DOCSLIB.ORG

Wildland Fire Behavior Case Studies and Analyses: Part 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wildland Fire Behavior Case Studies and Analyses: Part 2 Fire Management today Volume 63 • No. 4 • Fall 2003 WILDLAND FIRE BEHAVIOR CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSES: PART 2 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Editor’s note: This issue of Fire Management Today continues a series of reprinted articles, some of them decades old. Although the articles appear in today’s format, the text is reprinted largely verbatim and therefore reflects the style and usage of the time. We made minor wording changes for clarity, added inter- titles and metric conversions where needed, and occasionally broke up paragraphs to improve readability. All illustrations are taken from the original articles. Erratum In Fire Management Today 63(3) [Summer 2003], the article by Banks and Little contains an error noted in Fire Control Notes 26(1) [Winter 1965], page 15. The third sentence in column 3 on page 76 should read: “More recent burns that left some surface fuel remaining only reduced the damage, but others that removed nearly all the fuels did stop the fire.” Fire Management Today is published by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Fire Management Today is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, at: Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 Fire Management Today is available on the World Wide Web at <http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/>. Ann M. Veneman, Secretary April J. Baily U.S. Department of Agriculture General Manager Dale Bosworth, Chief Robert H. “Hutch” Brown, Ph.D. Forest Service Managing Editor Jerry Williams, Director Madelyn Dillon Fire and Aviation Management Editor Carol LoSapio Guest Editor Martin E. Alexander, Ph.D., and David A. Thomas Issue Coordinators The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family sta­ tus. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Disclaimer: The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement of any product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Individual authors are responsible for the technical accuracy of the material presented in Fire Management Today. Fire today Management Volume 63 • No. 4 • Fall 2003 On the Cover: CONTENTS Wildland Fire Behavior Case Studies and Analyses: Other Examples, Methods, Reporting Standards, and Some Practical - Advice . 4 M.E. Alexander and D.A. Thomas The Carolina Blowup . 13 Keith A. Argow Black Wednesday in Arkansas and Oklahoma—1971 . 15 Rollo T. Davis and Richard M. Ogden Jet Stream Influence on the Willow Fire . 17 John H. Dieterich Smoke is drawn into the cen­ Predicting Major Wildland Fire Occurrence. 20 ter of a 3,200-acre (1,300-ha) Edward A. Brotak and William E. Reifsnyder prescribed burn unit on the The Bass River Fire: Weather Conditions Associated With a Fatal Lower Klamath National Fire. 25 Wildlife Refuge in California. E.A. Brotak The growing need for fire use The Mack Lake Fire . 29 Albert J. Simard nationwide makes it more Behavior of the Life-Threatening Butte Fire: August 27–29, 198531 important than ever for land Richard C. Rothermel and Robert W. Mutch managers to fully understand New Jersey, April 1963: Can It Happen Again? . 40 fire behavior. The photo was a Joseph Hughes winner in Fire Management Horizontal Vortices and the New Miner Fire . 45 Today’s photo contest for 2003 Donald A. Haines (see page 85 for more on the An Overview of the 1987 Wallace Lake Fire, Manitoba . 48 contest). Photo: Troy Portnoff, Kelvin G. Hirsch U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Documenting Wildfire Behavior: The 1988 Brereton Lake Fire, Tulelake, CA, 2002. Manitoba . 50 Kelvin G. Hirsch Horizontal Roll Vortices in Complex Terrain . 54 Donald A. Haines and L. Jack Lyon The FIRE 21 symbol (shown below and on the cover) stands for the safe and effective use of Fire Behavior in High-Elevation Timber . 56 wildland fire, now and throughout the 21st cen­ Mark Beighley and Jim Bishop tury. Its shape represents the fire triangle (oxy­ gen, heat, and fuel). The three outer red triangles The Haines Index and Idaho Wildfire Growth. 63 represent the basic functions of wildland fire organizations (planning, operations, and aviation Paul Werth and Richard Ochoa management), and the three critical aspects of Low-Level Weather Conditions Preceding Major Wildfires . 67 wildland fire management (prevention, suppres­ sion, and prescription). The black interior repre­ Edward A. Brotak sents land affected by fire; the emerging green Those Really Bad Fire Days: What Makes Them So Dangerous?72 points symbolize the growth, restoration, and sustainability associated with fire-adapted Dan Thorpe ecosystems. The flame represents fire itself as an ever-present force in nature. For more informa­ A Race That Couldn’t Be Won . 