Update on High Energy Density Science at LLNL

Fusion Power Associates 2019 Mark C Herrmann National Ignition Facility Director Program Director for NIF Integration Thanks to Rulon Linford, John Edwards, Warren Hsing, Kevin Fournier, Derrick Lassle, Doug Larson, Bruno Van Wonterghem and the entire NIF team December 3, 2019

LLNL-PRES-XXXXXX This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Scientists have more reasons than ever to understand matter at extreme conditions Planetary Science New Materials? Radiation Plasma Astrophysics Hydrodynamics

Rocky Silicate Mantle

Iron/Nickel Core

Laboratory Fusion Nuclear Physics Stockpile Stewardship Potential for Inertial Fusion Energy

2 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 The increased interest in HED science can also be seen in the world wide growth of publications

HED articles in high impact factor journals

Impact factor > 10, e.g. Nature, Science, etc., Courtesy of Rulon Lindford )

3 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 Progress and Plans for Polar-Direct-Drive InertialThe US has Con 4 worldfnement leading capabilitiesFusion from for studying OMEGA matter at extremeto conditions the National Ignition Facility National Ignition Omega Laser Facility ZR Pulsed Power Facility Facility Cryogenic DTU. implosions Rochester on OMEGA Sandia LLNL … and LPI/symmetry on the NIF

Linear Coherent Light These investments all Source SLAC came online in the 2007- 2009 timeframe

The rest of the world has NIF Town Hall significantly accelerated 56th Annual Meeting of the investment in this area American Physical Society T. C. Sangster Division of Plasma Physics 4 University of2018 Rochester-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 New Orleans, LA Laboratory for Laser Energetics 27–31 October 2014 NIF recently celebrated its 10th anniversary of operations and has conducted 2800+ target experiments to date (~2000 since FY15)

Program distribution of NIF shots FY15-FY19 DISTRIBUTION OF NIF USERS FY15-FY19 Inertial Confinement Facility, 208 Facility Fusion, 601

University, University 211

DOD DOD, 166 AWE LLNL U of R LLE SNL

LANL High Energy Density Science, 787

• HED Science needs for the Stockpile Stewardship Program will keep NIF, Omega, and Z busy for the next 10 years • 2020 review by NNSA and by the JASONs will help provide guidance for next steps in pursuit of fusion ignition

5 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 Experiments on NIF have lead to over 800 publications, many in some of the most prestigious journals

LETTERS https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0331-5

Enhanced energy coupling for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion

Y. Ping" "1*, V. A. Smalyuk1, P. Amendt1, R. Tommasini1, J. E. Field1, S. Khan1, D. Bennett1, E. Dewald1, F. Graziani1, S. Johnson1, O. L. Landen1, A. G. MacPhee1, A. Nikroo1, J. Pino1, S. Prisbrey1, J. Ralph1, R. Seugling1, D. Strozzi1, R. E. Tipton1, Y. M. Wang" "1, E. Loomis2, E. Merritt2 and D. Montgomery2

