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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012
Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 Jennifer E. Manning Information Research Specialist Colleen J. Shogan Deputy Director and Senior Specialist November 26, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL30261 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 Summary Ninety-four women currently serve in the 112th Congress: 77 in the House (53 Democrats and 24 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (12 Democrats and 5 Republicans). Ninety-two women were initially sworn in to the 112th Congress, two women Democratic House Members have since resigned, and four others have been elected. This number (94) is lower than the record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 278 women have served in Congress, 178 Democrats and 100 Republicans. Of these women, 239 (153 Democrats, 86 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 31 (19 Democrats, 12 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 8 (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include one non-voting Delegate each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Currently serving Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) holds the record for length of service by a woman in Congress with 35 years (10 of which were spent in the House). -
Popular Sovereignty, Slavery in the Territories, and the South, 1785-1860
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Popular sovereignty, slavery in the territories, and the South, 1785-1860 Robert Christopher Childers Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Childers, Robert Christopher, "Popular sovereignty, slavery in the territories, and the South, 1785-1860" (2010). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1135. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1135 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY, SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES, AND THE SOUTH, 1785-1860 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Robert Christopher Childers B.S., B.S.E., Emporia State University, 2002 M.A., Emporia State University, 2004 May 2010 For my wife ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing history might seem a solitary task, but in truth it is a collaborative effort. Throughout my experience working on this project, I have engaged with fellow scholars whose help has made my work possible. Numerous archivists aided me in the search for sources. Working in the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill gave me access to the letters and writings of southern leaders and common people alike. -
Study Guide for the Georgia History Exemption Exam Below Are 99 Entries in the New Georgia Encyclopedia (Available At
Study guide for the Georgia History exemption exam Below are 99 entries in the New Georgia Encyclopedia (available at www.georgiaencyclopedia.org. Students who become familiar with these entries should be able to pass the Georgia history exam: 1. Georgia History: Overview 2. Mississippian Period: Overview 3. Hernando de Soto in Georgia 4. Spanish Missions 5. James Oglethorpe (1696-1785) 6. Yamacraw Indians 7. Malcontents 8. Tomochichi (ca. 1644-1739) 9. Royal Georgia, 1752-1776 10. Battle of Bloody Marsh 11. James Wright (1716-1785) 12. Salzburgers 13. Rice 14. Revolutionary War in Georgia 15. Button Gwinnett (1735-1777) 16. Lachlan McIntosh (1727-1806) 17. Mary Musgrove (ca. 1700-ca. 1763) 18. Yazoo Land Fraud 19. Major Ridge (ca. 1771-1839) 20. Eli Whitney in Georgia 21. Nancy Hart (ca. 1735-1830) 22. Slavery in Revolutionary Georgia 23. War of 1812 and Georgia 24. Cherokee Removal 25. Gold Rush 26. Cotton 27. William Harris Crawford (1772-1834) 28. John Ross (1790-1866) 29. Wilson Lumpkin (1783-1870) 30. Sequoyah (ca. 1770-ca. 1840) 31. Howell Cobb (1815-1868) 32. Robert Toombs (1810-1885) 33. Alexander Stephens (1812-1883) 34. Crawford Long (1815-1878) 35. William and Ellen Craft (1824-1900; 1826-1891) 36. Mark Anthony Cooper (1800-1885) 37. Roswell King (1765-1844) 38. Land Lottery System 39. Cherokee Removal 40. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) 41. Georgia in 1860 42. Georgia and the Sectional Crisis 43. Battle of Kennesaw Mountain 44. Sherman's March to the Sea 45. Deportation of Roswell Mill Women 46. Atlanta Campaign 47. Unionists 48. Joseph E. -
Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide
Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide Guide to the educational resources available on the GHS website Theme driven guide to: Online exhibits Biographical Materials Primary sources Classroom activities Today in Georgia History Episodes New Georgia Encyclopedia Articles Archival Collections Historical Markers Updated: July 2014 Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide Table of Contents Pre-Colonial Native American Cultures 1 Early European Exploration 2-3 Colonial Establishing the Colony 3-4 Trustee Georgia 5-6 Royal Georgia 7-8 Revolutionary Georgia and the American Revolution 8-10 Early Republic 10-12 Expansion and Conflict in Georgia Creek and Cherokee Removal 12-13 Technology, Agriculture, & Expansion of Slavery 14-15 Civil War, Reconstruction, and the New South Secession 15-16 Civil War 17-19 Reconstruction 19-21 New South 21-23 Rise of Modern Georgia Great Depression and the New Deal 23-24 Culture, Society, and Politics 25-26 Global Conflict World War One 26-27 World War Two 27-28 Modern Georgia Modern Civil Rights Movement 28-30 Post-World War Two Georgia 31-32 Georgia Since 1970 33-34 Pre-Colonial Chapter by Chapter Primary Sources Chapter 2 The First Peoples of Georgia Pages from the rare book Etowah Papers: Exploration of the Etowah site in Georgia. Includes images of the site and artifacts found at the site. Native American Cultures Opening America’s Archives Primary Sources Set 1 (Early Georgia) SS8H1— The development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. Illustration based on French descriptions of Florida Na- tive Americans. -
