SNAPSHOT of CIVIL REGISTRATION and VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEMS of the NETHERLANDS Ii SNAPSHOT of CRVS SYSTEMS of the NETHERLANDS

CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE LE CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE for CRVS Systems sur les systèmes ESEC

SNAPSHOT OF CIVIL REGISTRATION AND VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS ii SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

Program information

About the Centre of Excellence for About the International CRVS Systems Development Research Centre (IDRC) Housed at the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Centre of Excellence for Civil Part of Canada’s foreign afairs and development Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Systems is eforts, IDRC invests in knowledge, innovation, a global knowledge and resource hub that actively and solutions to improve the lives of people in supports national eforts to develop, strengthen, the developing world. IDRC works with many and scale-up CRVS systems. It collaborates stakeholders, including civil society organizations, with organizations and experts to broker access think tanks, regional organizations, and government to information and expertise, including global departments to promote growth, reduce poverty, standards, tools, research evidence, and relevant and drive large-scale positive change. good practice.

The Centre of Excellence was established with funding from Global Afairs Canada and IDRC and contributes directly to the work of the Global Financing Facility, a key fnancing platform of the UN Secretary General’s Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health.

Published by the Centre of Excellence for Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Systems. This publication was authored by Zoran Đoković, a consultant with the Centre of Excellence.

International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON Canada Email: [email protected] www.CRVSsystems.ca

The research presented in this publication was carried out with fnancial and technical assistance from the Centre of Excellence for CRVS Systems. Housed at the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), it is jointly funded by Global Afairs Canada and IDRC. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of Global Afairs Canada, IDRC, or its Board of Governors.

Please visit CRVSsystems.ca/country-profles to see the latest version of this profle, or else to consult the published profles of other countries. THE NETHERLANDS 1

Contents

Program information...... ii

Introduction...... 2

Brief country profle ...... 2

CRVS dimensions...... 3

Civil registration system...... 4 Legislative framework...... 4 Management, organization, and operations ...... 5

Vital statistics system...... 7 Vital statistics ...... 7 Causes of death ...... 7

Digitization ...... 8 Computerization ...... 8 Population register ...... 9 Interface with other sectors and operations ...... 10

Improvement initiatives and external support...... 11 Improvement plan and budget...... 11

Conclusion...... 11

Resources...... 12 Websites...... 12 Additional materials...... 12

Endnotes...... 13 2 SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

Introduction The Netherlands

The purpose of this report is to provide a brief Groningen

introduction to the civil registration and vital Friesland statistics (CRVS) system in the Netherlands.

Drenthe

The information is based on a case study of the North Netherlands’ CRVS and identity management Holland system published in the Compendium of Good Practices in Linking Civil Registration and Vital Flevoland Overijssel Statistics (CRVS) and Identity Management Systems. It was further supplemented by a desk Utrecht Gelderland review of available documents. Among other South things, the report presents: Holland

TT Background information on the country; North Brabant TT Selected indicators relevant for CRVS improvement processes;

Zeeland TT Stakeholder activities; and Limburg TT Resources available and needed to strengthen CRVS systems.

Brief country profle Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply ofcial The Netherlands is located in Western Europe. It is endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Germany to the east, and Belgium to the south. The 2 country also shares maritime borders with France TT Land area: 41,500 km (in the Caribbean) and the United Kingdom. 1 TT Population: 17,231,017 (estimated), with an estimated annual growth rate 0.6 percent.2 In The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of 2018,3 91 percent of the population resided four autonomous countries: the Netherlands, in urban areas, with the remaining 9 percent Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. The country of residing in rural areas. the Netherlands consists of a territory in Europe and the islands of Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius TT Capital city: Amsterdam in the Caribbean. The Netherlands’ territory in TT Ofcial working language: Dutch Europe consists of 12 provinces, which are further T Ministry responsible for civil registration: Ministry subdivided into 355 municipalities. T of Justice and Security

TT Civil registration agency: Municipal authorities TT National statistical ofce: Statistics Netherlands THE NETHERLANDS 3

CRVS dimensions

Births

Completeness of birth registration 100% (2017)4

Children under 5 years of age whose births were reported as registered 100% (2017)5

Births attended by skilled health personnel 100% (2003)6

Women aged 15–49 who received antenatal care from a skilled provider Not available