Recent experiments in the study of inertial confinement fusion Efficient energy coupling would benefit both the mainline cen- (ICF) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the United tral-hot-spot (CHS) approach, where a hot spot initiates the thermo- States have reached the so-called alpha-heating regime1–3, in nuclear burn, and a complementary scheme for volumetric ignition which the self-heating by fusion products becomes dominant, using double-shell (DS) capsules11. In the latter, a high-Z inner shell with neutron yields now exceeding 1!× !1016 (ref. 4) However, is added to provide high inertial confinement and efficient radia- there are still challenges on the path towards ignition, such tion trapping. The DS approach generally provides less gain than as minimization of the drive asymmetry, suppression of laser- CHS due to less fuel mass, yet it has potential benefits such as a plasmaRESEARCH instabilities, and mitigation of fabrication features5. low ignition threshold (4–5 keV versus 10–12 keV in CHS), relaxed In addition, in the current cylindrical-hohlraum indirect drive requirements on symmetry, and non-cryogenic fielding11,12. The schemes for ICF, a strong limitation is the inefficient (≤ 10%) ignition threshold isthe lower choice than of exchange-co the CHS approachrrelation functional because of the HIGH-PRESSURE PHYSICS 11 absorption of the laser-produced hohlraum X-rays by the cap- large reduction in radiationused and loss whether, which zero-point is one energy of isthe accounted major energy sule as set by relative capsule-to-hohlraum surface areas. losses in the hot spotfor2. Elements (1, 16). Quantum of the Monte DS concept Carlo (QMC) have calcu- been suc- Here Insulator-metal we report an experiment demonstrating transition ~30% energy in densecessfully tested usinglations low-Z should inner provide shells improvedat the OMEGA bounds on and the NOVA coupling to an aluminium capsule in a rugby-shaped6, gold laser facilities13–16. In transitioncontrast to pressures the single-shell (16, 17), although approach, they dis-where the hohlraum. This high coupling efficiency can substantially agree with a recent benchmarking experiment fluid deuterium laser drive generates (successively30). Transition stronger pressures forshocks, hydrogen the and DS deu- approach increase the tolerance to residual imperfections and improve uses a shorter reverse-rampterium are pulse expected shape to befor different impulsively because driving of the the prospectsPeter M. Celliers for ignition,1*, Marius both Millot in1, Stephaniemainline Brygoosingle-shell2, R. Stewart hot- McWilliamsouter shell,3, thus minimizingisotope effects, the adverse but with effects a small of relative hohlraum magni- plasma spot designsDayne E. Fratanduonoand potential1, J. double-shell Ryan Rygg1,4, targets. Alexander F. Goncharov5, Paulfilling Loubeyre on late-time2, lasertude. propagation The transition17. in deuterium from QMC ReproducingJon H. Eggert the1, J.fusion Luc Petersonpower source1, Nathan for B.the Meezan Sun in1, a Sebastien laboratory Le Pape1,The NIF18 experimentsimulations for is demonstrating 30 GPa higher than high in hydrogen coupling used 1,4 6 7 on theGilbert Earth W.has Collins long been, Raymond a cherished Jeanloz scientific, Russell goal J. due Hemley to its near a large Al capsule inat a 600Au K,rugby decreasing hohlraum to 10 GPa driven higher at at 12001 MJ Kof laser (16). Despite experimental support for a first- limitless energy potential. Since the idea of using high-power lasers energy with a reverse-ramporder IM transition pulse shape (19, 20 as, 22 in, 23 the), the DS critical approach. PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 25, 092708 (2018) Dense fluid metallic hydrogen occupies the interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, and many to createextrasolar fusion planets, conditions where inpressures the laboratory reach millions was of first atmospheres. published PlanetaryA single-shell structure target pointwas used has not in beenthis experimentallyexperiment since identified. it is suffi- 7 in 1972models, much must progress describe has accurately been made the transition to understand from the the outer inher molecular- cient envelopes for the to study the ofFurthermore, the hohlraum-to-capsule the broad discrepancies coupling in the mea- in a DS Probing the seeding of hydrodynamic instabilities from nonuniformities ent challenges,interior metallic particularly regions. the We reportdegrading optical effects measurements of hydrodynamic of dynamically configuration. compressed Typicallysured ICFtransition targets pressure employ (20, 22 , a23 low-Z)andcharacter capsule (Be, in ablator materials using 2D velocimetry instabilitiesfluid deuterium and drive to 600asymmetries. gigapascals Successively (GPa) that reveal larger an lasers increasing have refractiveCH or index, high-density the ( 20 carbon–23) have (HDC)) made resolving mainly the for differences a high be- ablation 1,a) 1 1 2 2 1 onset of absorption of visible light near 150 GPa, and a transition to metal-like9 reflectivity tween the theoretical models challenging. S. J. Ali, P. M . Celliers, S. Haan, T. R. Boehly, N. Whiting, S. H. Baxamusa, been constructed over the past decades to drive ever larger targets rate . However, these materialsWe completed are anot series sufficiently of five dynamic opaque com- to pre- H. Reynolds,3 M. A. Johnson,1 J. D. Hughes,1,b) B. Watson,3 H. Huang,3 J. Biener,1 (exceeding 30%) near 200 GPa, all at temperatures below 2000 kelvin. Our measurements 3 1 1 that areand predicted analysis address to be more existing robust discrepancies to all sources between of implosion static and deg dynamic- vent experiments preheat forwhich raisespression the experiments fuel entropy, at the thus National a higher-Z Ignition dopant

