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A Survey of Epiphytic Organisms in Cultured Kelp Saccharina Japonica

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A Survey of Epiphytic Organisms in Cultured Kelp Saccharina Japonica Kim et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2017) 20:1 DOI 10.1186/s41240-017-0046-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A survey of epiphytic organisms in cultured kelp Saccharina japonica in Korea Jong-Oh Kim1, Wi-Sik Kim1, Ha-Na Jeong1, Sung-Je Choi2, Jung-Soo Seo3, Myoung-Ae Park3 and Myung-Joo Oh1* Abstract A survey was conducted to investigate the presence of epiphytic organisms in four kelp Saccharina japonica farms in the coastal area of Korea from 2014 to 2015. Of 740 kelp samples that were taken, 208 exhibited six kinds of epiphytic organisms, including hydroid (detection rate: 11.6%), bryozoan (6.4%), polychaete (3.4%), algae (3.2%), caprellid (3%), and oyster (0.5%). The infestation rate for hydroid, bryozoan, and polychaete was significantly higher in the Wando farm, Busan farm, and Pohang farm, respectively. Epiphytic organisms were generally observed during May to September and not January to April, indicating that their infestation was significantly higher when the water had a higher temperature. The histopathogical examination revealed that hydroid and bryozoan organisms were attached on the cuticula of the thallus while some algae were attached on the cuticula of the thallus or had penetrated the epidermis. These results indicate that hydroid and bryozoan were the most predominant epiphytic organisms in Korean kelp farms, even though the infested thallus had not been broken. Keywords: Epiphytic organisms, Bryozoan, Hydroid, Kelp, Saccharina japonica Background epiphytic organisms (Gong et al., 2010; Park and Hwang, Within the last 30 years, seaweed cultivation has 2012). An infestation is characterized by the appearance attained large-scale production levels and has become a of numerous colonies on the thallus of the kelp, and major industry in China, Korea, and Japan. Korea had a therefore, the affected kelp appears unsightly and cannot harvest of 1,022,326 tons in 2012, which makes it the be sold. Although systematic research on fish disease fourth largest seaweed-producing country in the world has been conducted in Korea since the 1990s, seaweed (FAO, 2014). The economically important seaweed disease has not yet been systematically studied. There- species harvested in Korea are laver Porphyra spp., fore, little information is available on kelp disease. The wakame Undaria spp., kelp Laminaria spp., fusi- present study consists of a survey that was conducted to forme, Hizikia fusiformis, and green laver Monostroma investigate the presence of epiphytic organisms in spp. (KOSIS, 2015). Korean kelp farms. In addition, a histopathological Kelp Saccharina japonica cultivation was industrial- examination was conducted to understand the effect by ized in Korea in the 1970s, and from 2005, it has been epiphytic organisms on the thallus. extensively developed together with the abalone indus- try. During the 1970s to 1980s, kelp production reached less than 12,000 tons, and production steadily increased Methods since then with about 370,000 tons harvested in 2013 Kelp samples and epiphytic organism examination (KOSIS, 2015). Kelp production now accounts for about Kelp samples were obtained from four private farms in 25% of all Korean seaweed cultivation (KOSIS, 2015). Wando (Southern Sea), Busan (Southern Sea), and However, the increase in production has also resulted in Pohang (Eastern Sea) during 2014 and 2015 (Table 1, kelp farms becoming severely infected by several Fig. 1). Wando is the most popular area for kelp cultiva- tion, producing about 97% of the kelp crop of Korea. The kelps were randomly selected by a farmer, trans- * Correspondence: [email protected] ported on ice, and