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James A. Mackay: Early Influences on a Southern Reformer

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James A. Mackay: Early Influences on a Southern Reformer Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Summer 8-8-2012 James A. Mackay: Early Influences on a Southern Reformer Kevin E. Grady Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Grady, Kevin E., "James A. Mackay: Early Influences on a Southern Reformer." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2012. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/55 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JAMES A. MACKAY: EARLY INFLUENCES ON A SOUTHERN REFORMER by KEVIN E. GRADY Under the Direction of H. Robert Baker ABSTRACT James A. Mackay was a decorated World War II veteran, who returned to Georgia in 1945, determined to make a difference in the segregated world of Georgia politics. He was a staunch opponent of Georgia‟s county unit system that entrenched political power in rural counties. From 1950 through 1964 he was a state house member who fought to keep Georgia public schools open in the face of political opposition to desegregation. Elected to Congress in 1964, he was one of two deep-South congressmen who voted in favor of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. In 1967 he co-founded the Georgia Conservancy. For the next 25 years he was Georgia‟s leading environmentalist. This thesis explores Mackay‟s life from 1919-1950 and the significance of his parents, his experiences at Emory University, World War II, his legal challenge to the county unit system, and his role in writing Who Runs Georgia? INDEX WORDS: James Mackay, Edward Mackay, County unit system, Emory University, Georgia Conservancy, World War II, Environment, Segregation JAMES A. MACKAY: EARLY INFLUENCES ON A SOUTHERN REFORMER by KEVIN E. GRADY A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2012 Copyright by Kevin E. Grady 2012 JAMES A. MACKAY: EARLY INFLUENCES ON A SOUTHERN REFORMER by KEVIN E. GRADY Committee Chair: H. Robert Baker Committee: Clifford M. Kuhn Electronic Version Approved Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2012 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Mary Beth Grady, whose love, patience and understanding made it possible for me to undertake this academic challenge. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The History Department at Georgia State has been very supportive of my interest in obtaining a Master‟s Degree in History after I retired in 2008. Instead of being dubious or skeptical about my intentions, the faculty has consistently welcomed my participation in their classes and seminars. I want especially to acknowledge my adviser Rob Baker, whose enthusiasm and love for the subject of history are contagious. I also have especially appreciated the deep knowledge and encouragement of Cliff Kuhn, who believed from the start that James Mackay would be a great subject for my thesis. I also had the good fortune of meeting Betty Mackay Asbury, who generously shared with me some wonderful insights and memorabilia about her brother Jamie. Similarly, Kathy Mackay could not have been more generous in sharing some of her memories about her father. My long- time assistant Sue Hoffman also has continued to be a bright light who has cheerfully supported me logistically, even after my retirement. Finally, and greatest of all, my wife Mary Beth has gone above and beyond what any spouse should have to endure. She has patiently tolerated my endless conversations about what I have learned in my seminars or what I have learned about Jamie Mackay and the events of his time. She has always encouraged my intention to obtain a Master‟s degree in History—thus helping me achieve a long-deferred dream. She is the dream that made my dream come true. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1. Mackay‟s Family ................................................................................................... 11 2. College Years at Emory University ....................................................................... 12 3. World War II ......................................................................................................... 13 4. Challenging the Georgia County-Unit System ...................................................... 14 5. Involvement in Writing Who Runs Georgia? ........................................................ 14 CHAPTER II MACKAY’S FAMILY ........................................................................... 16 1. Impact of Alexander Dowie on Mackay‟s Parents ................................................ 17 2. Edward and Beulah Mackay‟s Relationship After Zion City ................................ 22 3. Rev. Edward Mackay‟s Career in the Methodist Church ...................................... 25 4. Reverend Mackay‟s Reputation as a Progressive Religious Leader ..................... 26 5. Mrs. Beulah Mackay‟s Progressive Leadership .................................................... 33 6. Early Influences on Jamie‟s Love of Nature ......................................................... 34 CHAPTER III EARLY CHILDHOOD AND YEARS AT EMORY UNIVERSITY AND DUKE LAW SCHOOL ........................................................................................... 40 1. Pre-Emory Years ................................................................................................... 40 2. Attending Emory University ................................................................................. 43 2.1. Mackay‟s Role in Combating Social Diseases at Emory............................... 46 2.2. Jamie‟s Involvement with the Emory Debate Team ...................................... 48 2.3. Jamie‟s Involvement in Other Student Activities .......................................... 51 vi 2.4. Jamie‟s Other Leadership Positions in His Junior Year ................................ 52 2.5. Jamie‟s Selection to Emory‟s Honor Societies .............................................. 54 2.6. Mackay‟s Participation in Atlanta‟s “Citizenship Day” Rally ...................... 55 2.7. Jamie‟s Senior Year at Emory ....................................................................... 60 2.8. The Methodist Youth Caravan in the Summer of 1940 ................................. 66 3. Attending Duke Law School ................................................................................. 73 3.1. The Impact of the Death of Mackay‟s Best Friend ........................................ 78 CHAPTER IV MACKAY’S MILITARY SERVICE .................................................. 83 1. Enlisting in the Coast Guard and Getting Married ................................................ 83 2. Mackay‟s Military Duties in World War II ........................................................... 92 3. Service as Damage Officer on USS MENGES, DE-320 ...................................... 95 4. German Attacks on the MENGES ......................................................................... 99 5. New Assignment to Coast Guard Academy ........................................................ 106 CHAPTER V FINISHING LAW SCHOOL AT EMORY AND FORMING GEORGIA VETERANS FOR MAJORITY RULE ............................................................... 113 1. Returning to Atlanta and Emory.......................................................................... 113 2. Georgia Veterans for Majority Rule and the Legal Challenge to the County Unit System ................................................................................................................................. 114 3. The Substance and Results of the Two Lawsuits ................................................ 127 CHAPTER VI MACKAY’S ROLE IN CREATING WHO RUNS GEORGIA? ..... 139 1. Mackay and Calvin Kytle‟s Initial Involvement ................................................. 139 2. Preparing for and Conducting the Interviews ...................................................... 141 3. Submission of Report .......................................................................................... 150 vii 4. Post-Report Activities ......................................................................................... 153 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 163 viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION The torpedo from German U-boat U-371 slammed into the stern of the USS MENGES shortly after midnight on May 3, 1944 off the coast of Algiers in the Mediterranean Sea. The blast killed 31 men on the MENGES and wounded 23 others. It also irrevocably altered James A. Mackay‟s life. Lieutenant (j g) Mackay was the damage control officer on the MENGES. He saved the ship from sinking and avoided a major fire that would have erupted in further explosions from the ammunition on board. He was awarded the Bronze Star for his distinguished efforts that night. Years later, Mackay would recall that day and his reaction to
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