K. Engelhorn, V. A. Smalyuk, and O. L. Landen Downloaded from 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA radation.the insulator-metalThe minimum transition laser energy in dense required fluid hydrogen for ignition isotopes. scales They as alsoshielding provide newlayer is required.Facility (NIF)The topure probe Al the ablator IM transition in our up target to dif- 2 −11.8 −−6 08. 8,9 600 GPa at temperatures ranging from 900 K to Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, Evign ~benchmarksηα impP fora the (refs theoretical ), where calculations η is the hohlraum-to-capsule used to construct planetary fers models. from previous ablators fielded on the NIF by providing effective USA 1600 K. The experiments were carried out using 3 coupling efficiency, α is in-flight adiabat parameter that measures self-screening of preheat of the encapsulated DT fuel. The Al shell General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA 168 laser beams to deliver up to 300 kJ of ultra- the fuel entropy, vimp is the peak implosion velocity of the shell and Pa trajectory during the implosion was measured with streaked X-ray (Received 10 July 2018; accepted 26 August 2018; published online 28 September 2018) he transformation of hydrogen from a mo- properties below 2000 K and up to several hun- violet light that drove a near-isentropic reverber- is the peaklecular ablation insulator pressure. to an atomic Much metal effort at highhas focuseddred GPa. on increasing radiography to provideation both compression the shell of avelocity cryogenic and liquid mass deuterium remaining. Despite the extensive work done to characterize and improve the smoothness of ablator materials 10

vimp and Padensities while keeping has been a a low longstanding fuel adiabat focus . RelativelyDynamic less compression atten- canThe explore mass remaining a broad sample. is in good We adjusted agreement the time with dependence an analytical of the estihttp://science.sciencemag.org/ - used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), features indicative of seeded instability growth in these tion has beenin physics paid andtowards planetary improving science ( 1). Theby increasingrange of thermodynamicthe capsule pathsmate with using time-varying the measuredlaser deliveryhohlraum (pulse radiation shape) to temperature control the com- and shell materials are still observed. A two-dimensional imaging velocimetry technique has been used on η unique quantum metallic properties of the manipulations of the applied pressure and con- pression sequence imposed on the sample as a Omega to measure the velocity non-uniformities of shock fronts launched by indirect drive in the size becauseT within the current laser drive capability a larger cap- velocity as inputs to a rocket model. The shell kinetic energy was low-temperature solid (i.e., below 300 K) have trolled reverberation of pressure waves through function of time. Line-imaging Doppler veloc- three ablator materials of current interest, glow-discharge polymer, beryllium, and high-density car- sule will result in asymmetry if the standard cylindrical hohlraum measured to be 34 ± 4 kJ with a ~1 MJ laser drive, which is two to drawn sustained interest (2–5), and character- the sample. This includes probing the dense fluid imetry recorded both the compression history bon ablators. Observed features are deviations from shock front planarity with amplitudes of a few geometryizing is the followed. transformation A substantial in the hot, increase dense fluid in η atwith temperatures rugby-shaped below 2000 four K, for times example, that with whichand was the achieved evolution ofin the the optical recent properties record-yield of the shots tens of nanometers, local velocity variations of a few tens of m/s, and transverse spatial scales rang- 2 hohlraumsis crucial will for allow understanding larger capsules the internal to be struc- drivenan while initial maintaining jump in pressure with delivered a ~2 by MJ a shocklaser driveD2 sample. Given during that thethe nanosecond typical rocket compression efficiency for ing from 5 to 200 lm. These data will help develop a full understanding of the effects of surface 19 ture and dynamics of giant planets (6), includ- wave followed by shock reverberation or gradual process, using a probe laser operating at 660 nm. topography, dynamic material response, and internal heterogeneities on the stability of ICF capsu- reasonable symmetry. an imploding Al ablator is ~10% (ref. ), 34 kJ shell kinetic energy ing the origin of their large magnetic fields (7). ramp compression. The first demonstration of In our experimental setup, the fluid deuterium les. For all three ablators, we have quantified perturbations at amplitudes that can dominate conven- A typical energy partition in the standard indirect drive design is corresponds to > 300 kJ coupled into the capsule, consistent with Numerous5 studies of the insulator-metal (IM) this strategy was carried out on deuterium with a sample is sandwiched between a copper piston tional surface roughness seeds to hydrodynamic instability. Published by AIP Publishing. the following : with ~2 MJ input laser energy, ~1.6 MJ is converted detailed comparison between simulated and measured quantities as https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047943 to X-raystransition in the in hohlraum, dense fluid hydrogen,~150 kJ is beginning absorbed bymagnetic the capsule compression1 and techniquedescribed at the in Z this facil- paper.and a LiF window and is viewed through the