75 tion on FIRE 21 and the science, research, and Richard C. Rothermel and Hutch Brown innovative thinking behind it, contact Mike Apicello, National Interagency Fire Center, 208­ The South Canyon Fire Revisited: Lessons in Fire Behavior . 77 387-5460. Bret W. Butler, Roberta A. Bartlette, Larry S. Bradshaw, Jack D. Cohen, Patricia L. Andrews, Ted Putnam, Richard J. Mangan, and Hutch Brown Fire Management Today Announces Winners of 2003 Photo Contest . 85 Madelyn Dillon SHORT FEATURES Firefighter and public safety is Websites on Fire . 84 our first priority. Guidelines for Contributors . 90 Volume 63 • No. 4 • Fall 2003 3 WILDLAND FIRE BEHAVIOR CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSES: OTHER EXAMPLES, METHODS, REPORTING STANDARDS, AND SOME PRACTICAL ADVICE M.E. Alexander and D.A. Thomas ase studies done in one country can be applied to another, if The most important thing to record is the position Cfuel type characteristics are rel­ of the head fire at various times—the more evant, by interpreting burning con­ observations, the better. ditions through the other country’s fire danger rating system. case studies. In the last issue of the Lower Michigan (Simard and This special issue of Fire Manage­ journal, we cited some examples of others 1983); ment Today constitutes the second other sources (Alexander and • 1990 Dude Fire, northern installment of articles involving Thomas 2003). Others are cited Arizona (Goens and Andrews fire behavior case studies and below. 1998); and the analyses of wildland fires. All arti­ • 1994 South Canyon Fire, west- cles in this series appeared in past USDA Forest Service fire research­ central Colorado (Butler and oth­ issues of Fire Management Today ers, in collaboration with other ers 1998).* or its predecessors. The 18 articles investigators, have published a in this issue are in chronological number of case studies in the form In the 1990s, the National Fire order, from 1967 to 2001. of journal articles, conference Protection Association (NFPA) pro­ papers, and in-house station publi­ duced several case studies, in very In the lead article to the first cations. Notable examples include glossy formats, on the following installment (Fire Management studies on the: wildfires: Today, volume 63(3) [Summer 2003]), we overviewed the value, • 1965 Hellgate Fire, western • 1989 Black Tiger Fire, central approaches, and practical uses of Virginia (Taylor and Williams Colorado (NFPA 1990); fire behavior case studies and 1968); • 1990 Stephan Bridge Road Fire, analyses (Alexander and Thomas • 1966 Gaston Fire, central South northern Lower Michigan (NFPA 2003). Here we point out examples Carolina (DeCoste and others 1991); of case studies published elsewhere 1968); • 1991 Spokane area fires, north­ (both nationally and international­ • 1966 Loop Fire, southern eastern Washington (NFPA ly) and offer some general thoughts California (Countryman and oth­ 1992a); and on wildland fire behavior observa­ ers 1968); • 1991 Oakland–Berkeley Hills tion and documentation. • 1967 Sundance Fire, northern Fire, west-central California Idaho (Anderson 1968); (NFPA 1992b). Other Examples of • 1968 Canyon Fire, southern Case Studies California (Countryman and oth­ A few of these U.S. case studies are Fire Management Today and its ers 1969); available on the World Wide Web predecessors have certainly not • 1971 Little Sioux Fire, northeast­ or in hard copy for a nominal fee been the only source or outlet for ern Minnesota (Sando and through the National Fire Haines 1972); Equipment System (NFES 2003). Marty Alexander is a senior fire behavior • 1971 Air Force Bomb Range Fire, research officer with the Canadian Forest eastern North Carolina (Wade Service at the Northern Forestry Centre, and Ward 1973); * For an overview of this excellent publication, see the Edmonton, Alberta; and Dave Thomas is the very fine summary prepared by Butler and others regional fuels specialist for the USDA Forest • 1980 Mack Lake Fire, northern (2001) on page 77 in this issue of Fire Management Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, UT. Today. Fire Management Today 4 The challenge of writing a case study report is to distill the mass of information into a coherent summary. Canadian Forest Service fire • 2002 Atawhai Fire, South Island 1. Detection, researchers have also formally pre­ of New Zealand (Peace and 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preacher Fire