DPT1 immunization coverage among 1-year-olds 97% (2018)7

Crude birth rate (per 1,000 population) 9.8 (2019)8

Total fertility rate (live births per woman) 1.7 (2017)9

Adolescent fertility rate (per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 years) 4 (2017)10

Population under age 15 17% (2012)11 Deaths

Completeness of death registration 100% (2011)12

Crude death rate (per 1,000 population) 9 (2017)13

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 3.3 (2018)14

Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 3.9 (2018)15

Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 5 (2017)16 Marriages and divorces

Marriage registration rate 3.7 (2018)17

Women aged 20–24 frst married or in union before age 15 Not available

Women aged 20–24 frst married or in union before age 18 Not available

Divorce registration rate 9.9 (2016)18 Vital statistics including causes of death data

Compilation and dissemination of civil registration-based statistics Available

Medically certifed causes of death Available 4 SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

Civil registration system Privacy protection legislation provides general guidance on the conditions for sharing information Legislative framework from the central population register with other public administrators and service providers. Under the Civil Code, vital event registration Only services under government authority records are completed and stored in the can legally beneft from access to the central municipality in which the vital events occurred. population register. To gain access to specifc There is a designated Registrar of Births, Deaths, personal information in the population register, Marriages and Registered Partnerships in each of the requesting authority must prove that their the Netherlands’ 355 municipalities. The Registrar is service is defned by relevant sectoral law and responsible for creating, processing, and retaining that the service requires the use of personal data. vital event registrations. A dedicated review board set up by the National Ofce for Identity Data assesses the merits of The Basic Registration of Persons Act19 regulates each request and defnes the types of personal entry and processing of personal information data that are required for service provision, in in population registers. It also defnes the consultation with the requesting authority. Data can characteristics and components of the population be shared by copying personal data into a service’s register system. The details of the system are designated functional register or by looking up further prescribed in regulations at the ministerial the personal information directly in the population level. These regulations guarantee that all register when a request for service is made. Each municipalities apply the Basic Registration of decision to grant access to the population register Persons Act rules in a similar way. for a specifc purpose is published on the Ministry In addition to registering residents’ legal identity of the Interior’s website. information and any legal identity data layers Privacy legislation requires that the Ministry of the throughout a person’s lifetime, the population Interior log each request for personal information register’s key purpose is to keep up-to-date made by external users and public authorities. information on a person’s address of residence. Citizens have the right to access information on the Dutch government ofcials rely on address agencies that have used their personal information, of residence information to determine tax and for what purpose, within a specifc timeframe. responsibilities and to provide health, education, social security, and welfare services. According to privacy legislation, Dutch citizens have the right to The Basic Registration of Persons Act defnes two types of population registers: one for residents TT inspect the data recorded about them; and one for non-residents. Resident population TT have data corrected, if incorrect; and registers are maintained in each municipality for TT know which organizations have used their data, people who live within its territory. Non-resident when, and for what purpose. population registers are maintained by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (Ministry of the Interior) for Dutch citizens who live abroad and for non-Dutch citizens, such as migrant workers and students who reside in the Netherlands for a short period of time. THE NETHERLANDS 5

Management, organization, Table 1: CRVS responsibilities and tasks. and operations Responsible Under the Civil Code, the Ministry of Justice organization Task and Security is responsible for coordinating and Ministry of the Interior Policy and law, travel creating policies for the civil registration process and Kingdom Relations document regulations, in the Netherlands, while individual municipalities population registry are responsible for registering vital events and National Ofce for Administrative ofce, maintaining records. Information from each Identity Data under the travel document system registration record is entered in the population Ministry of the Interior management, population register of the municipality where the person and Kingdom Relations registry maintains permanent residence. Ministry of Foreign Afairs Passports for Dutch When people move away from a specifc and embassies citizens living abroad municipality to live abroad, their records are Ministry of Justice and Policy and law, transferred to the non-residents’ population Security regulations civil registry, register, which is operated by the Ministry of registrations of foreigners the Interior. without permits Municipalities Front ofce identifcation, All six Dutch Caribbean islands make use of the travel documents, civil Persoonsinformatievoorziening Nederlandse and population registry Antillen en Aruba20 system, or the population information system for the [former] Netherlands National CRVS systems coordination Antilles and Aruba. The islands of Bonaire, Saba, mechanisms and Sint Eustatius are recognized in the population registration system as specifc Dutch municipalities. There is no coordination mechanism specifcally Their population information systems are targeting CRVS systems. However, the Consultative synchronized with the Basisregistratie Personen Council is the coordinating body responsible for (BRP), or Personal Records Database, to prevent fnancing and supporting the operation of the duplicate enrolment. As independent countries population register, which hosts civil registration within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the islands records and provides proof of registered vital events. of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten maintain their The Consultative Council includes six own population registers, which are not connected representatives from the Ministry of the Interior: to the BRP. three municipal representatives, three ofcials The Basic Registration of Persons Act appoints from municipal and non-municipal agencies that the Ministry of the Interior to maintain a central supply the Ministry with data about non-residents, population register that aggregates and and six representatives from agencies that use synchronizes all personal records daily with population data. 355 municipal residents’ population registers and One of the most important tasks of the Consultative the non-residents’ population register. Council is to determine the amount of fnancial The National Ofce for Identity Data is responsible contributions required to support the operation for overseeing the data-sharing process and of the central population register. Contributions resolving any issues related to data quality. Table 1 cover the operational and human resource costs details responsibilities and tasks. required to maintain and operate the register. 6 SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