with theoretical work five decades ago, predicted2 ity (23). The results showed strong optical ab- window by the diagnostic (Fig. 1). The upper on May 14, 2019 ~8–15a kJ first-order is in the transition kinetic in energy the fluid of (8 the–10)witha shell . It issorption clear that beginning there inis the rangeThe 100 experimental GPa < P < half configuration of the view shows uses signala standard from the X-ray light backlight re- - I. INTRODUCTION tungsten-doped chemical-vapor deposited polycrystalline a tremendouscritical point energy at very loss high in temperatures the coupling (~13,000 from the130 hohlraum GPa, followed to the by weaking fluctuating set-up, as reflec- illustratedflected in atFig. the 1 D.2 -LiFThe interfacetime history where aof 100-nm- the radiation diamond referred to as high density carbon (HDC);5,6 and The performance of the implosion of a DT-fuel-contain- capsule,to 15,000 so that K) and enhancing 60 to 90 GPa. this However, coupling the first efficiencytance is in anthe rangeeffective 130 GPatemperature < P < 300 GPa, T andr, measuredthick aluminumthrough the film laser was deposited entrance (position hole using the copper-doped beryllium.7 Progress has been made in implo- ing capsule at the center of the inertial confinement fusion experimental work on the IM transition in the culminated in abrupt jumps to high reflectance >0 mm in top panels of Fig. 1, B and C). The lower 20 sion experiments on NIF with all three ablator materials,8–11 way to improve performance in the indirect-drive ICF. Dante diagnostic (an absolutely calibrated X-ray diode array ), is (ICF) process is highly dependent on minimizing the growth fluid, carried out using dynamic compression near 300 GPa. Knudson et al.(23) attributed the half shows the signal from light reflected initial- but each has different sources of instability seeding and dif- of perturbations seeded at the ablation surface, the fuel- techniques, provided evidence for a continuous absorption to band gap closure and determined ly at the piston surface (double-passed through ferent degrees of sensitivity to instability growth. Model- ablator interface, or within the ablator. Rayleigh-Taylor and transition with metallic states reached in the that the reflectance jumps were associated with the transparent sample layer). Because the two based estimates on capsule performance and yield have 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. 2Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. *e-mail: [email protected] Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities during the compression of pressure range P = 50 to 140 GPa and temper- the first-order IM transition. The reflectance jumps reflecting interfaces move differently, the two focused on the seeding of stabilities due to surface roughness the fuel can grow large enough to inject cold fuel or ablator atures T = 3000 to 8000 K (11–13). More recent occurred at higher pressures upon compression halves of the field of view display different ap- of the capsule material, as the contributions from internal material into the hotspot, resulting in a loss of energy avail- 138 predictions (14–17) placed the critical point at a than upon decompression, plausiblyNATURE asPH aYS resultICS | VOL of 15parent | FEBRUARY velocities 2019 (different| 138–141 | www.nature.com/naturephysics fringe phases) until heterogeneity were generally considered to be small.3,12–15 able for creating the fusion conditions. These instabilities are much lower temperature (~2000 K). This moti- thermal conduction. Meanwhile, improvements the time when the light intensity on the sample Surface roughness specifications for capsules described by seeded by a variety of sources including drive asymmetry, 14,16 vated several experimental studies using static in static compression methods have allowed the side reaches a minimum. At later times, the ap- Haan are currently being met, but in-flight radiography diamond anvil cell (DAC) techniques (18–22) exploration of the behavior of the fluid over part parent velocity on the sample side matches that capsule surface roughness, auxiliary components, such as the experiments on imploding capsules17 have strongly indicated and dynamic compression (23) to probe the fluid of this pressure-temperature (P-T) range (up to of the Al-LiF interface (common fringe phase), fill tube and the capsule support structure, and finally internal that seeds other than surface roughness may be large enough 1 170 GPa and >1800 K) (18–22, 