    Preacher Fire Fuels and Fire Behavior Resulting in an Entrapment July 24, 2017 Facilitated Learning Analysis (FLA) Photo Courtesy of BLM BLM Carson City District Office, Nevada Table of Contents Page Executive Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 Report Structure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Conditions Affecting the Preacher Fire ------------------------------------------------- 3 Fuel Conditions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Fire Suppression Tactics -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Weather Conditions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Communication Challenges ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Previous Fire History and Map ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 The Story --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Lessons Learned, Observations & Recommendations from Participants ---- 16 Fuel Conditions and Fire Behavior -------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Communications ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Aviation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • California Fire Siege 2007 an Overview Cover Photos from Top Clockwise: the Santiago Fire Threatens a Development on October 23, 2007
    CALIFORNIA FIRE SIEGE 2007 AN OVERVIEW Cover photos from top clockwise: The Santiago Fire threatens a development on October 23, 2007. (Photo credit: Scott Vickers, istockphoto) Image of Harris Fire taken from Ikhana unmanned aircraft on October 24, 2007. (Photo credit: NASA/U.S. Forest Service) A firefighter tries in vain to cool the flames of a wind-whipped blaze. (Photo credit: Dan Elliot) The American Red Cross acted quickly to establish evacuation centers during the siege. (Photo credit: American Red Cross) Opposite Page: Painting of Harris Fire by Kate Dore, based on photo by Wes Schultz. 2 Introductory Statement In October of 2007, a series of large wildfires ignited and burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Southern California. The fires displaced nearly one million residents, destroyed thousands of homes, and sadly took the lives of 10 people. Shortly after the fire siege began, a team was commissioned by CAL FIRE, the U.S. Forest Service and OES to gather data and measure the response from the numerous fire agencies involved. This report is the result of the team’s efforts and is based upon the best available information and all known facts that have been accumulated. In addition to outlining the fire conditions leading up to the 2007 siege, this report presents statistics —including availability of firefighting resources, acreage engaged, and weather conditions—alongside the strategies that were employed by fire commanders to create a complete day-by-day account of the firefighting effort. The ability to protect the lives, property, and natural resources of the residents of California is contingent upon the strength of cooperation and coordination among federal, state and local firefighting agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • FIRE DEPARTMENT COUNTY Adair County Tri Community Volunteer Fire Dept
    FIRE DEPARTMENT COUNTY Adair County Tri Community Volunteer Fire Dept. Adair Bell Rural Fire Department Inc Adair Chance Community Fire Department Inc. Adair Christie Proctor Fire Association Adair Greasy Volunteer Fire Department Inc. Adair Hwy 100 West Fire Protection Adair Hwy 51 West Rural Fire District, Inc. Adair Mid County Rural Fire Dept. Inc. Adair Town of Stilwell for Stilwell Fire Department Adair Town of Watts for Watts Fire Department Adair Town of Westville for Westville Fire Department Adair City of Cherokee for Cherokee Fire Department Alfalfa Nescatunga Rural Fire Association Alfalfa Town of Aline for Aline Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Burlington for Burlington Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Byron for A&B Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Carmen for Carmen Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Goltry for Goltry Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Helena for Helena Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Jet for Jet Fire Department Alfalfa Bentley Volunteer Fire District Atoka City of Atoka for Atoka Fire Department Atoka Crystal Volunteer Fire Department Association Atoka Daisy Volunteer Fire Department, Inc. Atoka Farris Fire District Atoka Harmony Fire Department Atoka Hopewell Community Firefighters Association Atoka Lane Volunteer Fire Department Association Atoka Town of Caney for Caney Fire Department Atoka Town of Stringtown for Stringtown Fire Department Atoka Town of Tushka for Tushka Fire Department Atoka Wards Chapel Fire Department, Inc. Atoka Wardville Rural Volunteer Fire Dept. Atoka Wilson Community Rural Fire Association
    [Show full text]
  • Wildfires from Space
