still occur in some areas. Meanwhile, from the viewpoint of the "Bountiful Sea," what has been pointed out is the importance to secure bio-diversity and bio- productivity. In the 8th Basic Policy of the TPLCS, formulated in 2016, we have incorporated a new set of initiatives including the conservation and restoration of seaweed beds and tidal flats in addition to improvement of water quality. In the same year, the standard for Dissolved Oxygen concentration at the sea bottom was introduced as an environmental standard with the intent to conserve and restore the habitats for aquatic life.
Keywords: Total Pollutant Load Control System, environmental standard, red tides, dead zones *Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
12 9 Does anyone care about declining water and biotic quality in the eastern Andaman Sea?
Pasinee Worachananant1, Suchai Worachananant2 and R.W. (Bill) Carter3*
1Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand. 2Department of Marine Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand 3Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Q-4558, Australia
The effect of increasing tourist numbers on the natural environment, in association with unplanned and poorly managed tourism development, is of widespread concern. Tourist perception and satisfaction not only influence destination selection, but also affect how the destination and experience is evaluated after the vacation. This can determine whether the tourist will return to the destination. We explored the awareness of tourists (n=930), tourist service providers (n=42) and environmental managers (n=12) regarding the status of reef and water quality and sources of degradation around the tourist destinations of the south-west island areas of Thailand. For the tourists, we hypothesized that satisfaction would decline with increasing tourist intensity and decreasing environment quality, and that this would be reflected in tourist motivations to visit. Tourists were divided into underwater experience seekers (Surin) and rest and relaxation seekers (Phuket and Phi Phi). Satisfaction with the natural environment correlates with biological and water quality, but negatively with tourist intensity. With a perceived decline in reef quality, Thai tourists would contribute to resource restoration, while international tourists would change their destination preference. Given the economic importance of international tourism to Thailand, the study area’s tourism dependency on quality marine experiences, yet declining reef quality, efforts to abate existing anthropogenic threats must be a priority for tourism to be sustainable. Yet tourism service providers were ignorant of reef and water quality status and resource managers were ambivalent.
Keywords: tourism, water quality, perception, Thailand * Presenter: E-mail: [email protected]
13 Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea (2014-2018) P.I.; T.Yanagi
Theme 1 Theme 2 Theme 3 Theme 4 Development of coastal management method 䠍䠊Seto Inland Sea 2䠊Sanriku coastal sea 3䠊Japan Sea coastal area 䠐䠊Social and Human sciences Decrease of fish catch Recovery from Tsunami-damage Intergovernmental management Economic value of ecosystem service High biodiversity and production Satoumi creation Spillover effect of MPA MPA and fisheries to realize the sustainable coastal sea Control of nutrients concentration Material flux from forest to coastal sea Future forecast of ecosystem Satoumi story for citizen
Theme 5 Synthesis Integrated numerical model development Philosophy for coastal sea management Principal Researcher Measures for establishment of sustainable coastal sea area International EMECS Center Integrated model as a support tool for policy makers
Professor Emeritus Integrated Coastal Sea Kyushu University Model visualization Tetsuo Yanagi Environmental Policy 1.5 million US$/year Committee䠄Three types䠅
Realize clean, productive and prosperous coastal sea (Satoumi) Global dissemination 14
Theme 5 and Synthesis 䞉Integrated numerical model Quantification of Satoumi 䞉Integrated Coastal (Trans-disciplinary study) Management
Coastal management Coastal management Coastal management Small scale䠖localяregionalяnational Middle scale䠖regionalяnational Large scale䠖international Shizukawa Bay Monitoring of Theme 2: Sanriku䠄Shizukawa Theme 3: Japan Sea 䠄small, open) Theme 1: Seto Inland Sea material cycling 䞉 Tsushima Current Bay) 䞉nutrient concentration Environmental monitoring 䞉Monitoring of 䞉primary production and 䞉Adjustment to global change sea grass/algae transfer efficiency 䞉Design MPA Toyama Bay 䞉carrying capacity of 䞉tidal flats and 䠄middle, open䠅 aquaculture sea-grass beds 䞉material transport from forest to coastal sea Small,open, Oyashio and Kuroshio 䞉committee for management Seto Inland Sea raftяbay bayяcurrent Ago, Sukumo, 䠄connected, enclosed䠅 Three-steps Economic value of Shidukawa Bay Forest, farm Three-degrees Ohunato management tidal flats and sea- Three-steps management Bays and coastal grass bed management sea Cost performance of monitoring Small, enclosed, connected, Land Theme 4: Social and human Tokyo, sciences Seto Inland Sea Ise 䞉cost of satoumi management Bays 䞉economic and cultural evaluation of ecosystem services Middle, open, Tsushima Current 䞉Sustainability of satoumi Karatsu, 䞉Negotiation of fisheries for MPA Toyama Bay Wakasa Bays Sato-Umi 䠉A new concept for coastal sea Satoumi management䠉 1.Introduction 2.Mankind and coastal sea 2.1 Richness of the coastal sea • Coastal Sea with high biodiversity and 2.2 Crisis of the coastal sea 3. Mankind and the forest productivity under human interaction 3.1 Sato-Yama 4. Sato-Umi 4.1 Concept of Sato-Umi 4.2 Harvest of sea-glass bed (Yanagi, 1998, 2006) 4.3 New technology 4.4 Stock enhancement and fish culture 4.5 Sea farming 4.6 Fish resources management 5. Environmental ethics 5.1 Environmental ethics and Commons Terra Scientific Publishing 5.2 Preservation and Conservation Company 5.3 Environmental education 2007 6. Concluding remarks 15
Satoumi: Japanese Commons in the The first mission of S13 project Coastal Sea • Quantitative definition of “Clean and Productive Coastal Sea”.
12 examples of satoumi creation by Japanese fishermen and international activities on Satoumi creation are introduced
published in 2012 from Springer Clean and productive 䠙 moderate transparency and high fish catch Effect of Transfer Efficiency
Clean and productive
Too clean and Dirty and non-productive Shizukawa Bay non-productive Toyama Bay Seto Iland Sea
Diaz, 2001 Nixon(1988) TRANSPARENCY 16
Yanagi䠄1988) 䛫䛸䛖䛱䝛䝑䝖 m 9 8 First conclusion 7 Relationship between 6 transparency and fish catch 5 4 in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan • Productive coastal sea depends on Primary 3 2 Production and Transfer efficiency. 1 0 196419641 3 5 7 9 111315171921232527293133353739414319871987 20082008
Transparency in the Seto Inland Sea䠄red䠖5 year-running mean䠅 103ton/year 400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 19641964 19841984 20082008
Fish catch in the Seto Inland Sea䠄red䠖5 year-running mean䠅 103ton/year Hysteresis of fish catch
1984 eutrophication䠖plankton feeder increase Hysteresis of average TL(Trophic Level) of caught fish oligotrophication䠖fish feeder increase eutrophication long life merit
Multi solution (one transparency-double fish catches) 1966 oligotrophication oligotrophication 1)hypoxia benthos decreaseїdetritus food chain decrease Average TL 2)eutrophication䞊tidal flats䠄50%䠅䞉sea-grass beds 2006 (65%) m fish resources reproduction decrease 3)Jelly fish increase䞊zooplankton decrease 䚹䚹䚹 eutrophication Transparency and fish catch in the Seto Inland Sea䠄5year running mean䠅
Fish catch (1000 ton) Tanda et al.(2015䠅
TL decrease in 2004-2012 䠉 decrease of sword-fish (TL=4.0) catch 17
Chl.a and transparency in the Seto Eutrophication Oligotrophication F3 F3 Inland Sea, 2000 F2 F2 F1 m F1 20 Z Z P P
15 Remained phytoplankton їHypoxia їDecrease of detritus food chain Mortality of zooplankton’s eggs 䡕=0.036x2-0.857x+8.542 10
6m 5
4.5 ʅŐ/L
0 02468101214ʅŐ/L ϰ͘ϱʅŐͬ> Uye and Shibuno (1992䠅 mg/l TN 0.50 transparency䠖Chl.a䠄SS䚸CDOM)䠉nutrients m 0.40 Tr 9 0.30 8 In the case of eutrophication problems, 0.20 7 0.10 6 0.00 5 we firstly try to achieve the target by 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 1973 1990 2008 4 3 Beginning of load reduction decreasing TN and TP loads 2 mg/l TP 1 0.040 0 196419641 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 211987 231987 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 20082008
0.020
0.000 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 1973 1990 2008 Beginning of load reduction • The results are not definitive!
mg/L mg/L 0.340 0.033 䠍䠕䠓䠓 TP 䠍䠕䠓䠓 TN 0.031 䠍䠕䠔䠓 0.029 0.290 0.027 䠍䠕䠔䠓 䠎䠌䠍䠐 0.025 0.240 䠎䠌䠍䠌 0.023 䠎䠌䠍䠌 0.021 䠎䠌䠍䠐 0.190 0.019 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 m 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 m
6 m transparency corresponds to 0.28 mg/L TN and 0.027 mg/L TP. 18
Hysteresis in the world The reasons
• Transparency, TN and TP concentrations depend on the bio-elements circulation in the coastal ecosystem, • which depends on not only nutrients load but Netherland Germany also environmental conditions such as water temperature, current system, tidal flat and sea grass areas where higher trophic biota spawn, grow, eat, hide ….and so on. They differ between eutrophication and oligotrophication periods.
Denmark Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea
Duarte et al. (2009) • We need more study! Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea Next mission: what is prosperous and sustainable coastal sea? Satoumi Creation
clean, productive and prosperous Integrated Sustainability Index in Shizukawa Bay Committee coastal sea 㟈⅏๓ ⌧ᅾ ᑗ᮶ Nutrient TN䠄mg/L䠅 Fish food culture 0.1 2009 Now 2020 Economic and cultural evaluation of Price of fish Ecosystem services Related industriesỈᥭ䛢㧗䠄༓/⤒Ⴀయ䠅 ᗏᒙDO᭱ప್䠄mg/L䠅 Fish catch 䠄䜹䜻䠇䝽䜹䝯䠅 300 6.0 Lowest bottom DO Fish culture Decrease䞉increase, land-cover Sea-grass beds MPA Transparency, DO Primary Loads production TP䞉TN harvest 䠖Monitoring Shallow area Sand-cover Ỉᥭ䛢㔞䠄䝖䞁/⤒Ⴀయ䠅 Ỉᥭ䛢㔞䠄䝖䞁䠅 population 5 rehabilitation 䠄䜹䜻䠇䝽䜹䝯䠅 3,000 䠖 Driver Release from the bottom Theme 2 +Theme䠐䠖 䠖Management 200,000 (economic and cultural index) C/B assessment Deepening Ỉᥭ䛢㧗䠄༓䠅 income modelling Open ocean Discussion in the Committee PDCA cycle, adaptive management 19
Integrated numerical model䠄land䠇sea, natural 䠇social sciences) 㻰㻻㻌㼐㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼎㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼎㼛㼠㼠㼛㼙㻌㼘㼍㼥㼑㼞㻌㼛㼒㻌㻿㼔㼕㼦㼡㼗㼍㼣㼍 㻮㼍㼥
Before Tsunami(2009.9.15䠅 present䠄2014.9.15䠅 Air
drop denitrification land flush coastal sea Land use䞉prevention open ocean
load Material cycling䞉ecosystem of disaster variability biodiversity䞉productivity
population䞉industry boundary Physical chemical biological 㹂㹍 㹂㹍 >PJ/@ >PJ/@ processes Coast-sea Coastal-open Integrated Coupled with JCOPE2 sink release NP NP bottom sedimentation Air-coastal sea-bottom No hypoxia Boundary condition Less than 4mg/L in the bay head ASC addmition Shizukawa model䠖aquaculture䠄oyster䞉scallop䞉sea algae䞉salmon䠅environmental capacity Toyama Bay model: change of Tsushima Warm Current and load from land Hypoxia in the bay during summer disappeared by the reduction of cultured oyster by 1/3. Seto Inland Sea model䠖load and nutrients concentration, increase of fish resources Chl.a䠄Ave. in May䠅
Integrated Coastal Management and Satoumi 6.3 Integrated Numerical Model of Toyama Bay (X.Guo) –Restoring Japanese estuaries and bays– 6.4 Integrated Numerical Model of the Seto Inland Sea (T.Yanagi) 7. ICM in EU, USA and Japan ( P.Prouzet ) Ed, by T,Yanagi Eel-grass bed increase by 3 times 8. Conclusions (T.Yanagi) present 1. Introduction (T.Yanagi) 8.1 Integrated Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea 1.1 Satoumi 8.2 Socio-Economic and Cultural Issues 1.2 EBM, CBM, MSP, ICM and Satoumi 1.3 Clean, Bountiful and Prosperous Coastal Sea 2. Sustainability of Aquaculture 2.1 Damage and Recovery of Seaweed/algae Beds in Shizukawa Bay by the Huge Tsunami (T.Komatsu) 2018.11䠖draft sending, 2.2 Nutrients Transport from Forest to Coastal Sea (S.Montani) 2019.5䠖publish 2.3 Fe Transport from Forest to Coastal Sea (T.Yoshimura) 2.4 Organic Matter Transport from Forest to Coastal Sea (O.Nishimura) 2.5 Carrying Capacity of Oyster and Kelp Culture in Shizukawa Bay (T.Komatsu) 3. Management of Nutrient Concentration 3.1 Transparency and Primary Production (W.Nishijima) 3.2 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycling in Tidal Flat and Eel-grass Bed (K.Tada) 3.3 Fish Production and Their Conservation in the Seto Inland Sea 䠄Tomiyama et al.) 3.4 Management of Nadas and Bays in the Seto Inland Sea (W.Nishijima) 4. International Environmental Management of the Coastal Sea 4.1 Forecast of Water Temperature, Salinity and Currents in the Japan Sea (N.Hirose) 4.2 Forecast of Nutrient Concentration and Primary Production in the Japan Sea (A.Morimoto) 4.3 Design of Marine Protected Areas in the Japan Sea (X.Guo) 4.4 Environmental Management of Toyama Bay (Z.Zhang) 4.5 Multi-phase Environmental Management of the Japan Sea (T.Yoshida) 5. Environmental Economics, Culture and Negotiation in the Coastal Sea 5.1 Evaluation of Ecosystem Service of the Coastal Sea and ICM (K.Nakagami) 5.2 Development of Fish Food Culture (T.Innami) 5.3 Marine Protected Areas Designation and Consensus Building with Fishery Sectors (S.Seino) 5.4 Multi-stage Management System of the Coastal Sea (T.Hidaka) 6. Integrated Numerical Model of the Coastal Area 6.1 Development of Integrated Numerical Model of the Coastal Area (T.Yanagi) 6.2 Integrated Numerical Model of Shizukawa Bay (T.Yanagi)
Elsevier 20 Chl.a concentration in summer 2/16 0DQDJHPHQWRIWKH(FRV\VWHP Distribution of current Chlorophyll a concentration in summer Chl.a (μg l-1) in summer LQWKH6HWR,QODQG6HD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hiroshima Bay Osaka Bay
Tokyo Bay -1 Chl.a: 3.6r6.4 Pg l 1,380 km2 The Seto Inland Sea 38.6 m depth -1 Wataru Nishijima*, Akira Umehara, Satoshi Nakai 23,200 km² Chl.a: 28.9r13.0 Pg l (Hiroshima Univ.) Tetsuji Okuda (Ryukoku Univ.) Kuninao Tada (Kagawa Univ.) Ise Bay 2,342 km2 Tokyo Bay and Ise Bay: 2006-2015 Summer 16.8 m depth +LURVKLPD8QLYHUVLW\ Seto Inland Sea: 2003-2012 Summer -1
21 Chl.a: 12.6r8.6 Pg l
How to manage these waters 3/16 Condition in the Seto Inland Sea 4/16
1400 T-N 1200 N&P load )
• Ministry of the Environment has implemented The -1 T-P(×10) 1000 Predatory fish Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS) since 800 600 1979 to reduce COD and T-N&T-P (from 2001) 400 Nutrient load (t d 200 loading. 0 Planktivorous fish 350 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 )
-1 Sardine • Tokyo Bay and Ise Bay are still eutrophic. 300 Red tide occurrence 250 Sand lance 200 Continue to reduce the anthropogenic 150 100 Secondary production nutrient loading 50 Red tide occurrencetide Red (y 0 • Eutrophic area is limited in the Seto Inland Sea 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Fish catch Primary production How to manage?