24–26). Changes indicating that the optical reflection has shifted 198+heterogeneity in the capsule Articles material. The measurements to becomein the dominantPhysics source for instability growth at the of Plasmas, frequently the most cited articles in that journal described here examine the early time first shock phase to 17,18 in optical properties from 120 to 170 GPa de- from the piston surface to the D2-LiF interface. most important modes. Complicating the situation, the 1 measure the non-uniformities introduced by surface rough- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, pending on temperature were attributed to The copper piston (lower half) started moving origin of these heterogeneities is different for each of the 2 CA 94550, USA. CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France. the IM transition (18–20, 22), whereas other near t = 10 ns when an initial weak shock was ness and ablator heterogeneity. The indirect drive technique three ablator materials. The unusual structure and the overall 3School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at currently used by most experiments on the National Ignition Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 experiments suggest the persistence of a finite transmitted into the sample layer. We controlled 2 higher level of non-uniformity observed via radiography in 4 50+Facility (NIF) reduces Articles the contribution of drive asymmetry in Physical19 Review3FD, UK. Department of Mechanical Letters Engineering, Physics (~1 eV) band gap at similar conditions (21). the first shock strength for each experiment in GDP capsule implosions are best understood as the previ- and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, The IM transition is the subject of a number order to follow different isentropic compres- by converting the drive laser energy into a generally uni- ous theoretical work by Haan et al.,20 and the experimental University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA. of continuing theoretical studies (14–17, 27–29) sion paths. The first shock strengths varied from form, nearly thermal x-ray source using a high atomic- 21 5Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 3 work by Baxamusa et al. indicated that significant non- number hohlraum. Within the hohlraum is a low-Z capsule uniformity in ablation can result from non-uniform oxygena- Washington, DC 20015, USA. 6Department of Earth and that consistently predict a discontinuous transi- 1.8 GPa to 3.4 GPa (table S1). After the first shock containing a cryogenic shell of solid deuterium tritium fuel. Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University tion below a critical point near ~2000 K, but over crossed the sample layer, it reverberated against tion within the outer few lm of the GDP capsules. This is 7 The x-ray bath ablates the outer surface of this capsule, com- of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Institute of Materials a broad range of pressures. Density functional the LiF window (upper half, 16 ns) and continued confirmed by the measurements of the two-dimensional Science and Department of Civil and Environmental 6 22 theory (DFT)–based calculations show a spread to reverberate between the piston and the win- pressing and heating the fuel. There are currently three lead- shock front velocity described here. Beryllium and HDC Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, ing candidates2018- for00055 capsule.ppt materials: – aLarson plastic referred – ERC to as –haveDecember more complex microstructures6, 2018 than GDP, and both are DC 20052, USA. in the transition pressure spanning 150 GPa, dow while the sample layer was compressed. 4 glow-discharge polymer (GDP), doped with silicon; acoustically anisotropic.5,23 This can lead to variations in the *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] arising from the sensitivity of the boundary to After several reverberations, both the piston and shock speed in crystallites of different orientations, poten- Note: Paper No. BI2 4, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 62, 21 (2017). tially seeding instabilities. Additional sources of heteroge- a)Invited speaker. Celliers et al., Science 361, 677–682 (2018) 17 August 2018 1 of 5 b)James Hughes performed target metrology on the GDP samples for this neous response include the presence of chemical impurities, work, but could not be reached for manuscript approval. particularly argon and oxygen for the beryllium, voids in the