    Wildfires from Space More Lessons from the Sky Satellite Educators Association http://SatEd.org This is an adaptation of an original lesson plan developed and published on-line by Natasha Stavros at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The original problem set and all of its related links is available from this address: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/fired-up-over-math-studying-wildfires-from-space/ Please see the Acknowledgements section for historical contributions to the development of this lesson plan. This spotlight on the “Wildfires from Space” lesson plan was published in November 2016 in More Lessons from the Sky, a regular feature of the SEA Newsletter, and archived in the SEA Lesson Plan Library. Both the Newsletter and the Library are freely available on-line from the Satellite Educators Association (SEA) at this address: http://SatEd.org. Content, Internet links, and materials on the lesson plan's online Resources page revised and updated in October 2019. SEA Lesson Plan Library Improvement Program Did you use this lesson plan with students? If so, please share your experience to help us improve the lesson plan for future use. Just click the Feedback link at http://SatEd.org/library/about.htm and complete the short form on-line. Thank you. Teaching Notes Wildfires from Space Invitation Wildfire is a global reality, and with the onset of climate change, the number of yearly wildfires is increasing. The impacts range from the immediate and tangible to the delayed and less obvious. In this activity, students assess wildfires using remote sensing imagery.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide
    A publication of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 April 2013 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide April 2013 PMS 210 Sponsored for NWCG publication by the NWCG Operations and Workforce Development Committee. Comments regarding the content of this product should be directed to the Operations and Workforce Development Committee, contact and other information about this committee is located on the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Questions and comments may also be emailed to [email protected]. This product is available electronically from the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Previous editions: this product replaces PMS 410-1, Fireline Handbook, NWCG Handbook 3, March 2004. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) has approved the contents of this product for the guidance of its member agencies and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone else. NWCG’s intent is to specifically identify all copyrighted content used in NWCG products. All other NWCG information is in the public domain. Use of public domain information, including copying, is permitted. Use of NWCG information within another document is permitted, if NWCG information is accurately credited to the NWCG. The NWCG logo may not be used except on NWCG-authorized information. “National Wildfire Coordinating Group,” “NWCG,” and the NWCG logo are trademarks of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names or trademarks in this product is for the information and convenience of the reader and does not constitute an endorsement by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group or its member agencies of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
    [Show full text]
  • Department Emergency Operations Plan (DEOP)
    San Bernardino County PROBATION DEPARTMENT Department Emergency Operations Plan (DEOP) October 2020 San Bernardino County SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY Probation Department Emergency Operations Plan Department (DEOP) THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK San Bernardino County SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY Probation Department Emergency Operations Plan Department (DEOP) RECORD OF CHANGES On an annual basis, the County Departments/Agencies shall review their respective DEOP and/or update Department/Agency Functional Annexes as appropriate. Document the date of the review and the names of personnel conducting the review. Change Section Change Revised By Description of Change # Date 1 10/3/18 Carrie Cruz ICEMA response Part I - Basic 2 6/26/19 Carrie Cruz Added Sec. 4.2 – DEOP Implementation Language Plan, Sec. 4 Part I - Basic Added Sec. 4.2.1 – Decision Matrix for DEOP 3 6/26/19 Carrie Cruz Plan, Sec. 4 Implementation Part II – 4 6/27/19 Carrie Cruz Revised Sec. Title and Additional Language Annex 2 Part II – Added Sec. 2.1.1 – MEF Initial Screening Aid and 5 6/27/19 Carrie Cruz Annex 2 Language Part II – Added Standardized MEF Chart for all County 6 Annex 2, 6/27/19 Carrie Cruz Department/Agencies and Language Sec. 2.1.1 Table of 7 6/27/19 Carrie Cruz Updated TOC Contents Part II – 8 7/1/19 Carrie Cruz Added Planning Tips – Step 1 Annex 1 Part II – 9 7/1/19 Carrie Cruz Added Planning Tips – Step 2 Annex 2 Part II – 10 7/1/19 Carrie Cruz Added Planning Tips – Step 3 Annex 3 Part II – 11 7/1/19 Carrie Cruz Added Planning Tips – Step 4 Annex 4 Part II – 12 7/1/19 Carrie
    [Show full text]
  • Fire and Aviation Level One Report