Nutrients Distribution of Chl.a concentration in summer in 1981-1990 Content 5/16 6/16
Hiroshima Bay Seasonal monitoring data at 270 sites summer • Effects of nutrient reduction on Osaka Bay – prevention of excessive growth of phytoplankton – primary production
• Coastal management – The sea combined with limited eutrophic Chl.a Occupied area < 2 Pg l-1 32.0% areas and wide non-eutrophic areas 2 5 Pg l-1 45.1% Temporal change of Chl.a concentration 510 Pg l-1 13.7% and primary production in each Chl.a group 1020 Pg l-1 4.0% in 1981-1990 was tracked to evaluate > 20 Pg l-1 5.3% effect of nutrient reduction. 22
Temporal change of primary production in summer Temporal change of Chl.a in summer 7/16 8/16 Relationship between Chl.a and secondary production Seasonal primary production 9/16 10/16 23
Need to control phytoplankton growth in summer near the coast 11/16 Ecological approach 12/16
Salinity Zostera marina is a typical eelgrass Nutrient reduction still needs to prevent excessive growth of Uptake of nutrients by eelgrass can reduce nutrients available to phytoplankton. phytoplankton near the coast. How to solve it? Spring to Summer Autumn to Winter Excess reduction of nutrients from N,P land has a risk of reducing the N,P productivities in the whole Seto Inland Sea. Mean Chl.a concentration in 1981-1990 N,P Uptake nutrients Decline phase in eelgrass Growth phase in eelgrass 900 䠅
-2 800
g m 700 䠄 600 N,P 500 400 Flow out 300 Flow out and release nutrients Red tide occurrence in recent 10 years 200 100 slowly
Biomasseelgrass of 0 osupport production without Data source: Red tide map by Japan Fisheries Agency Setonaikai Fisheries Cooperation Office Month excessive growth of phytoplankton Impact of nutrient uptake by eelgrass in Hiroshima Bay 13/16 Distribution of Chl.a concentration in May 14/16
Present Potential habitat estimated In the case that eelgrass exists in all Present (100 ha) 100 ha 370 ha (2.3%) potential habitat (370 ha)
Potential habitat >20% of surface light intensity Sediment property and water flow was not considered 24
Summary and conclusions 15/16 Special thanks 16/16
• The nutrient reduction from land was effective to reduce Chl.a concentration in the areas with high Chl.a concentration in 1980s without decline in Chl.a concentration and primary This study was supported by a grant from production in offshore areas. the Environment Research and Technology • Zostera marina was found to be a suitable plant for nutrient Development Fund of the Ministry of the management of the coastal areas with large freshwater input because the habitat is near the coast and it actively takes Environment, Japan (S-13). nutrients in warm season when excessive phytoplankton growth occurred. Satoumi practice and sciences support Huge tsunami on 11 March 2011 sustainable use of a rias-type bay in southern Sanriku Coast after the huge 14.4m tsunami 2011 Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa, Shigeru Montani (Yokohama College of Commerce) Huge tsunami hit Chihiro Yoshimura, Manabu Fujii, Masafumi Natsuike mainly Sanriku Coast (Tokyo Institute of Technology) Osamu Nishimura, Takashi Sakamaki (Tohoku University) and Tetsuo Yanagi (EMECS Center) 25
Oyster & Ascidian Why did we start to study Shizugawa Bay after the
100 m huge tsunami?
1.5 m
Oyster
5 km
9 䡉㽢8 䡉 1. To develop management methods to realize sustainable aquacultures and sound marine environments in a rias-type bay Oyster culture is the most important aquaculture in 2. To quantify material flows from mountains to the bay through the Shizugawa Bay rivers for evaluating effects of broadleaf tree forestation based on Oyster (Halocynthia roretzi) Ascidian (Halocynthia roretzi) the forests provide dissolved iron to the sea and proposed by a Deployed for all the year fishermen, Mr. Shigeatsu Hatakeyama 㻹㼛㼚㼕㼠㼛㼞㼕㼚㼓㻌㼍㻌㼞㼑㼏㼛㼢㼑㼞㼥㻌㼜㼞㼛㼏㼑㼟㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㼟㼑㼍㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼑㼍㼣㼑㼑㼐㻌 㼎㼑㼐㼟㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㻌㼟㼍㼠㼑㼘㼘㼕㼠㼑㻌㼞㼑㼙㼛㼠㼑㻌㼟㼑㼚㼟㼕㼚㼓
Characteristics of a rias-type bay 1RY )HE -DQ
• Deep sea bottom at the bay mouth • Good water exchange strongly influenced by the open ocean • Small rivers flowing into the bay surrounded 6HDJUDVVEHGV (ha) by the mountains 6HDZHHGEHGV Growing on hard debris Removal of • Active aquacultures 5HFRYHUHGVHDJUDVVEHGV hard debris • Typical small bays around Japan 6HDJUDVVEHGVQRWUHFRYHUHG\HW
Nov. 2009 Feb. 2012 Jan. 2014 26
Visualization of devastated seaweed beds with Sea urchin fisheries to support biodiversity in
2014ᖺ䛛䜙ྛᡤ䛷䜴䝙䛻䜘䜛☾↝䛡䛾Ⓨ⏕satellite remote sensing coastal waters: Satoumi activity Seaweed bed: 2500 (t) Importance of Sargassum horneri Shizugawa 2000 monitoring of a Port 1500 Prefecture transitional ᒾᡭIwate coastal ecosystem 1000 ᐑᇛMiyagi Seaweed bed: 500 Saccharina japonica 0 Devastated seaweed 2000 2005 2010 2015 beds by sea urchins Landing of sea urchins (t) Statistics of agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Seagrass bed
Muddy bottom 1 km Explosive increase in sea urchins due to stop of fisheries
䠄GeoEye-1 shot on 12 Feb. 2015䠅 Trophic cascade West of Tsubaki Island in January 2015 Growth of oysters Temporal changes in aquaculture facilities of oyster and Wet weight of flesh (g/ind) seaweed in Tokura (red) and Shizugawa (blue) areas C-0m D-0m
Shizugawa Branch area Decrease in rafts by 50% B-0m B A A-0m
Oyster Seaweed A-0m C B-0m 㻰㼑㼏㼞㼑㼍㼟㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼞㼍㼒㼠㼟㻌㼎㼥㻌 D C-0m 㻰㼑㼏㼞㼑㼍㼟㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼞㼍㼒㼠㼟㻌㼎㼥㻌 C-8m 㻣㻜㻑 㼕㼚㻌㼀㼛㼗㼡㼞㼍㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻡㻜㻑㻌 Decrease in rafts by 70% D 㻣㻜㻑㻌㼕㼚㻌㼀㼛㼗㼡㼞㼍 Tokura Branch area 㼕㼚㻌㻿㼔㼕㼦㼡㼓㼍㼣㼍 Oysters in Tokura grow better than in Shizugawa
27 Sustainable production and environment S13-2-(2) Organic carbon content in feces and pseudofeces of oyster Overview of standing stocks and fluxes of nutrients in inner area of Shizugawa Bay in October 2015 depending on age DIN from the open sea controls primary production Landing Transfer rate of CC::2 2% 0.6 Increase in growth of oyster due to Microalgae OysterOyster 27 mon diminution of rafts shortens culture POC: 1055 C: 22109109 0.5 Standing PON: 182 N: 494911 duration from more than 18 months stock PP: 25 P: ? 0.4 15 mon to more than 10 months (mg/m2) Primary Increase in flesh of oyster䠄>20g/ind䠅 pproduproductivityoduuctivituctivi 0.3 C: +1058100558 Regeneration Flux (mg/mm2/d) rate of urinurine N: + 16816168 DIN: +1+1.6.6 /g-dw/hr)
2 P: + 26 0.2 3mon +: into the system DIP: +0.2 -: out from the system Water SuspendedSuspendeS d Nutrientsts exchangeexchanganggege 0.1 DIN: 184
(mg-O particlesp DIN: +54.5544.5 Diminution of rafts DIP: 73 DIP: +0.40.4 feces and pseudofeces and feces 0 SedimentationSSeedidimentamme DSi: 9792 Infloww fromfrom rivers C:C: -12451212454 DSi: +1599 Oxygen consumption rate of consumption rate Oxygen 5.0 6.0 7.0 combining increase in DIN: ++8.1 N:N: -1671616767 FecesFeces andand productivity of oyster DIP: +0+0.20 2 P: -29 pseudofecesppseu Organic carbon content in feces and pseudofeces (%) DSi: +55.1 Regeneration rate Macroalgae etc. DIN:DIN: ++0.080.08 Increase in oxygen consumption rate due to with decrease in DIP: +0.002 increase in organic carbon content in feces environmental load and pseudofeces through decrease in DIN from the rivers is a quarter of that from the open sea assimilation rate by aging 11 DIN from oyster is 7% of its standing stock in the bay head 㻻㼢㼑㼞㼢㼕㼑㼣㻌㼛㼒㻌㼟㼠㼍㼚㼐㼕㼚㼓㻌㼟㼠㼛㼏㼗㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼒㼘㼡㼤㻌㼛㼒㻌㻲㼑㻌㼕㼚㻌㼕㼚㼚㼑㼞㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㻌㼛㼒㻌㻿㼔㼕㼦㼡㼓㼍㼣㼍㻌 㻮㼍㼥㻌㼕㼚㻌㻻㼏㼠㼛㼎㼑㼞㻌㻞㻜㻝㻠 Prediction of marine environments in Shizugawa Bay Flux of Fe from the river is negligible by using ecological simulation relative to that from the open sea
With freshwater from land Co-design with fishermen, administrators of Minami- To the bay 0.28 kg/d 0.03 kg/d Phytoplankton Sanriku Town and Miyagi Prefecture and us Sedimentation 4.8 kg* in estuaries እὒ 0.25 kg/d Intake of Fe Prediction䠖 1.4 kg/d To the open sea River discharge supply 1.14 kg/d Number of rafts and their deployment, and land use Dissolved Fe including forests for examining sustainable fisheries to 22% of Fe for Fe required 85 kg by phytoplanktons harmonizing healthy marine environments To the bay 6.41 kg/d Forests are not ? 䠛䠛 definitive for dissolved Fe supply to the sea 28 3UHGLFWLRQRILQRUJDQLFQLWURJHQ Co-design: discussion for developing an 17,WVGLVWULEXWLRQVLQ0DUFKGHSHQGLQJRQ ecological model of Shizugawa Bay on 14 July VFHQDULRV Case 䠎䠉䠍 Case 䠎䠉䠎
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ডढ़ওጮ॑చघॊपणोथ ൔभಽ',1෯২ऋಊ Case 䠎䠉䠏 Case 䠎䠉䠐
Discussion among Minamisanriku Town, Shizugawa Bay Management Committee of Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative to explore the number of rafts and deployment for sustainable aquaculture and Dissolved inorganic nitrogen content increase by reduction of healthy marine environments wakame culture rafts 3UHGLFWLRQRILQFRPHV The first council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay E\ZDNDPHFXOWXUHGHSHQGLQJRQVFHQDULRVढ़य़ؚডढ़ওു༢ੑટ 16 ডढ़ওു༢भઽஇभ৲ 㸯㸬Date 30 April 2015
༓ ᖺ ༓Incomeྎ ᖺ per raft (thousand yen/yr) 㸰㸬Place Public hall of Shizugawa Town / Total䝽䜹䝯㣴Ṫ income ⥲┈䠄ᚿὠᕝᆅ༊ (thousand yen/yr) ‴ዟ㒊䠅 / / 䝽䜹䝯⟁䠍ྎᙜ䛯䜚┈䠄ᚿὠᕝᆅ༊ ‴ዟ㒊䠅 30.0 26.0 10,134.0 9,945.2 㸱㸬Organizer Committee for examination of future Shizugawa Bay 10,000.0 20.0 17.7 㸲㸬Participants㸸 16 fishermen, 3 cooperative officers, 3 Miyagi Prefecture 6,505.7 15.0 officers, 2 Minami Sanriku Town officers, 1 journalist, 1 WWF officer and 5,000.0 8.8 2,958.5 10.0 10 researchers 㸳㸬Objective Introduction of project of Shizugawa Bay Research and 0.0 0.0 䜿䞊䝇䠎䠄⌧ᅾ䠅䜿䞊䝇䠎䠉䠍 䜿䞊䝇䠏䠉䠍 䠎䠉䠎 䜿䞊䝇䠏䠉䠎 䠎䠉䠏 䜿䞊䝇䠏䠉䠏 䠎䠉䠐 䜿䞊䝇䠎䠄⌧ᅾ䠅䜿䞊䝇䠎䠉䠍 䜿䞊䝇䠏䠉䠍 䠎䠉䠎 䜿䞊䝇䠏䠉䠎 䠎䠉䠏 䜿䞊䝇䠏䠉䠏 䠎䠉䠐 䠄⌧ᅾ䠅 䠄⟁䠎䠑䠂๐ῶ䠅⟁䠎䠑䠂๐ῶ 䠄⟁䠑䠌䠂๐ῶ䠅 ⟁䠑䠌䠂๐ῶ 䠄⟁䠓䠑䠂๐ῶ䠅 ⟁䠓䠑䠂๐ῶ 䠄⌧ᅾ䠅 䠄⟁䠎䠑䠂๐ῶ䠅⟁䠎䠑䠂๐ῶ 䠄⟁䠑䠌䠂๐ῶ䠅 ⟁䠑䠌䠂๐ῶ 䠄⟁䠓䠑䠂๐ῶ䠅 ⟁䠓䠑䠂๐ῶ discussion on the research results and environments of Shizugawa Bay in the future.