1070-664X/2018/25(9)/092708/10/$30.00 25, 092708-1 Published by AIP Publishing. NIF is being used by stewards at all 3 labs and delivering the data needed for the Stockpile Stewardship Program

§ Stockpile Modernization Program design options

§ Improving our understanding of weapons science — Plutonium properties at high pressures — Radiation transport — Complex hydrodynamics — Nuclear survivability NIF § Pursuit of ignition — Ignition is gateway to high fusion yields, which enable higher energy density environments for higher fidelity testing — Practice the ART of design

§ Workforce — Attracting, Training, and Challenging NIF Users

7 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 Subject: Re: Target Diagnos/c Planning Mee/ng Date: Wednesday, May 1, 2019 at 6:25:15 AM Pacific Daylight Time From: Kilkenny, Joe To: Mackinnon, Andrew James A1achments: image001.png

I think the talks yesterday were preIy poor – there was a firehose of VGs and the audience was bored , lost and annoyed by it.

NewTalking about daingos/csmeasurements is even harder as there are so many diagnos/csand and most of theunderstanding audience is bored highlight degradation by most of the VGs. Yestersday they did see results forma load of diagnos/cs. mechanisms in ICF implosions. As degradations are being AS ewe talked about it yesterday at 2 I think we said that the degrada/on axis that Edwards likes to talk about were all discivere by diagnos/cs – A viewgrapg to that effect would be: understood we can work to address them All the “degfrada/ons were unexpecrted and discovere3d by diagnos/cs 1 Fill tube- one of Arts’ 2 Tent- John Field’s photoshop VG Non3 Meteors- Uniform yuk VG Fuel distribution: 5 Low compression- show angular varia/on of DSR DSRNino I think (ntof just uses one +value MRS)od DSR. Here is the enormous varia/on in DSR we get showing it is an awful Meteors – gated x-ray imaging implosion Compare volume neutron and x-ray production

Low compression: Down- 3D Simulation* Scattered Neutrons (DSR) Right: neutron volume

50 µm production

Left : x-ray Actually the only people who maIer in the group are Hockaday and Lanier. I would buIer them up by the volume emission nuetr4on imaging and the importance of 2nd downscaIer LOS . Get them to agree it is important to help Fill tube induced mix LowKline. mode fuel shape And then Lanier is bound to want to talk about x-ray spectroscopy.I would draw him out some how to find Unout what- scatteredhe is thinking so we can respond. neutrons X-rays X-rays + Neutrons FNADS (L<=2) Tent Scar Fill tube

* 3D simulations of Density and temperature of N161023 at BT by Dan Clark

Los Alamos National Laboratory N190120-001: I_Int_DT_HDCScaleUp_S11a8 2/4/2019 | 18 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 For many shots few % level variation in the distribution of laser energy correlates with the holes in the cold fuel shell and the motion of the hot spot that degrades implosion performance Zirconium samples e.g. N180311 Laser only mounted to ports 90Zr(n,2n)89Zr

X Hotspot velocity

Escaping yield related to DrR

n MacGowan / Rinderknecht / Landen r

Laser to capsule n model to calculate drive asymmetry

Work is underway to study pathways to improve the NIF laser power balance

9 P1959268.ppt – M. Herrmann – MAC – November 05, 2015 New diagnostics are enabling the study of mixing at the DT fuel-ablator interface 0.5% density variation 1µm grains

No Diamond grain With 2D Diamond grain FY18 boundaries boundaries

Hall, Landen, FY19 et al.