    Part 1 of 2 Missoula Fire and Aviation USDA Forest Service • Technology and Development Program • 5100 Fire, 5700 Aviation Technical Services— community through their involve- ment in groups such as the Fire and Aviation National Fire Protection Associa- Management tion (NFPA), National Wildfire Coordinating Group, and National Technical services provided by Fire Equipment Systems (NFES) MTDC’s Fire and Aviation committee. By maintaining a close Management Program are used to relationship with workers in the transfer information and technol- field—those folks in the yellow ogy from specialists to the field shirts—MTDC anticipates new units. MTDC personnel stay needs, enabling the Forest Service current on technologies and issues to provide a safer, more productive that affect the wildland firefighting work environment. Dick Mangan, Fire and Aviation Program Leader Dick has been Program Leader for Fire, Aviation, and Residues at MTDC since 1989. Before coming to the center, he spent more than National 20 years working on Ranger Districts and National Forests in Oregon and Wildfire Washington, participating in the full Coordinating range of wildland fire activities. He serves on the National Wildfire Group Coordinating Group (NWCG) Fire Equipment and Safety and Health Working Teams and is chairperson of the National Fire Protection The National Wild- Association (NFPA) 1977 Technical fire Coordinating Committee for Wildland Fire Group (NWCG) is an Personal Protective Clothing and organization whose Equipment. Dick remains active in membership includes the field, representing MTDC on fire entrapment investigations and the National Associa- serving as Operations Section Chief tion of State Foresters, on a National Type 1 Overhead Team.
    [Show full text]
  • Evergreen Fire Protection District Jefferson and Clear Creek Counties, Colorado
    2020 Evergreen Fire Protection District Jefferson and Clear Creek Counties, Colorado F Community Wildfire Protection Plan EVERGREEN FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT COMMUNITY WILDFIRE PROTECTION PLAN 2020 UPDATE Prepared for Evergreen Fire/Rescue 1802 Bergen Pkwy, Evergreen, Colorado 80439 Prepared by Forest Stewards Guild 170 2nd Street SW Loveland, CO 80537 1 CONTENTS Evergreen Fire Protection District ............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................5 Evergreen’s Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) .......................................................................................................6 Fire History ..................................................................................................................................................................8 Catastrophic Wildfire – Common Factors .........................................................................................................9 Ignition Prevention ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Evergreen’s Preparedness for Wildfire ................................................................................................................. 11 Community Accomplishments since first CWPP .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Escape Fire: Lessons for the Future of Health Care
    Berwick Escape Fire lessons for the future oflessons for the future care health lessons for the future of health care Donald M. Berwick, md, mpp president and ceo institute for healthcare improvement ISBN 1-884533-00-0 the commonwealth fund Escape Fire lessons for the future of health care Donald M. Berwick, md, mpp president and ceo institute for healthcare improvement the commonwealth fund new york, new york The site of the Mann Gulch fire, which is described in this book, is listed introduction in the National Register of Historic Places. Because many regard it as sacred ground, it is actively protected and managed by the Forest Service as a cultural landscape. On December 9, 1999, the nearly 3,000 individuals who attended the 11th Annual National Forum on Quality Improvement in Health Care heard an extraordinary address by Dr. Donald M. Berwick, the founder, president, and CEO of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, the forum’s sponsor. Entitled Escape Fire, Dr. Berwick’s speech took its audience back to the year 1949, when a wildfire broke out on a Montana hillside, taking the lives of 13 young men and changing the way firefighting was managed in the United States. After retelling this harrowing tale, Dr. Berwick applied the Escape Fire is an edited version of the Plenary Address delivered at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s 11th Annual National Forum lessons learned from this catastrophe to the health care on Quality Improvement in Health Care, in New Orleans, Louisiana, on December 9, 1999. system—a system that, he believes, is on the verge of its Copyright © 2002 Donald M.
