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The Dynamics of Identity Construction Among Ethnic Groups in Benue State, Nigeria

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The Dynamics of Identity Construction Among Ethnic Groups in Benue State, Nigeria THE DYNAMICS OF IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA BY ERIMA COMFORT UGBEM B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Benue State University, Makurdi) MATRICULATION NUMBER: 146679 A PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN, NIGERIA SUPERVISORS PROFESSOR A.O. OLUTAYO DR A.O. OMOBOWALE DECEMBER 2014 i CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by ERIMA COMFORT UGBEM in the Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. ------------------- SUPERVISORS A.O. OLUTAYO B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Ibadan) Professor Department Of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences University Of Ibadan, Ibadan ---------------------- AYOKUNLE OLUMYIWA OMOBOWALE B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Ibadan) Department Of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences University Of Ibadan, Ibadan ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Lord God Almighty for his ever loving presence, strength and inspiration from the commencement of this work to its end. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research work would not have been successful without the support of certain individuals who played various roles that are worthy of acknowledgement. First of all, I appreciate the Most High God, The Father of all creation, the everlasting reality, the One who never leaves me stranded, for strength and inspiration, from the conception of this work to its completion. I appreciate my father in heaven for His grace, favour and strength to carry on with this work in spite of the numerous challenges that would have hindered its completion. All glory, honour, power, majesty, dominion and excellence are ascribed to Him forever. I am very grateful to my supervisors, Professor A.O. Olutayo and Dr A.O. Omobowale for their patience, attention and commitment to this work. I had the best of supervisors any one could ever wish for. I learnt a lot from the two of them and I am who I am today because they never gave up on me and my work. They gave so much insight to this work and I am grateful for the privilege of being supervised by them. Their investments in my life will never go unrewarded. I deeply appreciate my parents Mr and Mrs Ugbem for giving me the opportunity to go to school. I am thankful for their support throughout the course of my studies. I specially appreciate my father for the endless visits to the Registry and Head of the Department of Sociology on my behalf. My appreciation goes to my siblings Joy, Ogbene, Egimi, Kate Ochelle, Ekor Samuel and Christie for their help and encouragement in the course of this work. I also acknowledge with appreciation the support of my soul mate Mr Onah Emmanuel whom I met in the course of this work. I would not have completed this work without his cooperation and encouragement. I am so grateful that our paths crossed. He took this work as his own and assisted me with the final corrections. Thank you dear for your support. I also acknowledge my in laws for their support and encouragement. I specially thank the Management of Benue State University for the opportunity of a study leave. I am grateful to my colleagues Agnes, Lizzy, Mary, John, Timothy and Meg. I appreciate the fatherly concerns and encouragement of Professors, Ega, Ajene, Ode, Okpe, Odey, Gyuse, Okpaga, Amusa and Dr Zasha as well as my pastors Abur, Oloche, Agape, Olanikpekun and Onu for their prayers and moral support. I made some friends in the course of my studies in Ibadan. I am grateful to Titi, Nanet, Ify, Monica, Nsikan, for their friendship, uncle Amana, Anti Patience, Uncle Tim, Sarah as well as RCPGF, ECWA and JESOM family for their encouragement, prayers and moral support. God bless you all. iv I will also specially thank Mr and Mrs Olamuyiwa, my parents in Ibadan. They took me as their daughter and cared so much about my welfare. My coming to Ibadan would not have been possible without you. I won’t forget to mention Paulina, my sister who accommodated me when the management of the University of Ibadan decided to throw us out of the hostels. It was a very challenging period for me and I won’t forget the support she gave me. I also appreciate the encouragement and contributions of Professors Abanihe, late Oke, Jegede, Aderinto, Drs Kabiru, Nwokocha, Okafor, Okunola, Busari, Akanle, Akeem, Adenugba, Dayo as well as the administrative staff of Sociology Department. May the Lord bless you all and others who have been supportive, but whose names are not specifically mentioned here. Erima Comfort Ugbem 1st September 2014 v Abstract Since colonial times, identity construction and reconstruction has been a