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؛ਊञॉभ৽ાमَؚଗਨୠു༢୮௪উট४ख़ॡॺੑછُभ৽ા॑੪पੑڭ৽৬ਊञॉؚጮڭ ؛ছইभઽஇमؚ๐ऑৈٕే৽ા॑୷खਬःञुभदँॊॢ 29
Co-design, co-production, co-delivery S13-2 Shizugawa Bay as a new Ramsar site Official registration of the sites under the Ramsar Convention, 䠳䠳䠢 Co-production with Fishermen’s Cooperative and or Convention of Wetlands on 18 October 2018
Shizugawa Bay, characterized by its steep, rocky coastline, is home to more than 500 species of marine creatures that live on abundant seaweeds and seagrass. Brent geese, designated as a natural monument of Japan, spend the winter there. Our mapping results served to registration of the site
㻼㼞㼛㼢㼕㼐㼕㼚㼓㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㻌㼐㼍㼠㼍㻌㼛㼏㼏㼡㼜㼕㼑㼐㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㻌㼞㼍㼒㼠㼟㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼍㼏㼝㼡㼕㼟㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻭㻿㻯㻌㼏㼑㼞㼠㼕㼒㼕㼏㼍㼠㼑㻌㼠㼔㼍㼠㻌㼜㼞㼛㼢㼑㼟㻌 㼟㼡㼟㼠㼍㼕㼚㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㼍㼝㼡㼍㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼑㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼞㼑㼟㼜㼑㼏㼠㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼔㼑㼍㼘㼠㼔㼥㻌㼑㼚㼢㼕㼞㼛㼚㼙㼑㼚㼠㼟㻌 Sato-umi practices with eco-labelling Thank you for your attention! FSC certification intends to promote ° °»µ®¦Î ´ªµ¤Ä °» environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC certification March 2014
Ramsar Wetland registration October 2018 Prosperous Satoumi villages with healthy coastal sea with high biodiversity and productivity, and sound marine Link from the forest to the sea environments through an ecotone such as ASC certification http://www.jarl- seaweed beds April 2016 chiba.com/2009/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%B1%80%E9%95%B7/%E8%8A%B120.htm 30 Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan: S 13 How to manage coastal area in Japan Sea? LAND OCEAN INTEGRATED
Winter MANAGEMENT OF TOYAMA BAY cooling IN THE INTERNATIONAL SEMI Tsushima Current
ENCLOSED SEA, JAPAN SEA River discharge
Kuroshio Current TWC Global TakafumiYOSHIDA and Jing ZHANG (Northwest Pacific Environmental Cooperation Center) Environmental change in ECS warming Akihiko MORIMOTO and Ryota SHIBANO (Ehime University) Naoki HIROSE and Katsumi TAKAYAMA (Kyushu University) Identification of the two impacts on environment of JS Xinyu GUO, Yucheng WANG and Takashi MANO (Ehime University)
EMECS 12 Physical, chemical and biological environment of JS 4 8 November 2018 2 Pattaya, Thailand is strongly influenced from ECS and global warming 31
Findings from our project Outcome of our project: Three Layer Management in Japan Sea Relation between JS and ECS Impact of global warming Origin of sea water/nutrient in JS? Future Environmental Change of JS? Combination of three different scale management • First layer (Wide scale management) 1950 2000 2050 2100 Target: Global warming, SST Regional environmental change Int’l surveillance networks Spring Summer Autumn Winter DIN • Second layer (Middle scale management)
Japan Sea Target: Tsushima Current Chl a Tsushima Monitoring network Kuroshio • Third layer (Local scale management) Target: Each bay Taiwan C. Land Sea Integrated management Ratio of three different sources of waters in the surface of Japan Sea 3 4 Land Sea Integrated Management in Impact of global warming in Toyama Toyama Bay
Coastal area of Japan Sea is strongly influenced by the impact from the East China Sea Snow Rain in winter 3500 900 3000 How to manage the coastal area? What is an appropriate management method? 800 700 2500 Autumn Characteristics of Toyama Bay: 600 2000 ⛅ 500 ኟSummer Rich fishery resources 400 1500 Spring 300 Rainfall (mm) 1000 Rich groundwater Management Snowfall (cm) 200 Winter Submarine groundwater discharge in land area 100 500 0 0 Very good site for study on land sea integrated management 1977 1973 1957 2017 1953 1997 2013 1981 1961 1993 1985 1965 2001 1989 1969 2005 1975 2009 1970 1955 2015 1985 1945 1950 1995 1965 2010 1980 1940 1990 1960 2005 2000
Decrease of water stock in form of snow in mountain area
Increase of water discharge in winter, decrease of melting water discharge in late spring to summer
5 Decrease of nutrient supply in summer 6 Reduce of production in summer? 32
Social Changes in Toyama Basic concept for land sea integrated management in Toyama Bay
Change of land use (Urbanization) Change of groundwater use How was water circulation changed by GW? How was use of groundwater changed? What are their impacts?
Melting snow
Global warming
Building • Nutrient supply Social changes • Nutrient control •Groundwater • Change of water •Groundwater Decrease of rice paddy Industry circulation management 80000 1977 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 •Change of 70000 groundwater use 60000 Rich water 50000 How to adapt? 40000 resource 30000 20000 10000 Change of water/groundwater circulation 0 How much to contribute to coastal How to reduce the impacts by 1947 1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 7 8 production from land? land area management? New numerical ecosystem model: Impacts of offshore and land sourced waters Combined physical ecosystem model What are offshore and land impacts on the environment of Toyama Bay?
Resolution: x = 1/60 , y = 1/75 , z = 36 layers
DIN ( M) DIP ( M) N/P ratio
Oyabe R. 80.0 5.0 16.0 Water under 32 psu is defined as impacted water from land Shou R. 7.8 2.2 3.5 Jintsu R. 80.0 2.5 32.0 (a) Current vector, (b) DIN, (c) N/P ratio, (d) phytoplankton 10 60 % of Toyama Bay is influenced by land sourced fresh water Jyoganji R. 39.0 2.3 17.0 and (e) zooplankton Environment of Toyama Bay is well balanced by offshore and land 9 10 Kurobe R. 7.8 2.2 3.5 based impacts 33
Impact of sub marine groundwater discharge Quantification of impacts of rivers and SDG
Nutrient input of SGD=Nutrient input of rivers Horizontal 0㹼50m
Horizontal Vertical River+SDG Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Total Vertical
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Difference of DIN in coastal area between
with SDG and without SDG DIN Flax
Simulated chl a (top) and satellite chl a (bottom) SDG has strong contribution to coastal production
May November: 80 90% of nutrient supply is controlled by rivers and SDG
Change of groundwater circulation may cause change of production11 12 Impacts of global warming River basin management: Change of river discharge Forest Satoyama River Ocean Global warming (Ministry of Environment, Japan)
Change of snowfall and snow Climate Social Forest melting change change
Satoyama⾲ᒙ Change of river discharge River Ocean
Groundwater Change of coastal environment
How to adapt to changes using New land ocean management groundwater management? Forest Satoyama River Groundwater Ocean management
14 34
Thank you for your attention
15 Guanabara Bay
N 4,081 km2 Restoration Framework for 384 km2 Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Robert M. Summers, Ph.D. & João Paulo Coimbra EMECS 12 - Pattaya, Thailand - November 5, 2018
2 35
The beautiful Rio de Janeiro The (not so) beautiful Rio de Janeiro
3 6 2016 Summer Olympics and Funds for Ecosystem Restoration The Project In 2009 Rio won the bid to host the 2016 Olympics Overall objectives: Financing from IDB: US$ 452 million • Assess the current conditions of the Bay Past clean-up efforts include the Guanabara Bay Restoration Program (PDBG) • Describe the main threats impacting its health Current restoration effort is the Guanabara Bay’s • Develop a restoration framework Watershed Sanitation Program (PSAM) Assessment based on existing data Goals: Workshops: stakeholder involvement • Help restore water quality in the Bay • Increase WW collection & treatment in the watershed 2 main reports: • Develop institutional improvements - Governance • Diagnostic of the State of the Guanabara Bay The initial intention was to achieve these goals before • Environmental Restoration Plan Framework the Games 9 10 36
Report 1: Diagnostic of the State of Land use in Guanabara Bay the Guanabara Bay Watershed
Rio de Janeiro is world famous for its beautiful sub-tropical Highly urbanized scenery and beaches, but... • 2100 people/ km2 Forest cover in the MRRJ was 27.9% Sewer outfall in Guanabara Bay in 2005 Urban uses close to Bay – Western shore Urbanization rates • 1990 to 2005: 30% growth • Projected growth 2005 to 2020 is 11 much lower (3%) 12 Sanitation in the Guanabara Bay Pathogenic Bacteria Threaten Watershed Public Health
“Potentially pathogenic bacteria are Sewage infrastructure has fallen behind population growth found in higher abundance in the inner bay. Old urban sewage collection systems are not able to handle higher flows The identified bacterial taxa may represent a serious threat to human No system improvements: 1980 and 1990 and animal health. Multidrug resistant bacteria have been Since 1990, the pace of sewage system improvements has increased isolated from GB areas, indicating a due to PDBG and PSAM, but… further threat to human health. PSAM estimates 21% of the The spread of organic matter rich and population is served by sewage Source: Data from 1940 to 2007 is from Coelho 2007 and data for anoxic regions around the Fundão and treatment 2015 was extrapolated using data from SNIS. Governador islands may further • No treatment services for 6.8 million contribute to the dissemination of • Projects are underway to bring that up to 35% by 2018 important pathogenic microbes in the GB.”