immediately subjected an examin- 1Department of Aqualife Medicine, Jeonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea ation of the epiphytic organisms. The total length (from Full list of author information is available at the end of the article apex to holdfast) of the thallus was measured, and the © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Kim et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2017) 20:1 Page 2 of 7 Table 1 Detection of epiphytic organisms in four kelp farms in Korea Place Farm Date Water temperature Mean thallus Detection rate of epiphytic organisms % (detection no./total no.) (°C) length (cm) Hydroid Bryozoan Polychaete Algae Caprellid Oyster Wando WDA Apr 2014 11.5 340 (200–380) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) May 2014 15.5 260 (260–270) 0 (0/2) 0 (0/2) 0 (0/2) 0 (0/2) 0 (0/2) 0 (0/2) Jun 2014 17.4 NT 20 (1/5) 0 (0/5) 0 (0/5) 0 (0/5) 20 (1/5) 0 (0/5) Jul 2014 21.7 190 (100–240) 100 (6/6) 50 (3/6) 0 (0/6) 100 (6/6) 0 (0/6) 0 (0/6) Aug 2014 23 200 (100–240) 71.4 (5/7) 57.1 (4/7) 0 (0/7) 71.4 (5/7) 71.4 (5/7) 0 (0/7) Sep 2014 22.1 120 (90–160) 57.1 (4/7) 71.4 (5/7) 0 (0/7) 14.3 (1/7) 0 (0/7) 57.1 (4/7) Jan 2015 9 41 (20–71) 0 (0/71) 0 (0/71) 0 (0/71) 0 (0/71) 0 (0/71) 0 (0/71) Jan 2015 8.3 82 (39–122) 0 (0/75) 0 (0/75) 0 (0/75) 0 (0/75) 0 (0/75) 0 (0/75) Apr 2015 11 236 (200–280) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) Total detection rate in WDA 7.5 (16/213) 5.6 (12/213) 0 (0/213) 5.6 (12/213) 2.8 (6/213) 0.9 (4/213) WDB May 2014 15.4 220 (100–330) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) 0(0/14) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) Jun 2014 21 260 (180–320) 57.1 (4/7) 0 (0/7) 0 (0/7) 28.6 (2/7) 0 (0/7) 0 (0/7) Jul 2014 21.5 160 (130–200) 100 (14/14) 0 (0/14) 35.7 (5/14) 0 (0/14) 7.1 (1/14) 0 (0/14) Sep 2014 21.6 130 (60–230) 100 (15/15) 33.3 (5/15) 0 (0/15) 13.3 (2/15) 0 (0/15) 0 (0/15) Feb 2015 9 57 (30–100) 0 (0/100) 0 (0/100) 0 (0/100) 0 (0/100) 0 (0/100) 0 (0/100) Mar 2015 11 97 (50–180) 0 (0/73) 0 (0/73) 0 (0/73) 0 (0/73) 0 (0/73) 0 (0/73) Apr 2015 12.5 127 (90–190) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) 0 (0/30) Total detection rate in WDB 13 (33/253) 2 (5/253) 2 (5/253) 1.6 (4/253) 0.4 (1/253) 0 (0/253) Busan BS Apr 2014 11 170 (50–270) 0 (0/10) 10 (1/10) 0 (0/10) 30 (3/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) May 2014 14.5 230 (130–280) 100 (9/9) 88.9 (8/9) 0 (0/9) 0 (0/9) 0 (0/9) 0 (0/9) Jun 2014 21 220 (180–300) 100 (7/7) 71.4 (5/7) 0 (0/7) 71.4 (5/7) 0 (0/7) 0 (0/7) Jul 2014 20.4 160 (120–180) 100 (10/10) 90 (9/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) 100 (10/10) 0 (0/10) Feb 2015 11.5 76 (26–175) 0 (0/58) 0 (0/58) 0 (0/58) 0 (0/58) 0 (0/58) 0 (0/58) Feb 2015 12 143 (80–219) 0 (0/37) 0 (0/37) 0 (0/37) 0 (0/37) 0 (0/37) 0 (0/37) Mar 2015 12.5 182 (110–260) 0 (0/70) 0 (0/70) 0 (0/70) 0 (0/70) 0 (0/70) 0 (0/70) Apr 2015 13 203 (120–270) 0 (0/35) 0 (0/35) 0 (0/35) 0 (0/35) 0 (0/35) 0 (0/35) 11 (26/236) 9.7 (23/236) 0 (0/236) 3.4 (8/236) 4.2 (10/236) 0 (0/236) Total detection rate in BS Pohang PH Jul 2014 20.5 140 (50–220) 28.6 (4/14) 7.1 (1/14) 28.6 (4/14) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) Aug 2014 23.4 110 (80–150) 50 (5/10) 60 (6/10) 20 (2/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) Sep 2014 23.1 70 (30–110) 14.3 (2/14) 0 (0/14) 100 (14/14) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) 0 (0/14) Total detection rate in PH 28.9 (11/38) 18.4 (7/38) 52.6 (20/38) 0 (0/38) 0 (0/38) 0 (0/38) Total detection rate in 4 farms 11.6 (86/740) 6.4 (47/740) 3.4 (25/740) 3.2 (24/740) 3 (22/740) 0.5 (4/740) NT not tested surfaces of the specimens were examined macroscopic- were photographed and identified according to their ally and microscopically for the presence of epiphytic morphological characteristics (Gong et al., 2010; Kim organisms.
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