recurrent trend among ethnic groups in contemporary Benue State, Nigeria. Violent contestations have emerged from these reconstructions leading to loss of lives and properties. Understanding the dynamics of identity construction is critical to understanding the recurrence of violent contestations in Benue State. While a plethora of information exists on these contestations, there is dearth of data on the dynamics of identity construction in the State. This study, therefore examined how social thought and significant other-groups influence the dynamics of identity construction among the ethnic groups in Benue State. The research was anchored on Berger and Luckman’s constructionist theory. Descriptive and exploratory designs were adopted and respondents were purposely selected. Fifty In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were held with gatekeepers among Tiv (10), Idoma (10), Igede (10), Etulo (10) and the Jukun (10) ethnic groups in their major traditional towns of Gboko, Otukpo, Oju, Adi respectively, to elicit information on social thought and significant other-group relations in identity construction. Ten Key Informant Interviews (2 per ethnic group) were conducted with individuals aged 60 years and above to provide information on identity construction in historical perspective. In addition, 20 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held to elicit information on identity construction in contemporary times as well as the social relations of identity construction. Different FGDs were held for males and females ages 18- 39 and < 40 years. Archival research and 5 case studies of individuals, who were 18 years old at the time of the 1950-60s Tiv protests, were used to examine identity construction in historical perspective. Data generated were subjected to content analyses. The Tiv and Idoma were the significant other-groups whose perceptions and attitudes influenced the reconstruction of identity of other ethnic groups of Etulo, Jukun and Igede. Their designation as significant-other groups was based on population, recognition by the State as the ‘majority’ and the creation of the Tiv and Idoma traditional rulership institution. The significant other-groups constructed their social thought identities based on their dominance and control of State resources while the other ethnic groups constructed their social thought as ‘enslaved’ and ‘dominated’ with a desire for change. The other ethnic groups of Etulo and Jukun reconstructed their identity as distinct from the Tiv. The Igede reconstructed their identity as distinct from the Idoma. Hence the Etulo, Jukun and Igede created social thought to emphasise and reify their distinctiveness. The Tiv and Idoma had a disparaging identity construction with regards to the ‘minorities’. Identity construction was spear-headed by charismatic individuals and groups who had a vision for the liberation of their ethnic groups. Spearheads with varying characteristics emerged as the need for new identities arose. Ethnic groups used identity construction to attract development from the State through facilitators and the creation of socio-cultural organisations to mobilise for community development. Government should ensure equitable distribution of resources and empower ‘minority groups’. Keywords: Identity construction, Significant other groups, Ethnic dominance, Word count: 492 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE i CERTIFICATION ii DEDICATION iii AKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 3 1.3 Research Questions 6 1.4 Objectives of the Study 6 1.5 Justification for the Study 6 1.6 Conceptual Clarification 7 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1.1 Introduction 9 2.1.2 The Nature and Dynamics of Identity Construction 10 2.1.3 Concept and Structure of Ethnicity 22 2.1.4 Identity Construction, Identity Politics and Identity Conflicts 25 2.1.5 Power Relations, Identity Construction and Development Concerns 27 2.2 Theoretical Framework 33 2.2.1 Social Constructionism 33 3.0 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Study Area 40 3.3 Historical Account of Selected Traditional Towns 43 3.3.1 Abinsi 43 3.3.2 Gboko 45 vii 3.3.3 Ikpese Etulo 46 3.3.4 Oju 46 3.3.5 Otukpo 48 3.4 Study Population 49 3.5 Techniques of Data Collection 49 3.5.1 Secondary Sources 49 3.5.2 Primary Sources 49 3.6 Method of Data Analyses 50 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS I 4.1 Identity Social Thought of Ethnic Groups in Benue State 51 4.1.1 The Tiv Identity Social Thought 55 4.1.2 The Idoma Identity Social Thought 65 4.1.3 The Igede Identity Social Thought 74 4.1.4 The Etulo identity Social Thought 84 4.1.5 The Jukun Identity Social Thought 91 5.0 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS II 5.1 A Trajectory of Identity Construction and Reconstruction in Northern Nigeria 98 5.2 Spearheads of Identity Construction 132 6.0 CHAPTER
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