Soares-Gomes, A., et al., An environmental overview of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Regional Studies 13 in Marine Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.10.16/j.rsma.2012.01.009 37
Solid Waste in Guanabara Bay Industrial Pollution in Guanabara Bay
2nd largest industrial hub with high concentration in the watershed Poor handling of solid waste Western shore: ~85% • 73% of households have solid Main sectors: Chemical, petrochemical, non-metallic minerals and metallurgical, food waste collection services and beverage, and textile • Estimated that approximately ~20% of organic load and almost the entire toxic load 3,800 tons/day are not collected Industrial pollution regulations are not enforced consistently with sporadic monitoring Illegal dumping • Particularly in waterways • 2015 report: estimated 80-100 tons/day enters Bay Evidence of cultural/ social/ behavioral problems Problems caused by trash: • Visual pollution • Odors • Disease vector • Barrier to recreation and boat traffic, including transportation • Hazard to wildlife The sub-basins that most contribute for industrial organic load according The areas with significant presence of heavy metals. Source: ITPA (n.d.). 14 information from 2000. Source: Pacific Consultants International, 2003. 15 Guanabara Bay Watershed 2013 Conformity Index for Guanabara 2013 Water Quality Index NFS Bay Monitoring Stations
Source: INEA/GEAG, 2014 Source: INEA/GEAG, 2014 16 17 38
Ecosystem Impacts Report 1: State of the Bay
Guanabara Bay ecosystem is overloaded with organic pollution from untreated sewage, wastewater from industries and ships and other sources, trash and other contamination from the land. Plants and animals living in the Bay are severely stressed and populations are not healthy, particularly in the inner parts of the Bay further from the ocean. 19 GB Watershed is also similar to the Why Look at Chesapeake Bay? Baltimore – Washington Metro area
Guanabara Bay and its watershed are much smaller than Chesapeake Bay The watershed is much more densely populated Guanabara Bay is closer to the ocean and better flushed Overlay of Guanabara Basin on But, Chesapeake Bay shares many Upper Chesapeake of the same challenges as Bay Basin Guanabara Bay And, Chesapeake Bay is further along in the restoration process and may provide some helpful insights to benefit the Guanabara Drainage area Pollution sources Bay restoration. Population Water quality problems 20 Dense urbanization 21 39
Comparison to Baltimore – Washington Maryland - Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region Sister - State Agreement Population 1999 – Maryland-Rio de • BWMR – 9.3 million Janeiro Sister-State • RJMR – 8.6 million agreement signed Political 2011 – Memorandum of • BWMR – 2 states, 13 counties Understanding for the and 3 major municipalities establishment of a technical • RJMR – 1 state, 15 cooperation program. municipalities 2013 – Technical Cooperation Sanitation problems Program for Guanabara Bay • BWMR - CSOs & SSOs, $4.8 B sewage/drainage system and Chesapeake Bay restoration underway 2014 – Delegation of State and local government officials from Rio de • RJMR – 70-80% of sewage Janeiro to Chesapeake Bay untreated, major infrastructure development underway 2014 – Delegation of State, local government, academic, business 22 and NGO representatives from CB to GB Critical Factors for Bay Restoration Technical Cooperation Project
Engagement of all citizens Public education at all federal, state and local Restoration plan based on Restoration Plan (KCI) levels government, universities good science • Plan of action, environmental indicators, short-term businesses, NGOs milestones and initial goals of the restoration developed by government, academia and NGOs Everyone held accountable for their actions or lack of Political leaders have signed Governance Model (FBDS) action a formal agreement Critical • Recommended organizational structure to guide the restoration Monitoring of Factors restoration actions Dedicated funding and water quality Report Card (UMCES) • Public “scorecard” for Guanabara Bay to communicate Measurable commitments progress, similar to the Chesapeake Bay Report Card Transparent and regular and deadlines with long- Fair and equitable reporting term and short-term “2-year restoration plan Milestones” 23 25 40
Report 2: GB Restoration Plan Framework GB Restoration Plan Framework
This restoration “plan” is only a framework A) Establish strong governance for the restoration because most of the information and data Adaptive Management needed to make a plan is not available and B)B) RecuperarRestore water qualidade quality das in C) Recuperar habitats da D) Recuperar habitats da C) Restore Basin habitat D) Restore Bay habitat needs to be compiled by the groups Revise Objectives águasrivers da andBaía Bay e rios bacia hidrográfica Baía de Guanabara working together in the new governance Plan 1. sewage collection and organization 1. water security and treatment 1. mangrove restoration and availability Current efforts preservation Performance 2. industrial and port PRA-Baía and gaps to be 2. drainage, runoff and flood 2. fishing activity restoration - A specific restoration plan must be evaluation pollution control filled control 3. Enforcement of 3. anchoring control and developed and updated by Rio’s 3. forest preservation and environmental laws and derelict ship removal universities, agencies and citizens so they restoration regulations 4. Desilting, dredging and have ownership and feel responsible for it. Management 4. land use control removal of contaminated Monitoring 4. solid waste collection and - The majority of the recommended strategy disposal sediments actions in this plan framework are program development and data collection efforts need to support a restoration plan. E) Climate change effects mitigation and adaptation 26 24 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for GB Restoration Plan Framework the Restoration
A) Establish strong governance for the restoration 1) Sign a formal agreement with the federal government to carry out the restoration effort B)B) RecuperarRestore water qualidade quality das in C) Recuperar habitats da D) Recuperar habitats da C) Restore Basin habitat D) Restore Bay habitat Actions needed: águasrivers da andBaía Bay e rios bacia hidrográfica Baía de Guanabara i. Contact the federal Secretary of the Environment to inform him of the plans 1. sewage collection and 1. water security and proposed by the Technical Cooperation. treatment 1. mangrove restoration and availability 2. industrial and port preservation 2. drainage, runoff and flood ii. Request the support of the federal Secretary and participation of the federal pollution control 2. fishing activity restoration control 3. Enforcement of 3. anchoring control and government with the implementation of the plan. 3. forest preservation and environmental laws and derelict ship removal restoration iii. regulations 4. Desilting, dredging and Work with the federal Secretary of the Environment to have the federal 4. land use control 4. solid waste collection and removal of contaminated government formally endorse and support the restoration of the Bay by disposal sediments signing a document similar to the Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983 or President Obama’s Executive Order issued in 2009 directing the federal agencies to participate in the development and implementation of the E) Climate change effects mitigation and adaptation restoration plan for Chesapeake Bay. 25 26 41 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for the Restoration the Restoration 3) Establish and staff the Guanabara Bay governance structure 2) Host Guanabara Bay Restoration Summit Actions needed: i. Work with Mayors and federal officials following the summit to build support Actions needed: for the legislation and funding to implement the governance structure. i. The State and federal Secretaries of the Environment together should host a ii. Governor and legislature of Rio, federal government and municipalities summit of all of the Mayors of the municipalities of the Guanabara Bay Basin should lead by example and put initial funding in place to begin hiring of staff to gain their support for the restoration and sign an agreement to work of the Centro. together. iii. Identify strong leaders at federal, state and local level to be appointed to the Conselhos. iv. Ensure that all stakeholders and citizens have the opportunity to participate in selection of the Conselho members. v. Seek additional funding from federal, state and local governments and the private sector. 27 28 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and the Restoration Bay
3) Establish and staff the Guanabara Bay governance structure 1. Sewage collection and treatment Appoint the members of the Conselho Fiscal and the Conselho Short- Administração, hire the Executive Director and staff of the Centro term Integrado de Gestão da Baía de Guanabara. 2. Industrial and port pollution control Evaluate ongoing actions and enhance the restoration plan to achieve Medium- the initial goals and establish new goals, milestones and actions term 3. Enforcement of environmental laws and regulations needed to strengthen the restoration effort.
4. solid waste collection and disposal
29 42
Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay
1) Sewage collection and treatment a) Renovate existing and build new sewage collection and 1) Sewage collection and treatment treatment systems a) Renovate existing and build new sewage collection and Actions needed: treatment systems i. Continue to design and construct IDB funded sewage collection system and treatment plant upgrades. Short- Connect 60% of all households ii. Restore full operation of existing treatment plants by repairing and replacing term parts that have fallen into disrepair (this was a major finding and Medium- Connect 80% of all households recommendation of the JICA ex-post evaluation of the PDBG). term iii. Identify opportunities to collect sewage from existing conveyances (including Long- Connect 95% of all households ditches and rivers), design and build systems to pipe the heavily polluted term sewage/river water for treatment at the nearest sewage treatment plant iv. Continue working with municipalities to develop sanitation plans and seek funding for implementation 31 32 Goal: B) Restore Water Quality in Rivers and Bay Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay 1) Sewage collection and treatment
1) Sewage collection and treatment a) Renovate existing and build new sewage collection and Short term goal is to increase to 60% the treatment systems population served with Metric number of households, number connected, % connected sewage treatment in the Guanabara Basin by 2020 Grouping by municipality, by river basin, by treatment plant Graphic simple grouped, side by side bar graphs of current values and goal Population with sewage Maps sewerage basins showing connections an coverage areas treatment Information INEA, CEDAE, Águas de Niterói, SNIS, PSAM summary of municipal source plans 100
% 50
0 2016 2020 2025 2032
33 34 43
Goal: B) Restore Water Quality in Rivers and Bay Goal: B) Restore Water Quality in Rivers and Bay 1) Sewage collection and treatment 1) Sewage collection and treatment
Medium term goal is to Long term goal is to increase to 80% the increase to 95% the population served with population served with sewage treatment in the sewage treatment in the Guanabara Basin by Guanabara Basin by 2032 2025
Population with sewage Population with sewage treatment treatment
100 100 80 80 60 60 % % 40 40 20 20 0 0 2016 2020 2025 2032 2016 2020 2025 2032
35 36 C) Restore Basin Habitat C) Restore Basin habitat Drainage, runoff and flood control
1. Water security and availability
2. Drainage, runoff and flood control
Floods in the Baixada Fluminense. Source: Photos: R. Summers 3. Forest preservation and restoration http://projetoiguacupaclotexv.blogspot.com.br/. Public health
4. Land use control Safety
Water contamination
Economic impacts 38 44 C) Restore Basin Habitat C) Restore Basin Habitat Drainage, runoff and flood control Drainage, runoff and flood control
Flooding before Reduction in flooding implementation of the after implementation of Iguaçu Project the Iguaçu Project interventions interventions
Source: Master Plan for Water Resources of the Iguaçu-Sarapuí River Basin - Final Report, 1996. Source: Master Plan for Water Resources of the Iguaçu-Sarapuí River Basin - Final Report, 1996. 39 40 C) Restore Basin habitat C) Restore Basin habitat 2. Drainage, runoff and flood control 2. Drainage, runoff and flood control Review the status of the Nova Iguaçu Project to determine what has Short- worked, not worked and why; complete as mush of the project as Actions needed: term possible i. Convene a special committee including as many of the agencies and other Compile maps of flood risk areas and estimate the population at risk in participants of the Nova Iguaçu Project as possible to review the project, each area; provide environmental flood risk education for citizens and identify best practices and develop a strategy to complete the project. develop a flood warning system to alert citizens when flooding is ii. Work with key agencies and other participants to develop a project plan and expected that will affect them. obtain funding to complete it. Complete flood studies for areas that present the highest risk, using the Project Nova Iguaçu example; ensure full engagement of communities iii. Develop a plan to expand the work to other priority areas. Medium in the identification and design of control measures; initiate projects to . -term restore flood plains, design and begin construction of polders for flood storage where necessary Long- In consultation with citizens, complete high priority flood projects, term including relocation of highest risk homes and businesses.
41 42 45
C) Restore Basin habitat C) Restore Bay habitat
2. Drainage, runoff and flood control Metric - Area with flood control, 1. Mangrove restoration and preservation - Reduction in flood-days Grouping Sub-basin, basin, municipalities 2. Fishing activity restoration Graphic Bar graph of reduction in flood-days Maps: Risk rating in vulnerable areas - color code showing intensity and 3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal occurrence of floods by sub-basins, areas with structural interventions Information INEA, Universities 4. Desilting, dredging and removal of contaminated sediments source
43 Anchoring control and derelict ship removal C) Restore Bay habitat
Prevents navigation Siltation 3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal Water contamination Actions needed: Spills i. Convene meeting of agencies responsible for monitoring, inspection and Public health protection and safety enforcement of pollution from ships to clarify roles and responsibilities and Photo: Joao Coimbra coordinate inspection and enforcement activities. ii. Review anchoring areas and develop a plan to reduce the area occupied and limit the number of ships using the Bay for anchorage at any one time iii. Issue a contract for a survey of abandoned ships and development of a plan for removal
Anchoring Abandoned Priority areas areas ships for clean up Fonte: Frega & Muniz, n.d. 45 46 46
C) Restore Bay habitat C) Restore Bay habitat
3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal - Remove derelict ships presenting environmental risks Metric Number of ships removed 3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal Bay area cleared Short- Establish pollution control requirements for ships and coordinate Grouping Bay as a whole, regions of Bay term enforcement agencies to ensure requirements are kept Graphs Bar graphs of ships removed, area cleared, critical areas cleared Review anchoring areas to ensure that they are a small as possible to Maps Location of vessels to be removed, areas cleared preserve open areas of the Bay – establish strong anchoring Information INEA, DPC-MB, CPRJ regulations and enforcement sources Medium- Survey and map areas of abandoned ships, select priority areas for term restoration, develop plan and schedule for removal Long- Begin removal of abandoned ships in highest priority areas term
Source: Project to remove ships and dredge São Lourenço Channel in Niterói Source: ASCOM / SEA, 2013.