According to Dutch law, the amount of information is sent to the person’s municipality of residence, an agency acquires from the population register where a personal record is updated or, in the case will determine its level of fnancial contribution. of a newborn child, a personal record is created Contributions are directly proportional to the in the population register. When parents register volume of information obtained from the central a birth, their identity information is automatically population register. updated from the central population register and added to their child’s personal record. Statistics Netherlands falls under the sector named Statistics Netherlands and other agencies. Other The Registrar of Births, Deaths, Marriages and members of this sector include: Registered Partnerships is responsible for creating birth registration records, which are legal proof of TT Netherlands’ Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency; a child’s birth. The birth certifcate is fled in the birth registration book and a copy is provided only TT 12 Netherlands provinces; if requested, for a fee. Population registration in the TT Chamber of Commerce; and Netherlands has made online verifcation of identity information benefcial to the Dutch government TT Royal Dutch Association of Civil Law Notaries. and its citizens. Over time, the population register Statistics Netherlands represents this sector in the has eliminated the need for birth certifcates from Consultative Council. all government communications.

Accessibility of civil registration services Declarants report a person’s death to the No precise data available municipality where the death has occurred. In the case of a death by natural causes, the doctor in Registration of vital events attendance will provide the declarant with A and B Every child born in the Netherlands must be certifcates. The A certifcate is the death certifcate registered at the municipal population afairs and the B certifcate (cause of death certifcate) is ofce within three days of their birth. If parents for Statistics Netherlands. These certifcates are miss this deadline, they may register the birth only used to report the death and cause of death to the by court decision. The registration act (record) is municipality where the death has occurred. When created after one of the child’s parents or someone the death has been registered, the municipality who was present at the birth provides a parent issues a death registration certifcate and updates identity document and a statement of the general the personal fle of the deceased in the respective practitioner or midwife with their request. The municipal population registers. completed registration is recorded in a designated Registering marriages, registered partnerships, and registration book. divorces that take place within the Netherlands If a birth or other vital event occurs in the same can involve authorities at the local, ministerial, municipality where the person lives, the registration or judicial level. Following the same approach, information is entered directly into the municipal registration records remain with the authorities that population register to create a new personal record registered the event. Information about the event for the child. If the vital event occurs in a diferent is communicated to the person’s municipality of municipality, the registration will be recorded in residence to update that population register. the registration book at the municipality in which the vital event took place. An electronic notifcation THE NETHERLANDS 7