We are studying the impact of microstructure on implosions, and exploring amorphous ablator materials 10 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 3D simulations matched to many pieces of NIF data, can shed light on sensitivities to various degradation mechanisms

N170601 N170821 N170827 Nuc BW (ps) 50 100 150 200

Legend

Legend

log(Yield) Tion (keV) DSR (%) Nuc.BW (ps) Nuc P0 (um) Legend 15.6 16 16.4 4 5 6 2.5 3 3.5 4 50 100 150 25 30 35 data + error N170601

N170821 1s 2s N170827 3s+

D. Clark, et al.

11 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 3D simulations, matched to many pieces of NIF data, can shed light on sensitivities to various degradation mechanisms

Simulations plus new measurements are providing a basis for the next steps in pursuit of ignition D. Clark, et al. We fired our first magnetized target on NIF in May in support of Sandia’s MagLIF campaign. Magnetized DT layered experiments will be explored

181230 (no B) 190512 (~12 T) 8.3 ns 6.3 ns 4.3 ns 8.3 ns 6.3 ns 4.3 ns

~8 stripes ~6 stripes ~4 stripes ~9 stripes ~7 stripes ~5 stripes

13 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 As part of the APS DPP CPP, consideration should be given to reconstituting a small inertial fusion energy effort • U.S. is clear world leader in HED, thanks to NNSA investments

• NNSA-SC partnerships have been very fruitful (e.g. Exascale)

• Current US leadership in HED research stems, in part, from historical pursuit of IFE • Attracted great people • Drove innovation

• IFE has very different risks/rewards compared with MFE

• IFE is a multi-decadal endeavor, requires innovation to enable economical energy source. Program would greatly add to • Innovation • HED research foundations (better theoretical understanding needed, long term perspective, … ) • Workforce development • Future HED capabilities (e.g. rep-rated drivers, …)

14 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 FES is exploring creating a world-leading HED science capability by coupling improved rep-rated lasers to LCLS

15 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 The 192 beam, 2.8 MJ 2w UFL-2M is well underway in Russia

“Experiments that were conducted on a NIF facility in the United States showed that the system could not provide the necessary uniformity of irradiation of the capsule. Our irradiation system is different, it is almost spherically symmetrical. Having previous experience with the experiments, we have every chance to achieve the desired (ignition of thermonuclear reactions in targets) Video posted on PRAVDA, April 2019 first in the world. ” Academician Sergei Grigoryevich Garanin, director of the Institute of Laser Physics Research at RFNC-VNIIEF. April, 2019

16 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 The Chinese currently have the second most energetic laser in the world and are actively talking about building Shenguang IV a “facility for ignition” v Introduction High power laser in China

Currently in China, there are laser Shenguang-III facilities of kJ class, 10kJ class, and 100kJ class with the capability LFRC

of carrying joint experiments with 3w0, 180 kJ, 48 beams PW beam.

Shenguang-II UP SIOM Facility for ignition 20kJ/3ns & PW/ ps

Shenguang-III prototype

Shenguang-I LFRC 3w0, 12 kJ, 8 beams SIOM • A variety of high energy density experiments can be performed on these platforms. •The energy scale of SG-III laser facility fills the gap Shenguang-II between Omega and NIF which provides great opportunities to study the “missing” physics in

SIOM 3w0, 2 kJ, 8 beams extrapolating the acknowledge learned on Omega to that on NIF, and to increase the reliability of the ignition target design

IFSA2017

17 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018 18 2018-00055.ppt – Larson – ERC – December 6, 2018