47 48 Report card website guanabarabay.ecoreportcard.org
FIM
OBRIGADO! 47 EMECS12 ICM and Satoumi Special Session/05 November, 2018 Research topics and four Research groups Venue: Jomtien Palm Beach hotel PATTAYA,Thailand Topic 4 Propose economic assessment and integrated coastal management model for ecosystem services in coastal seas Topic leader: Kenichi Nakagami (Professor, Ritsumeikan University)
An ecosystem servicesrviceses-basedbaseda assessment for Satoo-umi (1) (2) (3) (4) Economic Proposed three- Discovery, Coordination of assessment of stage management construction and fishery activities in E.Prof.Dr.NAKAGAMI Ken’ichi, (Ritsumeikan University, [email protected]) ecosystem services method passing on of stories the Tsushima and A.Prof.Dr.UEHARA Takuro, (Ritsumeikan University, [email protected]) that connect public Goto marine Prof.Dr.OBATA Norio, (Ritsumeikan University, [email protected]) Ritsumeikan University Kinki University with coastal seas protected areas Prof.Dr.TAKAO Katsuki , (Ritsumeikan University, [email protected]) Prof.NAKAGAMI Prof.HIDAKA Aichi University Kyushu University A.Prof.Dr.SAKURAI Ryo, (Ritsumeikan University, [email protected]) Prof.INNAMI A.Prof.SEINO A.Prof.Dr. OTA Takahiro, (Nagaski University, [email protected] ) Dr. YOSHIOKA Taisuke, ,(Ritsumeikan University, [email protected]),
1 2 48
a) Review of coastal zone development project:We compile basic data on coastal zones and conduct an opinion survey for the members of the fisheries cooperative in the Hinase district, Nanao Bay and Shizugawa Bay regarding the sustainability of fisheries operations. We conducted an interindustry analysis for the effect on the local economy, primarily with regard to fisheries operations. b) Valuation of Ecosystem services: We conducted an online survey to measure the economic value of ecosystem services for residents living in the coastal areas of the Seto Inland Sea, in Shizugawa Bay and in the coastal areas of Nanao Bay. We also measured and selected the ecosystem services to be assessed and studied scenarios for the use of the Stated Preferences method. c) Costanza method (Benefit transfer): We conducted an economic value assessment of coastal zones in Japan based on the Costanza method and compiled a database and applied the results of the assessment to tidal flats. d) Sustainability assessment: We refined the sustainability assessments for the purpose of application to the Seto Inland Sea and conducted a scenario analysis. We put together a manual on dynamic sustainability assessment methods and apply it to Shizugawa Bay, the Hinase district and Nanao Bay. We also conducted a survey of environmental education using eelgrass, centering on the participant observation method, at Hinase Junior High School in the Hinase district of Bizen City, Okayama Prefecture, and assessed the significance of and measured the effectiveness of environmental education by questioning the students and so on. 3 4 Satoumi based regional sustainability assessment framework for ICZM
Two projects presented in this presentation.
Satoumi based regional sustainability assessment framework for ICZM
Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM
5 6 49
Satoumi based regional sustainability assessment framework for ICZM Satoumi based regional sustainability assessment framework for ICZM
Schematic of the proposed framework
㻿㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㻦㻌㼁㼑㼔㼍㼞㼍㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻹㼕㼚㼑㼛 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕 㻸㼛㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㼟㼠㼡㼐㼥㻌㼟㼕㼠㼑㻦㻌㼀㼔㼑㻌㻿㼑㼠㼛 㻵㼚㼘㼍㼚㼐㻌㻿㼑㼍㻌㻔㻿㻵㻿㻕㻚 7 8 Satoumi based regional sustainability assessment framework for ICZM Satoumi based regional sustainability assessment framework for ICZM
㻯㼔㼍㼚㼓㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻵㼃㻵 㻯㼔㼍㼚㼓㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼏㼛㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻵㼃㻵 㻿㼠㼛㼏㼗㻌㼕㼚㼐㼕㼏㼍㼠㼛㼞㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼠㼔㼑㼕㼞㻌㼜㼛㼠㼑㼚㼠㼕㼍㼘㻌㼐㼍㼠㼍㻌㼍㼢㼍㼕㼘㼍㼎㼕㼘㼕㼠㼥㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻿㻵㻿 㻿㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㻦㻌㼁㼑㼔㼍㼞㼍㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻹㼕㼚㼑㼛 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕
㻿㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㻦㻌㼁㼑㼔㼍㼞㼍㻌㼑㼠㻌㼍㼘㻚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕 9 10 50
Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM
Framework
Source: Nakagami et al. (2018)
11 1212 Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM
https://www.env.go.jp/water/heisa/https://www.ww envv.go.jp/wa/ ter/heisa/ https://www.env.go.jp/water/heisa/hhtthttttps:psps //www.ww env.gogogo.jp.jjjpp/water/heisaisasa/h/h heiheisa_net/waters/sizugawawan.htmsa_sa net/waters/ss izugawg awaan.htm eiseeieisa_net/waters/nanaowan.htmlisisa_na_a_ et/waters/na/nnanannanaoa wan.html l
Source: Nakagami et al. (2018) www.city.bizen.okayama.jp/kankou/guid https://www.m-kankou.jp/blog http://www.city.nanao.lg.jp/furusato/ e/hinase/index.html kurashi/hoken/furusatonozei/tsukaim 13 /wataru_we/15465/ 14 ichi.html 51
Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM
Step.1 State Step.2 Ability
Source: Nakagami et al. (2018) Source: Nakagami et al. (2018) 15 16 Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM Dynamic Sustainability Assessment Framework for ICZM
Step3. Will
Comprehensive assessment of three areas
Source: Nakagami et al. (2018) Source: Nakagami et al. (2018)
17 18 52
Thank you very much for your kind attention
19 Adaptive Technology for Climate Change and the Environment
Improvement of Production and Food Sufficiencycy
53 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 1 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 2
Area Statistics Value Marine area 2,915,000 km² Shelf area 1,847,700 km² Coastline 95,181 km Land area 1,826,440 km² Reef area 51,020 km² Mangrove area 42,550 km² Reefs At Risk 82 % Socioeconomic Value Statistics Population 250,000,000 • Indonesia, the world’s largest (BKKBN, 2013) archipelago : 18,000 islands, 17,000 Coastal % islands with 6000 inhabited Population 96 GDP/Capita 3,200, US$ • Covering both the Indian and Pacific 5,181 (IMF,2013) /capita Oceans, Andaman, Java, South China, Sulawesi, Banda and Arafura Seas Fish 31,64 Kg
consumption (Ditjen P2HP, 2011 ) /capita • Ornamental Fish : 253 species
Source : Spalding, M.D., C. Ravilious and E.P. Green (2001) and • Coral : 400 species (57 % of the world) MMF (2006)
EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 3 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 4 Indonesian Brackish Water Pond Area : 1,2 Impact of : Million Ha, but the utilization level only : 37,5 % Land conversion into brackiswater pond, housing, industrial estate,
2% 1% firewood, sand mining, etc. Sumatera
Jawa 20% 35% Nusa Tenggara Indonesia Kalimantan Year 1982 : 5.209.543 ha Year 1992 : 2.496.185 ha (52.08% loss)
23% Sulawesi 14% Maluku Java Papua Year 1985 : loss 70 % 5% Sulawesi : Year 1965 : 110.000 ha Year 1985 : 30.000 ha (7(72.72.7 % losloss)s) 9 Creating new strain of fish adaptive to the environment change : Saline Tilapia 9 Application Technology of the “INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA)” Negative Impact on : • Productivity of the 9 Enrichment biodiversity (product brackishwater LOW (Decrease) Fisheries Resources Restocking,tocking, diversification) Diversity Degradation 9 Mangrove reforestation MMonokulture of Shrimpp 9 Coastal Restoration Environmental Degradationon > 4 ton/ha (1980800-1990) < 1 ton/ha (>1990) 9 Dissemination and publication Erosion, Pollution,
54 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 5 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 6
https://www.env.go.jp/water/hei sa/satoumi/en/01_e.html
https://www.env.go.jp/water/heisa/sat oumi/common/satoumi_panf_e.pdf EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 7 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 8 Sato Umi Gempita-SPL/SFiCom- Harmonization Nature and Gapura Human with mutualism Sustainable Utilization of Fisheries, symbiosis spirit Harmonization, Coastal and Marine Resources for the Stabilization of the Stabilization, Society- Movement Action Program environment and the Rehabilitation, for Northern Coastal Area of West availability of the natural Restoration, Java resources Reforestation, Coastal environment and natural Encouraging high Adaptation, resources degraded due to the productivities and Education rapid deforestation of mangrove and high exploitation of the land biodiversities ecosystem utilization by intensified shrimp Sustainable utilization of the culture. natural resources in the Improving Low productivity and biodiversity coastal area. Environment Decreasing of the land carrying Stabilization and sustainability Natural Resources capacities and multi variance of fish of the human welfare Product Variance diseases Coastal Human poorness and limited field https://www.env.go.jp/water/heisa/sat https://www.env.go.jp/water/hei Communities work oumi/common/satoumi_panf_e.pdf sa/satoumi/en/01_e.html
55 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 9 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 10 INDONESIAN LOCAL WISDOM SATO UMI DISSEMINATION STRATEGY Local Wisdom :The dynamic source of knowledge organized, developed and forwarded by a certain population that is integrated with their understanding of the natural and cultural surroundings. Problem Identification and Inventarization
Indonesian Local Wisdom : 1. Panglima Laot (Nangroe Aceh Darussalam), 2. Rumpon (Lampung), 3. Kelong (Riau), 4. Awig-awig (Bali dan Lombok), 5. Rompong (Suth Sulawesi), 6. Sasi (Maluku and Papua) and some HUL (sea of customary rights) at East Indonesia. Sustainable Utilization Concept Implementation and Socialization
1
3 Research Agenda International,National, Regional, Local 6 2 5 Workshop/Seminar Innovation Technology 4 6 /Symposium Development and Dissemination Application
Demonstration Plot National Regulation : WorkshopTraining Law no. 32 of 2009 : Environmental Education Development Protection and Management University
EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 11 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 12 Expansion Dissemination Program
3.
5.
4. 1. 2. Pekalongan
1. Karawang 2. Pekalongan 3. Sabang 4. Bantaeng 5. Raja Ampat
Brackishwater Aquaculture Onshore Marine Aquaculture
56 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 13 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 14
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) : Bio-recyling-System Java Sea Java Sea Sampling Station Seribu Island of Coastal Water St-1 St-2 St-3 Brackishwater St-4 Jakarta Bay Shrimp Pond Shrimp and Tilapia Pond Pond St-5 St-7 St-6 St-8 Northern Coast Water Sampling St-9 Karawang of Brackishwater pond
± 500 m2 Shrimp ,Tilapia and Seaweed Shrimp ,Tilapia , Seaweed Pond And Muscle Pond Prototype IMTA
TILAPIA SHRIMP
TILAPIA SHRIMP SEAWEED GREEN MUSCLE
EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 16 WATER QUALITY PROFILE AND TOTAL BIOMASS OF THE TREATED BREACKISHWATER POND The FIRST experiment result by using a large pond of 4000 m2 with 4 (four) ponds treatment of Physical Chemical Shrimp (P-1) and Tilapia (P-3) ponds only as a monoculture system, and Shrimp + Gracilaria Temp DO Turbidit (seaweed) + Anandara, sp (oysters) of P-2, and Tilapia + Gracilaria (seaweed) + Anandara, sp BOD Treatm (o C) Salinity pH (ppm) y TSS 5 Treatment DIN (ppm) DIP Sulfide Iron (oysters) of P-4 as the IMTA model with water resources from the similar reservoir pond as a control ent (ppt) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) has provided a good result in a good water quality stability i.e. DIN and DIP of the IMTA (P-2 and P-4) P1.3 1.081 0.33 0.03 0.12 are lower than monoculture (P-1 and P-3) P-1 30.81 24.94 7.92 6.02 121.83 36.5 1.66 P2.3 2.154 0.21 0.03 0.21 P-2 30.77 23.11 7.87 6.16 127.46 22.33 0.71 P-3 30.92 22.48 7.90 6.43 157.08 22.83 0.24 P3.3 2.086 0.74 0.03 0.53 P-4 30.94 22.91 7.91 6.47 177.67 18 1.18 P4.3 1.207 0.15 0.02 0.39
TOTAL BIOMASS 2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000 P1.3P1.3 P2 P2.3.3 P3.3P3.3 P4.3 DIN (ppm) DIP (ppm) Sulfide (ppm) Iron (ppm)
57 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 17 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 18
The SECOND experiment with slight differ on the treatment in which P-1, P-2 and P-3 are the IMTA with shrimp and various density of seaweed with 0.1 kg, 0.2 kg and 0.4 kg per m2, respectively and monoculture of Shrimp (P-1) shows that DIN of the IMTA pond tends to decrease when seaweed production increase. The DIP was increases as well as shrimp production.
G DIN
Sulawesi
Bantaeng
Floating age Seaweed Culture
EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 19 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 20 Sylvo Fishery and IMTA Karawang
Secage-Seaweed, Seacucumber, Oyster Searanching, Seaframing, Pen Culture
Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture
58 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 21 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 22
Sylvo Fishery and IMTA-Pekalongan Fisheries at Bantaeng, South Sulawesi
EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 23 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 24 59 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 25 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 26
Workshop at Bantaeng, South Sulawesi
EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 27 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 28 60 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 29 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 30
SUMMARY
To improve and optimize the utilization of marine culture and brackish water pond area that is caused by environmental damage due to the excessive exploitation by intensive aquaculture activities, mangrove degradation and lack of technology as well as to anticipate the climate change and global warming, it is time for Indonesia to apply SATO-UMI Concept.
The Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) Model on the bases of bio-recycle system and Sato Umi concept to reduce and minimize the inorganic and organic waste from the remaining feed, faeces and the other sources should be applied and developed to maintain sustainable aquaculture in the coastal area : Close System Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (CSIMTA) Model for brackish water pond Open System Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (OSIMTA) Model for Marine Culture Area.
To disseminate and expansion of the application of SATO-UMI concept for sustainble development of aquaculture within the coastal area of Indonesia, the international workshop and training on SATO-UMI for sustainable aquaculture has been conducted in 2013 International EMECS Center, Japan (Jakarta), 2014 (Karawang-West Java) and Pekalongan (Central Java), 2015 and 2016 in PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization) Ministry of Research Technology and High Education, Indonesia Jakarta and Bantaeng (South Sulawesi) and Jakarta in 2017. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Indonesia National Center for Brackishwater Aquaculture, Karawang, Indonesia EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 31 EMECS 12 CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 05-08-2018, PATTAYA, THAILAND 32 Environmental Problems of Enclosed Coastal Seas
͝ɝʇʐʀȻʏʄɿʀ͞ ͝ɭʀɿȻʏʄɿʀ͞ The environmental water management in the enclosed coastal seas in Japan
䞉Blue tide in Amagasaki bay 䠄Courtesy of International EMECS Center䠅 November 5, 2018 䞉At Marushima area, Hyogo Pref July, 2004
Satoshi Yamamoto Mass death of cultured fish due to a red tide in The Seto Inland sea Office for Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ) Mass death of manila clam
61 Ministry of the Environment due to a blue tide 1 History of Environmental Water Conservation Environmental Water Quality Standards (EQS)
Environmental problems Administrative measures 1958 Two Laws on water pollution prevention and regulations Environmental Water Especially in 1950’s – 70’s 㸸 Water Pollution of the industrial wastewater (enacted) Quality Standards Developed by high economic >> abolished in 1971 Toxic substance Effect on people growth and expansion of 1967 Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control (enacted) Health Item industrial activities ̈́Drinking/seafood intakeͅ 1970 The Water Pollution Control Act (enacted) Mercury, Arsenic, Nationally uniform Water pollution was >> Replaced the former two laws Chlorinated organic compound increased due to industrial etc Effects on aquatic life 27 substances designated 1971 The Agency of the Environment was established and local population 1973 The Law concerning Interim Measures for Conservation Loss of seaweed beds and of the Environment of the Seto Inland Sea (enacted) tidal flats by reclamation Organic Pollution etc 1978 The Law concerning Special Measures for Conservation Living Environment Frequent occurrence of large- of the Environment of the Seto Inland Sea and the Water scale red tides Dirtiness and muddiness of water Item Pollution Control Act (revised) BOD/COD, DO, SS etc 1993 Nitrogen and Phosphorus were added to the effluent Designed to conserve the standard properties as well as the 2001 Nitrogen and Phosphorus were added to Total Pollutant fauna and flora closely Load Control System̈́TPLCSͅ Nutrient related to the living of people Set targets by categorizing Recent years㸸 2015 The Law Concerning Special Measures for Conservation Causality of eutrophication into classes in accordance of the Environment of the Seto Inland Sea (revised) Secure bio-diversity and bio- Nitrogen, Phosphorus with water bodies 2016 A bottom layer Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was added to the productivity 13 substances designated Environmental Standard Ministry of the Environment 2 Ministry of the Environment 3 Effluent Standards for Water Features of Total Pollutant Load Control System The Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS) aims to reduce the overall amount of pollutant loads, and being applied to the three large enclosed coastal seas, the Seto Inland Sea, Tokyo Bay and Ise Bay.
The TPLCS is a regulative discharge control system to reduce the total • The “Effluent Standards” is applied on pollutant load that flows into the designated sea water areas by setting: factories and workplaces in order to • Target items (COD, N and P) satisfy “EQS”. • Total pollutant load (=reduction amount) at the target year Effluent • Effluent control levels for each dischargers Standard
Calculation formula L is calculated for each • For some specific business categories 㸫㸱 EQS for water ࣭ × business facility. that face difficulty to meet the uniform L = C Q 10 effluent standard for a specific item, L㸸 Pollutant discharge load permitted to discharge (kg/day) a provisional effluent standard is applied = the Total Pollutant Load Control Standard by specifying a time limit. C㸸 Concentration values provided by local governments for COD, N, P for each 215 business categories (mg/l) Q㸸 Quantity of specified effluent for each factory and workplace (m3/day)
62 Ministry of the Environment 4 Ministry of the Environment 5
Tokyo Bay TPLCS Designated Areas Seto Inland Sea Discharged Pollutant Loads Ise Bay
Seto Inland Sea 㻢㻥㻣㻌 㻢㻢㻢㻌 Seto Inland Sea HyougoKyoto 㻢㻟㻥㻌 㻢㻡㻢㻌 T-N Load (tons/day) 㻡㻥㻢㻌 Okayama Osaka Hokkaido 㻞㻟㻟㻌 㻞㻞㻤㻌 㻞㻟㻞㻌 Hiroshima 㻞㻞㻢㻌 㻠㻣㻢㻌 Nara 㻞㻞㻝㻌 㻠㻟㻟㻌 Yamaguchi Tokyo Bay 㻟㻥㻝㻌 Kagawa 㻟㻢㻠㻌 Ise Bay 㻟㻟㻟㻌 㻟㻝㻥㻌 㻞㻜㻜㻌 㻢㻣㻌 㻞㻤㻜㻌 㻞㻡㻥㻌 㻝㻥㻡㻌 Tokushima Tokyo Bay 㻢㻠㻌 㻞㻡㻠㻌 㻞㻠㻥㻌 㻞㻞㻡㻌 㻞㻞㻟㻌 㻝㻣㻥㻌 Fukuoka 㻢㻠㻌 㻝㻥㻝㻌 㻡㻡㻌 㻞㻜㻤㻌 Wakayama 㻥㻢㻌 㻝㻤㻤㻌 Ehime 㻤㻞㻌 㻣㻞㻌 㻠㻥㻌 㻝㻤㻡㻌 㻝㻣㻜㻌 㻝㻤㻡㻌 㻝㻢㻤㻌 㻝㻝㻣㻌 㻡㻜㻌 㻠㻟㻌 㻝㻢㻝㻌 㻠㻝㻌 㻝㻠㻟㻌 㻝㻞㻥㻌 㻥㻡㻌 㻟㻣㻌 㻟㻡㻌 㻢㻢㻌 㻢㻟㻌 㻝㻝㻤㻌 㻝㻝㻜㻌 㻤㻣㻌 Saitama 㻞㻥㻌 㻞㻢㻌 㻢㻞㻌 㻡㻤㻌 Ooita 㻞㻟㻌 㻡㻠㻌 㻡㻝㻌 㻞㻜㻝㻌 㻝㻤㻣㻌 㻝㻤㻟㻌 㻡㻞㻌 㻠㻥㻌 㻠㻥㻌 㻠㻤㻌 㻝㻤㻥㻌 㻝㻤㻤㻌 㻞㻜㻝㻌 㻞㻜㻡㻌 㻝㻤㻠㻌 Honsyu Chiba 㻝㻣㻡㻌 㻝㻢㻠㻌 㻠㻞㻌 㻟㻥㻌 㻞㻥㻌 㻝㻡㻥㻌 㻝㻠㻟㻌 㻝㻟㻢㻌 㻝㻞㻞㻌 㻝㻝㻞㻌 㻞㻢㻌 㻞㻞㻌 㻞㻝㻌 㻝㻞㻢㻌 Tokyo 㻢㻥㻌 㻣㻟㻌 㻢㻠㻌 㻢㻠㻌 㻢㻜㻌 㻡㻞㻌 㻠㻣㻌 㻠㻞㻌
❅⣲Ⓨ⏕㈇Ⲵ㔞㻔䝖䞁㻛᪥㻕 66 ‘79 ‘84 + ‘89 + ‘94 ++++ ’99 04 ‘09 ’14 66 ‘79 ‘84 +‘ 89 + ‘94 ++++ ‘99 ‘04 ‘09 ‘14 66 ‘79 ‘84 + ‘89 + ‘94 ++++ ‘99 ‘04 ‘09 ’14 Tokyo Kanagawa Household discharges Industrial discharges others Osaka ᖺᗘ
Sikoku T-P Load (tons/day) Kyusyu 㻢㻞㻚㻥 Seto Inland Sea Ise Bay 㻝㻞㻚㻥 㻠㻣㻚㻜 㻠㻞㻚㻣 Note: 㻠㻝㻚㻞 Tokyo Bay 㻠㻝㻚㻝 㻠㻜㻚㻠 Ise Bay 㻝㻝㻚㻣 Gifu 㻢㻚㻤 㻞㻜㻚㻠 㻟㻜㻚㻞 㻝㻝㻚㻥 㻝㻝㻚㻜 㻟㻜㻚㻢 㻝㻝㻚㻞 㻞㻤㻚㻜 Boundary of 㻞㻡㻚㻥 Okinawa 㻥㻚㻡 㻞㻟㻚㻜 㻞㻠㻚㻠 㻞㻠㻚㻣 㻢㻚㻞 㻞㻝㻚㻝 㻞㻜㻚㻠 㻝㻢㻚㻞 㻝㻜㻚㻞 Prefecture Aichi 㻡㻚㻢 㻝㻤㻚㻤 㻝㻣㻚㻟 㻝㻠㻚㻞 㻝㻟㻚㻟 㻝㻟㻚㻞 㻝㻜㻚㻝 㻢㻚㻠 㻠㻚㻡 㻠㻚㻝 㻝㻡㻚㻟 㻣㻚㻢 㻝㻡㻚㻞 㻤㻚㻣 㻡㻚㻞 㻝㻞㻚㻥 㻝㻞㻚㻟 㻣㻚㻞 㻠㻚㻟 㻟㻚㻡 㻟㻚㻝 㻣㻚㻞 㻢㻚㻝 㻝㻜㻚㻤 㻞㻥㻚㻢 㻤㻚㻜 㻢㻚㻡 㻞㻠㻚㻥 㻞㻚㻡 㻞㻚㻜 㻣㻚㻜 㻠㻚㻢 㻥㻚㻜 㻤㻚㻟 㻡㻚㻤 㻝㻚㻤 㻝㻚㻠 㻝㻚㻡 㻢㻚㻡 㻞㻚㻤 㻝㻥㻚㻝 Boundary of 㻝㻣㻚㻢 㻝㻡㻚㻝 㻝㻠㻚㻞 㻡㻚㻟 㻠㻚㻤 㻠㻚㻝 㻞㻚㻞 㻞㻚㻢 㻝㻢㻚㻢 㻝㻢㻚㻤 㻝㻢㻚㻜 㻝㻟㻚㻡 㻝㻜㻚㻠 㻥㻚㻤 㻞㻚㻥 㻞㻚㻡 㻞㻚㻟 㻝㻞㻚㻠 㻝㻝㻚㻠 㻝㻜㻚㻞 㻥㻚㻜 㻤㻚㻤 㻢㻚㻣 㻢㻚㻟 㻢㻚㻠 㻢㻚㻡 㻡㻚㻝 TPLCS Area Mie 㻠㻚㻟 㻟㻚㻣 䜚䜣Ⓨ⏕㈇Ⲵ㔞㻔䝖䞁㻛᪥㻕 66 79 ‘84 + ‘89 + ‘94 ++++ ’99 04 ‘09 ’ 14 66 ‘79 ‘84 +‘ 89 + ‘94 ++++ ‘99 ‘04 ‘09 ‘14 66 ’79 ‘84 +‘89 + ’94 +++ ‘99 ‘04 ’09 + ’14 Household discharges Industrial discharges othersᖺᗘ
Ministry of the Environment 6 Ministry of the Environment 7 Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay T-N & T-P Concentration Seto Inland Sea T-N & T-P Concentration Seto Inland Sea
Ise Bay 䛆Osaka Bay䛇 Ise Bay 䛆Tokyo Bay䛇
T-N T-P T-N
Average for 1982 to1984 Average for 2009 to 2012 T-P
T-P
Average for Average for Average for Average for 1982 to1984 2009 to 2012 1982 to1984 2009 to 2012
Average for 1982 to1984 Average for 2009 to 2012
63 Ministry of the Environment 8 Ministry of the Environment 9
Tokyo Bay Occurrences of red tides in the Seto Inland Sea Occurrences of red tides and blue tides Seto Inland Sea Red Tides Ise Bay There were about 300 cases of red tides occurring annually around 1975 350 in The Seto Inland Sea. But, it decreased to around 100 cases in the 300 Tokyo Bay late 1980s and this level has remained to this date. 250 Ise Bay FDVHV㸧 200 Seto Inland Sea 7RWDO2FFXUUHQFHV 150 2FFXUUHQFHVZLWKILVKHU\GDPDJH 100 㻻㼏㼏㼡㼞㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㼟 䠄㼏㼍㼟㼑㼟䠅 50 0 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 2FFXUUHQFHV
1971 Blue tides 30 \HDU 25
䠅 Tokyo Bay ɍɋɌϬ 20 Ise Bay incl. Mikawa Bay
Ɍɔɒɐ cases 䠄 15
10
5
Occurrences 0 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 1979
Ministry of the Environment (Reference) Fisheries Agency, Japan 10 (Reference)Ministry Tokyoof the Environmentbay: Tokyo Bay Environmental Information Center, Ise bay: Aichi Prefecture, Seto inland sea: Fisheries Agency11 The Bottom Layer DO Concentration in Summer The bottom layer DO Concentration in Summer
䛆Tokyo Bay䛇 Hypoxic water mass䠄dead zones䠅 occurring in some waters
䛆Ise Bay䛇 䛆Osaka Bay䛇 DO Concentration䠄mg/L䠅
DO Saturation䠄䠂䠅
ᅗ 㻰㼍㼠㼍㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻭㼡㼓㼡㼟㼠㻘㻌㻞㻜㻝㻣 ᅗ 㻰㼍㼠㼍㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻭㼡㼓㼡㼟㼠㻘㻌㻞㻜㻝㻣
(Reference) (Reference) Average for 1982 to 1984 Average for 2009 to 2012 Aichi Prefectural Fisheries Exp. Stn. Osaka Prefectural Fisheries Exp. Stn.