Sample registration forms registered in the Netherlands (Table 2). This information is based on the compulsory cause- T Birth certifcate d2v9ipibika81v.cloudfront.net/ T of-death notifcation by the physician treating the uploads/sites/148/2017/04/DutchBirthCert. deceased at the time of death or a pathologist. pdf For every death, a cause-of-death certifcate is TT Death certifcate d2v9ipibika81v.cloudfront. completed and sent with the death certifcate net/uploads/sites/148/Document-C-Death- to the population register in the municipality Certifcate.jpg in which the death took place. The cause-of- death certifcate, which is used exclusively for Vital statistics system statistical purposes, is subsequently sent to Statistics Netherlands. Since 2014, cause-of-death Vital statistics certifcates are also sent digitally to Statistics Netherlands through a secure connection. World Following the established procedure for granting Health Organization guidelines are used where access to a specifc set of personal data in the possible to classify and code causes of death. Only population register, Statistics Netherlands has been the underlying cause of death is reported. Until authorized to receive all data required to compile 2012, coding was done by hand and a maximum of population statistics, including vital statistics. This three secondary causes of death were mentioned is in line with requirements and standards from for each deceased person. Since 2013, coding has the United Nations Department of Economic and been done automatically by IRIS, an automated, Social Afairs (UN DESA), Eurostat, and the Council interactive mortality coding software system, which of Europe. To compile vital statistics, Statistics codes multiple causes of death and selects the Netherlands has acquired several types of underlying cause of death for statistical tabulation authorization that collect information by triggering All underlying diseases are coded on the cause-of- the release of personal information to Statistics death certifcate. Netherlands when a new vital event is recorded, such as date of birth or date of death. Data on Table 2: Information collected on causes of death. marriages and divorces is obtained in a similar fashion. Information Causes of death collected Access to specifc data is approved once it has information Yes No been deemed that it is necessary to produce Deaths occurring in specifc statistical analysis and that the amount of X data being shared is consistent with the amount health facilities Natural deaths occurring required. Data sharing with Statistics Netherlands is X achieved by subscribing the agency to authorized in communities data types. Registering new information in the Non-natural deaths X subscribed data type also triggers an electronic occurring in communities message communicating new information to Statistics Netherlands. The most common causes of death were neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system, Causes of death and diseases of the respiratory system (Figure 1). By comparison, fatal diseases of the skin and The cause-of-death statistic is a registration based complications during pregnancy and childbirth on all causes of death from all deceased persons were not very common. 8 SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

Figure 1: Most common causes of death, 2018.

Neoplasms 46,627

Diseases of the circulatory system 37,769

Diseases of the respiratory system 14,038

Mental and behavioural disorders 13,002

Diseases of the nervous system 8,968

External causes of injury and poisoning 8,627

Symptoms, signs, and ill-defned conditions 6,557

Diseases of the digestive system 4,722

Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases 3,568

Diseases of the genitourinary system 3,359

Infectious and parasitic diseases 3,322

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system 1,127 and connective tissue 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

The two most important causes of death in the data collected by municipal population registers. It Netherlands were the same for both genders, also provides access to personal data to all other although neoplasms were more common among public administrators. men, and diseases of the circulatory system were more common among women. However, some Computerization causes of death were more common among The National Ofce for Identity Data defnes a certain gender. For example, nearly twice the technical and software requirements for as many women (742) as men (385) died from implementing municipal population registers. musculoskeletal diseases. It monitors externally procured information and communications technology (ICT) solutions Digitization and ensures that they meet the necessary requirements and standards. The Ofce also Digitizing municipal population registers that defnes standards and protocols for application store information on registered vital events programming interfaces to allow external users to began in the early 1990s. On 1 October 1994, access the central register. municipal population registers began operating as digitized databases. Digitized registers have Online registration services at health since undergone a number of technological facilities and infrastructural changes. Most notably, these No registration takes place at health facilities. include establishing a central population register, the BRP, which is administered by the Ministry of Mobile technology application the Interior. The BRP retains copies of all personal Mobile technology is not used for civil registration processes. THE NETHERLANDS 9

Unique identifcation number The primary role of the central register is to allow data users to access information in all municipal The unique identifcation number (branded as the population registers from a single location. The citizen service number) is designed as a random National Ofce for Identity Data controls the quality number that can be mathematically verifed as of registrations stored in the municipal population a valid number, but does not contain personal register to ensure the integrity of the registration information that can be attributed to the person. process across all municipal population registers. UINs are generated by the National Ofce for However, it has no authority to change information Identity Data and distributed to municipalities in in the central or municipal registers. batches of 500 UINs to be allocated locally. The National Ofce for Identity Data defnes Population register the technical and software requirements for Each municipal population register contains implementing municipal population registers. personal records that include a person’s identity It monitors externally procured ICT solutions and address, as well as a range of other personal and ensures that they meet the necessary information to facilitate decision-making on their requirements and standards. The Ofce also eligibility for various services and rights. Personal defnes standards and protocols for application records in a municipal population register consist of programming interfaces to allow external users to specifc categories of personal information. access the central register.