    [Show full text]
  • Dock and Crop Images
    orders: [email protected] (un)subscribe: [email protected] Current Availability for September 25, 2021 Dock and Crop images Click any thumbnail below for the slideshow of what we shipped this past week: CYCS ARE RED HOT GIANT GLOSSY LEAVES BLUE MOONSCAPE SUCCULENT BLUE LEAVES SUCCULENT ORANGE LEAVES SPECKLED LEAVES CYCS ARE RED HOT RED SUNSETSCAPE Jeff's updates - 9/16 dedicated this week's favorites Chimi's favorite climbing structure 4FL = 4" pot, 15 per flat 10H = 10" hanging basket n = new to the list ys = young stock 6FL = 6" pot, 6 per flat 10DP = 10" Deco Pot, round b&b = bud and bloom few = grab 'em! QT= quart pot, 12 or 16 per flat nb = no bloom * = nice ** = very nice Quarts - 12 per flat, Four Inch - 15 per flat, no split flats, all prices NET code size name comments comments 19406 4FL Acalypha wilkesiana 'Bronze Pink' ** Copper Plant-colorful lvs 12210 QT Acorus gramineus 'Ogon' ** lvs striped creamy yellow 19069 4FL Actiniopteris australis ** Eyelash Fern, Ray Fern 17748 4FL Adiantum hispidulum ** Rosy Maidenhair 17002 4FL Adiantum raddianum 'Microphyllum' ** extremely tiny leaflets 21496 4FL Adromischus filicaulis (cristatus?) ** Crinkle Leaf 16514 4FL Aeonium 'Kiwi' ** tricolor leaves 13632 QT Ajuga 'Catlin's Giant' ** huge lvs, purple fls 13279 QT Ajuga pyramidalis 'Metallica Crispa' ** crinkled leaf 17560 4FL Aloe vera * Healing Aloe, a must-have 13232 QT Anthericum sanderii 'Variegated' *b&b grassy perennial 13227 QT Asparagus densiflorus 'Meyer's' ** Foxtail Fern 19161 4FL Asplenium 'Austral Gem'
    [Show full text]
  • Is It a Red Flag Day?
    Is it a Red Flag Day? A Special Section on the Social Aspects of Wildfire Presented by the National Park Service in cooperation with Project Learning Tree, the Fire Prevention Officers of Marin County, and the Marin Independent Journal Advertising Department 2 Fire Recycles ildland fire is an plant particles while the larger material AIR SUN W ecological remains as ash. process affecting almost Ash returns nutrients from plants back all of the earth's vegeta- into the soil, especially calcium, potassi- tion. Underwater plants um and phosphorous. Nitrogen is are generally an returned by the nitrogen-fixing plants that PLANTS excpetion, although flourish after a fire and begin the process FIRE when seaweed or algae of regrowth. Without nitrogen, proteins are left onshore to dry, cannot be made, and DNA cannot be SOIL they too, can become fuel. reproduced. In some places, wildland fire occurs regularly enough that Most of the earth's nitrogen is in the species depend on it. air, but can’t be breathed in. Nitrogen-fix- What's Inside ers host bacteria in their roots which The length of a fire return interval, or convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form Fire Recycles . 2 "fire cycle" varies based on the climate, plants and animals can use. Defensible Space vegetation, and ignition frequency of a Like many hardwood trees, shrubs and other Perspectives. 3 particular location. Ignitions are mainly Plants in the pea family (legumes) are flowering plants, this California bay survived caused by lightning, volcanic ash, lava, notorious for their nitrogen fixing abilities. a wildfire by resprouting at the base.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I for Fire Managers
    United States Department of Agriculture Synthesis of Knowledge of Forest Service Pacific Northwest Extreme Fire Behavior: Research Station General Technical Volume I for Fire Managers Report PNW-GTR-854 November 2011 Paul A. Werth, Brian E. Potter, Craig B. Clements, Mark A. Finney, Scott L. Goodrick, Martin E. Alexander, Miguel G. Cruz, Jason A. Forthofer, and Sara S. McAllister A SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE FROM THE The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD).
    [Show full text]