64 Ministry of the Environment 12 Ministry of the Environment 13
Tokyo Bay Report on 8th TPLCS Seto Inland Sea Ise Bay Environmental Water Quality Standard of bBottom Layer DO Central Environment Council reported back to the Minister of the Environment on December 7, 2015. Bottom Layer DO incorporated in EQS Emphasized the need to promote an overall countermeasures to improve water environment in view point of “Beautiful and bountiful seas.” Improvement of bottom layer DO̡ 1. Measures for pollutant load reduction Securing DO level good enough to Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay ̠ Need to proceed with countermeasures to efficiently reduce pollutant loads. nurture fish and shellfish. In Osaka Bay, specific measures to eliminate organic pollution should be taken, ̠Reducing the risk of occurrence considering the achievement level of environmental standards for nitrogen and Blue tide phosphorus. of blue tide and the like. The Seto Inland Sea excluding Osaka Bay In view of the importance to secure bio-diversity and bio-productivity, need to proceed with the flexible measures within the range of legal requirement of water quality control by region and seasonality. 2. Conservation and recovery of coastal areas Bottom layer DO can be an effective Conservation and recovery of seaweed beds and tidal flats. standard to conserve aquatic Improvement of sediment conditions. creatures including fish and shellfish. Filling of sea bottom pits. Adoption of environment-friendly embankment structures. Mass death of Manila clam due to Blue tide Coordination among various people and organizations. Ministry of the Environment 14 Ministry of the Environment 15 Bottom layer DO as Environmental standard Target Setting of Bottom Layer DO
Introduced “Bottom layer DO” as a new environmental standard item Designate the area where Image of type categorization of bottom among Living Environment Items. With this move, we aim to further hypoxic water mass should be layer DO 䠄Ocean Area䠅 conserve the health of bottom layer thinking of the fact that it is a avoided. 䖃 habitat to support aquatic creature clusters. 䖃Creature Type 1 Creature Type 2 Standard Value䠖 Standard Value䠖 4.0mg/L 3.0mg/L Categorization by adaptability of aquatic creatures Target Select the target species to be The water area to be preserved and restored as habitat or for conserved. 4.0 mg/L reproduction of the aquatic creatures less-resilient to or higher oxygen-deficient conditions. The water area to be preserved and restored as habitat or for Set the extent of sea area to 3.0 mg/L reproduction of the aquatic creatures excluding the ones less- be conserved in view of target or higher resilient to oxygen-deficient conditions. species conditions. The water area to be preserved and restored as habitat or for In so doing, need to set goals reproduction of the aquatic creatures which are resilient to 2.0 mg/L depending upon opinions of oxygen-deficient conditions, or the water area without or higher the local people and local 䖃Creature Type 3 䖃Excluded area as ill- creatures which should be eliminated. idiosyncrasies. Standard Value䠖 suited to be conserved 2.0mg/L for the target species.
65 Ministry of the Environment 16 Ministry of the Environment 17 Measures to Improve Bottom Layer DO Measures to Improve Bottom Layer DO 䕿 Reclamation of sea bottom hollows 䕿 Conservation and recovery of seaweed beds and tidal flats Sea bottom pits can cause Facilitate the efforts of conservation, recovery and creation of 䛆Water mass in the sea bottom pit䛇 seaweed beds and tidal flats through gathering and analyzing data hypoxic water mass. Filling those pits with earth and on distribution of those beds and flats which have many functions 䞉 Highly hypoxic sand can be instrument to 䞉Highly concentrated sulfides including water purification. 䞉 improve the environment in sea Stagnant due to low drift of current areas. 2010 2016
After filling the pits, 䕿 Adoption of environment-friendly embankment structure thickness of hypoxic water Encourage to adopt environment- mass became less friendly embankment structure for in summer. new as well as maintenance
construction works, in view of water (Reference) The 11th Seto Inland Sea Committee 䠄2018䠅 quality purification and securing of habitats for aquatic creatures. Important is to carry out these new programs incorporating with the basic and usual measures of water pollution prevention. Ministry of the Environment 18 Ministry of the Environment 19 Thank you very much for your attention.. 66 67
5 November 2018 4:15 – 04:30 pm Oriental Palm 2 .Does reefqualitycorrelatewithwater 1. Two simplequestions: Context for thestudy .Doesanyone care? 2. about decliningwaterand bioticquality aie Worachananant,Worachananant, Suchai Pasinee (Data presented in an earlier session of EMECS12). session in anearlier (Data presented The answeris development (sewage)? quality andlevelof tourism Does anyone care in theeastern Sea? Andaman and R R .W. .W. (Bill) Carter YES
%DQJNRN3RVW-XQH 3DWWD\D0DLO-DQXDU\ Should youcare? development correlates proximity with to with waterquality, which (number, guilds,diversity) Reef qualityand fishpopulations Reef, water quality &sewage outfalls (Ko Lan),5times. the nearestisland from back to cartons offruitjuice here and and That’spoo towers ofpiled 36Eifel ofper year. pee pools swimming olympic and 80 That’sof poo 30,000 elephants about per dayoutofPattaya. litres ofurine That’sand over500,000 kg ofpoo 180,000 and 1-1.5litresofurine. per day poo 0.45kgs of produces human The average (sewage outfalls). correlate Study sites in the Phuket region Correlation (Spearman’s rank) between motivations and activities undertaken
OKNNKQPVQWTKUVU Activities undertaken during the visit Motivations for travel to Rest & Sun Beach SCUBA OKNNKQPVQWTKUVU the selected destination relax bathing Sightseeing Swimming walking Snorkelling diving Beautiful beach 0.295 ** 0.248 ** 0.207 ** 0.367 ** 0.302 ** 0.143 * -0.072 ns OKNNKQPVQWTKUVU Clear water 0.190 ** 0.188 ** 0.122 * 0.308 ** 0.255 ** 0.190 ** -0.020 ns Scenery 0.186 ** 0.125 * 0.290 ** 0.219 ** 0.240 ** 0.125 * -0.069 ns Coral condition 0.027ns 0.037 ns 0.106 ns 0.070 ns 0.048 ns 0.251 ** 0.377 ** Tourist surveys Fish variety -0.039 ns -0.054 ns 0.080 ns 0.065 ns 0.055 ns 0.305 ** 0.430 ** 241 in Phuket Coral variety 0.003 ns 0.062 ns 0.112* 0.081 ns 0.082 ns 0.312** 0.398** 298 in Phi Phi Fish quantity -0.054 ns -0.054 ns 0.095 ns 0.085 ns 0.004 ns 0.261** 0.452** Phuket and Phi Phi and Phuket Fish size -0.095 ns 0.048 ns 0.006 ns -0.067 ns -0.036 ns 0.216** 0.485** 391 in Surin Other natural 0.138 ns 0.111 ns 0.512* 0.385* 0.376 ns 0.358 ns 0.039 ns Resort manager & tour Beautiful beach 0.347 ** 0.276* 0.285** 0.361** 0.390** 0.065 ns 0.374** Clear water 0.227 ** 0.288 ** 0.251 ** 0.229 ** 0.218** 0.218 ** 0.282 ns operator surveys Scenery 0.339 ** 0.214 * 0.268 ** 0.269** 0.309** 0.040 ns 0.334* 35 in Phuket Coral condition 0.132 * 0.050 ns 0.194** 0.104 ns 0.096 ns 0.338** 0.361 ** Fish variety 0.114 * 0.177 ns 0.235** 0.163** 0.145* 0.329** 0.224 ns 94 in Phi Phi Surin Coral variety 0.074 ns -0.155 ns 0.128 ns 0.089 ns 0.133* 0.337** 0.255 ns 11 in Surin Fish quantity 0.151 ** 0.167 ns 0.251** 0.121 ns 0.118* 0.257** 0.283 ns Government officials Fish size 0.085 ns 0.137 ns 0.249** 0.094 ns 0.153** 0.248** 0.473** Other natural 0.217 ns 0.727* 0.257 ns 0.179 ns 0.633** 0.292 ns 0.778 ns ` interviews 11 in Phuket and Bangkok 68 Tourist satisfaction with environmental quality Tourist behavioural intentions
Phuket Phi Phi Surin Health risk and perceived decline in reef quality? N = 241 N = 298 N = 391 Level of satisfaction with the experience Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Internationals will choose another Scenery or landscape (n= 217; 269; 375) 3.94 (0.87) 4.28 (0.89) 4.24 (0.74) Beach (n= 221; 273; 377) 3.77 (0.98) 3.80 (0.89) 3.90 (0.85) destination! Sea water (n= 221; 263; 378) 3.60 (0.95) 3.88 (0.91) 4.23 (0.73) Fish communities (n= 170; 227; 371) 3.31 (1.03) 3.63 (0.77) 3.94 (0.79) Locals (divers to Surin) will continue to Coral reef (n= 168; 229; 374) 3.20 (1.00) 3.49 (0.76) 3.67 (0.97) Overall (n= 206; 263; 377) 3.91 (0.79) 3.99 (0.78) 4.28 (0.67) visit. Internationals will pay for restoration (I think they are not telling the truth!) Locals will work with government to clean up! Tourist operators
Decreasing environmental quality Increasing biotic quality Acknowledge their dependence on Phuket Phi Phi Surin reef (and water) quality. 5% 74% 68% 15%59% 27%
Snorkelling Rest and relax Rest and relax Snorkelling Snorkelling Rest and relax Acknowledge the decline in reef Attracted by Attracted by Attracted by Attracted by sub-surface character surface character sub-surface character surface character quality. Do not acknowledge their 11%89% 14% 86% Thai International International Thai contribution to the problem.
Stay Go elsewhere Go elsewhere Stay Do not know what they or (51%) (52%) (62%) (62%) government might do to address Phuket and Phi Phi Surin Response r Significance r Significance the problem. Explore and travel to the other places 0.22** 0.007 0.16* 0.031 Provide support funding for conservation and/or research projects 0.17** 0.004 -0.05ns 0.446 Avoid/ignore regulations. Participate in conservation project -0.16* 0.043 -0.06ns 0.409 69 Local government Does anybody care? Does not acknowledge a problem ; Tourists – especially divers and “the water is clear”. snorkelers Does not apply available powers. Tour operators – It’s not my fault! What can I do? I’ll avoid doing what I am supposed to do.