The information in the population register is either Digitization of historical civil registration supplied by relevant authorities or concerned records individuals. Local municipal registrars supply All civil registration records have been digitized information on births, deaths, marriages, and in the process of digitizing municipal population registered partnerships. Similarly, courts supply registers. Civil registration certifcates are also information on divorces, and the Ministry of Justice preserved on microflm and kept at a central provides information on changes in citizenship. location. Finally, concerned individuals are required to personally report to municipal authorities when Link with identifcation system moving residence within the country, immigrating Municipal authorities are responsible for issuing or moving abroad, or recording any vital events legal identity credentials such as national identity that happened abroad. While residents generally cards, passports, and driver’s licences. Biometric report vital events in a timely manner, they may data, such as photos for national ID, passports, and face a fne of 325 euros (approximately US$359) if driver’s licences, is stored in a separate database they deliberately fail to report a new vital event of kept by the issuing agencies. However, all other residency status. personal information printed on these documents is drawn directly from the central population The Personal Records Database is the Dutch register. central population register. It is designed as a database that mirrors all personal records from When information is entered into a personal record 355 municipal population registers and the register in a municipal population register that is diferent of non-residents. Each municipal population from the information on identity credentials or register connects to the central population register marks a person as deceased, that information at least once daily to synchronize its content with is shared via the central population register. The its municipal counterpart. information would generally originate when a 10 SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

person registers vital life events. This information agency requires information, it must retrieve is shared via the central population register to be the data from the appropriate basic register. marked as invalid with the database that issued the For example, if the Dutch Tax and Customs most recent identity credentials. Administration needs someone’s address, it is not permitted to ask the person for the information. The Interface with other sectors Administration will instead collect the information and operations from the BRP. Legally, citizens must only provide data once, and all government agencies must use In the Netherlands, there are 10 separate, the same data. fundamental, and interconnected registers that operate on agreed system standards to ensure Figure 2 illustrates how personal information from interoperability between them. The main purpose the central population register is used as a source of the system of basic registers is to allow the of personal data for other basic registers, linking Dutch government to collect data only once and directly to 6 out of 10 basic registers.21 retain it in one register. Each time a government

Figure 2: Ten basic registers operated by the Netherlands government and the direction of data sharing between individual registers.

Vehicles Income Cadastre Topography Register Register Register Register

Large Scale Topography Valuation of Register Immovable Property Register

Subsurface Register

Personal Records Database

Addresses and Commercial Resident Non-resident Buildings Register Register THE NETHERLANDS 11

Improvement initiatives on which the population register is built. The existing legacy system is increasingly considered and external support unsuitable to adequately use the latest ICT tools.

Improvement plan and budget Conclusion Strategic plan Civil registration and vital statistics systems are The Dutch strategy is focused on improving fundamental to the Netherlands’ identity system. identity management practices and aims to Registered vital events are used in the digitized reduce cost and complexity of e-government population register and later processed by other services, fght fraud, and increase simplicity for government systems. While civil registration end users. It includes the provision of digital paper records are still meticulously kept and identity credentials to citizens and businesses preserved, they are used only as a “golden for electronic authentication to public sector reserve of identity information” for situations applications with several levels of assurance. It is where identity information cannot be accessed based on a centralized registration policy relying digitally. Municipal population registers in the on a centralized population register. Netherlands have traditionally refected a holistic Budgetary allocations and requirements approach to civil registration, vital statistics, and identity management. Each new layer of identity The Netherlands’ CRVS and identity management information from birth until death is recorded in the system is fnanced entirely from government and population register using information on registered municipal budgetary resources. Civil registration, vital events. This information is used as a source which is the responsibility of municipal authorities, of identity data to issue ID documents and update is fnanced from municipal budgets. The central identity data in other government functional population register, which falls under the authority systems. The Netherlands’ identity system of the Ministry of Interior Ofce for Identity Data, demonstrates a deeply rooted understanding draws funds from a range of public institutions of how interactions between public authorities that use data from the population register. The and citizens can be supported by a robust Consultative Council determines the participation system that recognizes, registers, and manages of each public institution in the funding of the identity information. It further illustrates how a population register. government’s overall efciency depends on access Activities identifed as high priorities to readily available, up-to-date identity information, including address of residence. Given the high demand for verifying registered data from public institutions, the CRVS and identity management system in the Netherlands is frequently targeted for all types of fraud attempts that threaten the integrity of the whole registration system, as most of the verifcation and data sharing takes place in the digital realm. To that end, measures to identify and combat fraud take high priority. The Ofce for Identity Data also began modernizing and overhauling the software platform 12 SNAPSHOT OF CRVS SYSTEMS OF THE NETHERLANDS

Resources Additional materials Centre of Excellence for Civil Registration and Vital Websites Statistics (CRVS) Systems. 2019. Compendium of The National Ofce for Identity Data: Good Practices in Linking Civil Registration and Vital rvig.nl/about-rvig Statistics (CRVS) and Identity Management Systems. Netherlands case study. International Development Ministry of Justice and Security: government.nl/ Research Centre, Ottawa, ON. crvssystems. ministries/ministry-of-justice-and-security ca/sites/default/fles/assets/fles/CRVS_ Netherlands_e_WEB.pdf Statistics Netherlands: cbs.nl/en-gb Government of the Netherlands. 2019. Wet basisregistratie personen (Basic Registration of Persons Act). wetten.overheid.nl/ BWBR0033715/2019-02-03

Persoonsinformatievoorziening Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba (Personal information provision Netherlands Antilles and Aruba). vig.nl/caribisch- gebied/persoonsinformatievoorziening- nederlandse-antillen-en-aruba-piva

Prins, K. 2016. Population register data, basis for the Netherlands’ population statistics. Statistics Netherlands. cbs.nl/en-gb/ background/2016/01/population-register-data- basis-for-the-netherlands-population-statistics THE NETHERLANDS 13

Endnotes

1 World Bank. 2019. Population, total – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=NL 2 World Bank. 2019. Population growth (annual %) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP. GROW?locations=NL 3 World Bank. 2018. Urban population (% of total population) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=NL 4 World Bank. 2017. Completeness of birth registration (%) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.REG.BRTH.ZS?locations=NL 5 World Bank. 2017. Completeness of birth registration (%) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.REG.BRTH.ZS?locations=NL 6 World Bank. 2003. Births attended by skilled health staf (% of total) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SH.STA.BRTC.ZS?locations=NL 7 World Health Organization (WHO). 2019. WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2019 global summary. apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/ countries?countrycriteria%5Bcountry%5D%5B%5D=NLD&commit=OK 8 Statistics Netherlands. 2020. Population, households and population dynamics; from 1899. opendata.cbs.nl/ statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37556eng/table?ts=1579603528387 9 World Bank. 2019. Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=NL 10 World Bank. 2017. Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 1519) – Netherlands. data.worldbank. org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT?locations=NL 11 UN DESA Population Division. 2012. Country population by age. unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/ products/indwm/Dec.%202012/1b.xls 12 World Bank. 2011. Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.REG.DTHS.ZS?locations=NL 13 World Bank. 2019. Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) – Netherlands. data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.DYN.CDRT.IN?locations=NL 14 World Health Organization (WHO). 2018. Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health. who.int/data/ maternal-newborn-child-adolescent/indicator-explorer-new/mca/infant-mortality-rate-(per-1000-live- births) 15 UNICEF. 2018. Key demographic indicators – Netherlands. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the situation of children and women. data.unicef.org/country/nld/ 16 UNICEF. 2017. Cross-sector Indicators - Maternal mortality ratio (number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births). UNICEF Data: Monitoring the situation of children and women. data.unicef.org/resources/ data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=.MNCH_MMR+MNCH_LTR_ MATERNAL_DEATH+MNCH_MATERNAL_DEATHS..&startPeriod=2016&endPeriod=2020 17 Statistics Netherlands. 2019. Marriages and partnership registrations; key fgures. opendata.cbs.nl/ statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37772eng/table?ts=1579607411019 18 Statistics Netherlands. 2017. Population, households and population dynamics; from 1899. opendata.cbs.nl/ statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37556eng/table?ts=1582638739260 19 Government of the Netherlands. 2019. Wet basisregistratie personen (Basic Registration of Persons Act). wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0033715/2019-02-03 20 Persoonsinformatievoorziening Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba (Personal information provision Netherlands Antilles and Aruba - PIVA). rvig.nl/caribisch-gebied/persoonsinformatievoorziening-nederlandse-antillen- en-aruba-piva 21 Government of the Netherlands. Digital Government. nldigitalgovernment.nl CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE LE CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE for CRVS Systems sur les systèmes ESEC