: Local government – What problem? So doing nothing is OK; right? EMECS12 Conference Schedule
Date Morning Afternoon Evening 4 - Nov (Sun) (2F Marine4) (2F Marine1) 13:30-16:30 EMECS Scientific and Policy 18:30-20:30 Committee meeting EMECS Night
(2F Lobby) 13:00-17:30 Registration 17:30-18:30 Ice brake
5 - Nov (Mon) (2F Lobby) (2F Oriental Palm2) （2F Oriental 8:00-9:30 Registration 13:30-16:30 Palm Ballroom） Special Session: Satoumi and ICM 18:00-21:00 session Welcome party
(2F Marine2-3) (2F Oriental Palm1,3) 09:30-10:00 Opening ceremony 13:30-16:30 10:00-11:45 Keynote speeches Session 1: Gulf of Thailand: history and 11:45-12:00 Photo session current studies 12:00-13:30 Lunch Session 2 : Cooperative management restorarion and protection of coastal seas
6 - Nov (Tue) (2F Oriental Palm1-3) (2F Oriental Palm1-3) 9:00-12:00 13:30-14:45 Session 3: Coastal and marine ecosystems: Session 3 & 5: Continued from morning monitoring, modeling, restoration and Session 6: Climate change mitigation and conservation adaptation Session 4: Ecosystems / communities based coastal management and Sato-Umi (2F Corridor of Marine 1-3) Session 5: Estuaries of the world: issues 15:00-17:00 and perspectives Poster session
7 - Nov (Wed) (2F Oriental Palm1-3) (2F Marine2-3) (2F Marine2-3) 9:00-12:00 13:30-15:30 Plenary: Plastics in the sea 18:00-21:00 Session 3: Continued from 6 Nov 15:45-16:30 Closing ceremony Farewell party Session 7: Sustainable use and development of coastal resources: effective management and approaches Session 8: Physical and biogeochemical oceanography Workshop: Pattaya beach restoration
(2F Marine4) 9:00-12:00 Students and Schools Partnership (SSP) Session
8 - Nov (Thur) 8:00-17:00 Field trip at Samae San Island
70 EMECS12 Conference Program
5-Nov Marine 2-3 9:30 - 10:00 Opening Ceremony 10:00 - 10:40 Keynote speaker 1 Prof. Dr. Masataka Watanabe Multiple stressors on the coastal seas and strategies for achieving SDGs 10:40 - 11:20 Keynote speaker 2 Prof. Dr. Sanit Aksornkoae Sustainable Management of Mangrove Ecosystem for Maintaining Coastal and Marine Resources Advancing marine science for monitoring, restoration and conservation of coastal ecosystems in the Western 11:20 - 12:00 Keynote speaker 3 Dr. Vo Si Tuan Pacific and adjacent regions 5-Nov Oriental Palm 1 Oriental Palm 2 Oriental Palm 3 Session1: Gulf of Thailand: history and current Special Session : Satoumi and ICM sessions Session 2: Cooperative management restoration studies and protection of coastal seas Chair: David Nemazie Chair: Tetsuo Yanagi Chair: Zhongyuan Chen Co-chair: Sorawit Powtongsook Co-chair: Patama Singharuk Co-chair: Monthon Ganmanee 13:30 - 14:00 Invited Paper: Invited Paper: Invited Paper: Environmental issues of the Gulf of Thailand Development of coastal management method to realize Development of green-belt barrier Technology for the sustainable coastal sea alleviating the effects of future sea-level rise in the Upper Gulf of Thailand Piamsak Menasveta Tetsuo Yanagi Thanawat Jarupongsakul Variations in chlorophyll a biomass in the Inner Gulf of Management of the ecosystem in the Seto inland sea Effective practical approach connected Community to Thailand from 2011 to 2018 Sustainable Use of Coastal Resources through 14:00 - 14:15 Research Project-A Case Study of Samila Beach,Thailand Ajcharaporn Piumsomboon Wataru Nishijima Orawan Siriratpiriya Satoumi practice and sciences support sustainable use Simulation of river plume behaviors in a tropical region: 14:15 - 14:30 of a rias-type bay in southern Sanriku Coast after the Nowadays state of ICZM for the Black sea Case study of the Upper Gulf of Thailand huge tsunami 2011 Xinyu Guo Teruhisa Komatsu Ruben Kosyan A numerical experiment to investigate the residence Land-ocean integrated management of Toyama Bay in Global impacts of marine Debris on the management of 14:30 - 14:45 time of water mass in the Gulf of Thailand the international semi enclosed sea, Japan Sea coastal seas Anukul Buranapratheprat Takafumi Yoshida Jane Nishida 15:00 - 15:30 Invited Paper: Invited Paper: Hypoxia in the Gulf of Thailand Restoration framework for Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Manuwadi Hungspreugs Robert M. Summers Short term simulation sea surface temperature over An ecosystem services-based assessment for Sato- Using best expert judgement to harmonise marine 15:30 - 15:45 Gulf of Thailand by using regional oceanic model system umi environmental status assessment and marine spatial (ROMS) planning Pramet Kaewmesri Uehara Takuro Michael Elliott
71 Coral community changes in the Inner Gulf of Thailand Satoumi activities in Indonesia Evidence that wastewater degrades coral reefs at 15:45 - 16:00 over the past 30 years multiple levels of ecological organization in the eastern Andaman Sea Thamasak Yeemin Suhendar I Sachoemar Pasinee Worachananant Reef and fish status and threats along the eastern The environmental water management in the enclosed Recovery of the Coastal Thai Communities from the 16:00 - 16:15 coast of the Gulf of Thailand (Thailand to Vietnam) coastal seas in Japan 2004 Tsunami in southern Thailand: A Case Study in Ranong Province Suchai Worachananant Satoshi Yamamoto Passakorn Pananont 16:15 - 16:30 Immobilization of exiguobacterium sp. AO-11 for Does anyone care about declining water and biotic Invited Paper: bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated seawater quality in the eastern Andaman Sea? Sustainable wastewater management technology for tourism in Southeast Asian countries with emphasis on pharmaceutical residues Onruthai Pinyakong R.W. (Bill) Carter 16:30 - 16:45 Chongrak Polprasert
18:00 - 21:00 Welcome party (Oriental Palm Ballroom)
72 6-Nov Oriental Palm 1 Oriental Palm 2 Oriental Palm 3 Session 3:Coastal and marine ecosystems: Session 4: Ecosystems/communities based Session 5:Estuaries of the world: issues and monitoring, modeling, restoration, and conservation coastal management and Sato-Umi perspectives
Chair: Tomoya Shibayama Chair: Hiroshi Kawai Chair: Jing Zhang Co-chair: Somkiat Piyatiratitivorakul Co-chair: Sanit Piyapattanakorn Co-chair: Suriyan Saramul 9:00 - 9:30 Invited Paper: Invited Paper: Invited Paper: Estuarine ecohydrology modeling: what works and within Integrated coastal management, marine spatial planning Saving our delta: challenges and perspectives what limits and blue growth: The linkages Eric Wolanski Erdal Özhan Zhongyuan Chen Modelling the efficacy of different types of artificial A study of integrated coastal management by the Community level risks to micro-plastics, as determined 9:30 - 9:45 timber reefs in Mitsu Bay, Japan network governance through some case studies in by feeding ecology and habitat selection of estuarine Jamaluddin Fitrah Alam Takeshi Hidaka Peter Vermeiren Evaluation of water purification function by eelgrass Physical and chemical factors in bare spots of seagrass Microplastic pollution levels vary among estuarine 9:45 - 10:00 (Zostera marina ) meadows and its application to beds on the coast of Iwakuni, Seto Inland Sea, Japan habitats in Kochi, Japan coastal management Kenji Sugimoto Akira Umehara Cynthia Munoz Chemical contamination caused by various disasters Virtual marine protected area network around Tsushima Where extremes meet: the tropical Brantas river 10:00 - 10:15 and risk reduction strait connecting two international enclosed seas estuary, Java, Indonesia, under pressure from human activities and extreme events Takeshi Nakano Satoquo Seino Tim Jennerjahn Session 3:Coastal and marine ecosystems: monitoring, Session 4: Ecosystems/communities based coastal Session 5: Estuaries of the world: issues and modeling, restoration, and conservation management and Sato-Umi perspectives Chair: Tomoya Shibayama Chair: Hiroshi Kawai Chair: Jing Zhang Co-chair: Siraprapha Premcharoen Co-chair: Sanit Piyapattanakorn Co-chair: Suriyan Saramul 10:30 - 10:45 Invited Paper: Detecting aquaculture facilities with remote sensing of Invited Paper: Discovery of mesophotic zones in the enclosed seas optical or SAR images Building public engagement in developing an ecosystem health assessment in Guanabara Bay (State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Teruhisa Komatsu Sustainable local communities in disaster prevention 10:45 - 11:00 and risk reduction: A case study of Kochi City to prepare for the Nankai Trough earthquake, Japan Jamal Ouazzani Kaori Fujita David Nemazie Mesophotic biodiversity in Eilat, northern Gulf of Aqaba: Community based approaches to coastal and river basin Coasts and estuaries- the future 11:00 - 11:15 understudied bioresource governance in Asia Yehuda Benayahu Kenji Otsuka Eric Wolanski Microbial symbionts of mesophotic invertebrates, is The dynamics of particulate organic matter and Ecosystem health report cards in the Chesapeake bay 11:15 - 11:30 there something new to expect ? implications for sustainable oyster aquaculture in and its tributaries: management impacts and limitations, Shizugawa Bay stakeholder perspectives and future direction Géraldine Le Goff Takashi Sakamaki Vanessa Vargas-Nguyen
73 Comparison of fish fauna between two seasons around Efforts toward a Beautiful and Bountiful Sea in the Seto The cumulative modifications of the endangered 11:30 - 11:45 Tsushima island using environmental DNA Inland Sea horseshoe crab Tachyplenus tridentatu habitat by small metabarcoding scale developments in Fukuoka, Japan Mitsuhiro Aizu-Hirano Kana Shimazu Shinji Itaya Adaptation of mangrove trees under different salinity Developing a river basin report card for the Tuul river, 11:45 - 12:00 area at Ayeyarwaddy Delta Coastal Zone Mongolia San Win William C. Dennison Session 3:Coastal and marine ecosystems: Session 6: Climate change mitigation and Session 5: Estuaries of the world: issues and monitoring, modeling, restoration, and conservation adaptation perspectives Chair: Jane Nishida Chair: Piamsak Menasveta Chair: Kaori Fujita Co-chair: Siraprapha Premcharoen Co-chair: Somkiat Piyatiratitivorakul Co-chair: Suriyan Saramul 13:30 - 13:45 Determination of region-specific background Secchi Invited Paper: Ichthyoplankton community in relation with depth in four temperate semi-enclosed seas, central Satellite retrievals of global precipitation and environmental conditions in a highly urbanized estuary Japan highresolution tropical weather forecasting and climate modelling for climate change mitigation and adaptation Feng Wang Nazli Demirel 13:45 - 14:00 The Dead zone in Jakarta Bay River Danube, from source of life to source of pollution Yuichi Hayami Chinnawat Surussavadee Vladimir P. Beškoski Ten years’ monitoring of subtidal algal beds of Hyogo Change in global climate regime and increase of 14:00 - 14:15 Prefecture by the “Monitoring Sites 1000 Moba” extreme events in the ocean and continental areas in Project the 21 century Hiroshi Kawai Svetlana Shkorba Importance of Ecosystem Monitoring in Capacity Impact of salinity intrusion into the Yangtze river on 14:15 - 14:30 Building and Conservation of Vulnerable Coastal and water resources and adaptation measures in Shanghai Marine Ecosystem of Soc Trang Province, Vietnam City under climate change Trong Luan Nguyen Masataka Watanabe Environmental monitoring by fishing boats to predict Climate change impacts on nutrients loadings in coastal 14:30 - 14:45 resource distribution in Ise Bay watersheds: comparing deterministic and probabilistic approaches Shigeru Tabeta Critto Andera 15:00 - 16:30 Poster session
74 7-Nov Oriental Palm 1 Oriental Palm 2 Oriental Palm 3 Session 3: Coastal and marine ecosystems: Session 7: Sustainable use and development of Workshop: Pattaya beach restoration by Thanawat monitoring, modeling, restoration, and conservation coastal resources: effective management and Jarupongsakul approaches Chair: Robert Summers Chair: Erdal Özhan Co-chir: Prasert Tongnunui Co-chair: Charoen Nitithamyong 9:00 - 9:15 Airborne laser scanning and digital air photography by Invited Paper: UAV for modeling and monitoring accumulative coasts Satoumi as “active conservation” of coastal marine of Black and Azov Seas environment
Evgeniy S. Boyko Monitoring of shoaling problems of small fishery harbors 9:15 - 9:30 in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey Servet Karasu Osamu Matsuda A web-based satellite images classification system to Economic analysis towards the feasibility of commercial 9:30 - 9:45 monitor coastal resources recirculating aquaculture systems in Thailand
Kumpee Teeravech Sorawit Powtongsook Monitoring of hydrographic condition and marine Experimental study on growth of Ulva Prolifera 9:45 - 10:00 ecosystem at coastal fishing ground in Wakasa Bay, effectively utilization of nitrification restrained Water at Japan the waste treatment plants Atsushi Kaneda Machi Miyoshi An estimation of ecosystem services provided by TOWRDS ZERO EMISSIO CONCEPT: Utilization of palm 10:00 - 10:15 oyster culture in Hiroshima Bay, Japan oil mills fly ash for treatment different industrial wastes
Wahyudin P. Sasmita Ahmed H. A. Dabwan Session 4: Coastal and marine ecosystems: Session 7: Sustainable use and development of Session 8. Physical and bio-geochemical monitoring, modeling, restoration, and conservation coastal resources: effective management and oceanography approaches Chair: Robert Summers Chair: Erdal Özhan Chair: Ruben Kosyan Co-chair: Prasert Tongnunui Co-chair: Charoen Nitithamyong Co-chair: Penjai Sompongchaiyakul 10:30 - 10:45 Dilution of riverine input contaminants in the Seto Invited Paper: A framework establishment for cooperative studies in Inland Sea Enhancing the stewardship in Trat bay, Eastern the western North Pacific Marginal Seas: Material Thailand: A transdiscipline exercise transport between the East China Sea and Kuroshio using physico-chemical tracers
Junying Zhu Jing Zhang Impact of inter-annual variations in river runoff on Interannual variability in nutrient transport from the 10:45 - 11:00 therecent coastal and estuarine sediments East China Sea to the Japan Sea
Vladimir Shulkin Kungwan Juntarashote Akihiko Morimoto
75 Relation of land cover in river basins to fluorescent Age, growth and stock assessment of sea catfishes Simulation of seasonal and intraseasonal variability of 11:00 - 11:15 dissolved organic matter and iron flocculation in from Trat coastal area, Eastern Gulf of Thailand mesoscale circulation in the Tatar Strait of the Japan estuaries Sea Yoshimura Chihiro Sontaya Koolkalya Vladimir Ponomarev Effects of river and offshore water on primary Cooperative strategies for wedge clam resource 11:15 - 11:30 production in the inner part of Shizugawa Bay conservation in Thailand Youhei Yugami Wichin Suebpala New berried crabs rearing system for artisanal fishery 11:30 - 11:45 communities in Thailand Pataporn Kuanui
9:00-12:00 Students & Schools Partnership Program (Marine 4 )
13:30 - 14:30 Plenery: Plastics in the sea (Marine 2-3) 14:45 - 16:00 Closing ceremony (Marine 2-3) 18:00 - 21:00 Farewell party (Marine 2-3)
8-Nov 8:00 - 17:00 Field trip at Samae San
76