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INCIDENTAL PROTECTION: AN EXAMINATION OF THE MORRILL TARIFF Jane Flaherty Thxa,c A&M University ABSTRACT Historians refer to the Morrill Tariff as the first statement of the nascent Republican party’s protectionist agenda, yet an analysis of the measure re veals that this enduring icon of historiography needs modification. Imple mented as a direct response to the fiscal crisis created by the Buchanan administration, the Morrill Tariff represents a bipartisan effort to augment federal revenue for a depleted Treasury. Both President James Buchanan and many of his Democratic colleagues in Congress urged revising the Tar iff of 1857 to arrest the growth of the federal deficit. However, the bitter rhetoric that accompanied the secession crisis has obscured the true nature of this short-lived, but important, revenue measure. An examination of the Morrill Tariff and the circumstances surrounding its passage demonstrate that it re-established the rates from the free trade Tariff of 1846 while pro viding incidental protection for select industries, a practice accepted, even advocated, by the Democratic party for over a decade. President Buchanan James Buchanan’s election to the presidency in 1856 proved a disappointing, if not disastrous, climax to an illustrious political career. He represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives from 1821-1831 and the Senate from 1834-1845. During his congressional career, he emerged as a leading, though never dynamic, spokesman for the Jacksonian Democratic principles of sound money, frugal government, and strict adherence to the Constitution. Though Buchanan served honorably in the Con gress, he distinguished himself through his foreign service as the minister to Russia from 1831-1833, secretary of state during the administration ofJames K. -
Vol. IV of Minutes of the Trustees of the University of Georgia (November 6, 1858 – August 1, 1877) PART I: COVERING YEARS
Vol. IV of Minutes of the Trustees of the University of Georgia (November 6, 1858 – August 1, 1877) PART I: COVERING YEARS 1858 –1871 and PART II: COVERING YEARS 1871 –1877 Vol. IV of Minutes of the Trustees of the University of Georgia (November 6, 1858 – August 1, 1877) PART I: COVERING YEARS 1858 –1871 pages 1- 364 of the original holograph volume or pages 1- 277 of the typed transcribed source put into electronic form by Susan Curtis starting: May 28th, 2010 finished: June 9, 2010 personal notes: 1. Beginning on page 294 whoever was typing the manuscript began using m.s. for misspelled words instead of sic. The problem is sometimes the word was corrected and sometimes not. I retained the (m.s.) designation when the typist corrected the spelling and substituted sic when the text is still misspelled. 2. Beginning on page 294 the typist switched to double spacing the text. I retained the spacing which had been used previously. 3.The words conferred, referred and authorize often were spelled as confered, refered, and authorise respectfully and were left as they appeared (not highlighted). page numbers in this version refer to the page number found in the original holograph minutes (not those of the typed transcription) and are indicated as: (pge 1) Penciled in remarks from the source text are preserved in this edition in parentheses. This may be confused with text which appears to have been entered in parenthesis in the original document. Any changes made by the current transcripting party are in brackets. As with previous volumes begun on Sept. -
More Than Mrs Robinson: Citizenship Schools in Lowcountry South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia, 1957-1970
More Than Mrs Robinson: Citizenship Schools in Lowcountry South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia, 1957-1970 (A Dissertation submitted in requirement for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy, The University of Nottingham, October 2009) Clare Russell 1 Abstract The first ―citizenship school‖ (a literacy class that taught adults to read and write in order that they could register to vote) was established by Highlander Folk School of Monteagle, Tennessee on Johns Island, South Carolina in 1957. Within three years, the schools were extended across the neighboring Sea Islands, to mainland Charleston and to Savannah, Georgia. In 1961, after Highlander faced legal challenges to its future, it transferred the schools to the fledgling Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), who extended the program across the South. Historians have made far-reaching claims for the successes and benefits of the schools. For example, they claim that they recruited inexperienced but committed people and raised them to the status of community leaders; that they encouraged civic cooperation and political activism and formed the ―foundation on which the civil rights movement‖ was built and they argue that the schools were an unprecedented opportunity for women to develop as activists and as leaders. Yet, they base these claims on certain myths about the schools: that the first teacher Bernice Robinson was an inexperienced and uneducated teacher, that her class was a blueprint for similar ones and that Highlander bequeathed its educational philosophy to the SCLC program. They make claims about female participation without analyzing the gender composition of classes. This dissertation challenges these assumptions by comparing and contrasting programs established in Lowcountry South Carolina and in Savannah. -
Board of Directors Daniel P
Board of Directors Daniel P. Amos, 52, is Kenneth S. Janke Sr., 69, is E. Stephen Purdom, M.D., 56, is chairman and chief executive chairman of the National a former executive vice officer of AFLAC and AFLAC Association of Investors president of insurance Incorporated. He has been Corporation (NAIC), a nonprofit operations for AFLAC U.S. He with the company full-time association dedicated to is on the board of advisors for since 1973. He was named education for individual Emory University Medical president of AFLAC in 1983, investors. He also serves as School, and he previously chief operating officer in president and director of the served as chief of staff at 1987, chief executive officer of AFLAC NAIC Growth Fund. He was first elected to AFLAC Doctors’ Hospital in Columbus, Ga. He was first Incorporated in 1990, and chairman in 2001. He Incorporated’s board in 1989. elected to AFLAC Incorporated’s board in 1987. has been a member of AFLAC Incorporated’s board since 1983. Douglas W. Johnson, 60, is a Barbara K. Rimer, Ph.D, 55, is certified public accountant and Alumni Distinguished John Shelby Amos II, 51, is the a retired Ernst & Young audit Professor of Health Behavior Alabama/West Florida state partner, having spent the and Health Education at the sales coordinator for AFLAC majority of his career auditing University of North Carolina U.S. For the past 30 years, he companies in the life, health School of Public Health. She has served in a variety of sales and property/casualty segments is also deputy director of the positions with the company. -
BATTLE of KETTLE CREEK Remarks of Judge Ed Butler, Secretary General, NSSAR, Principal Speaker, Kettle Creek Battle Ceremonies, at the Pope Center on Feb
BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK Remarks of Judge Ed Butler, Secretary General, NSSAR, principal speaker, Kettle Creek Battle ceremonies, at the Pope Center on Feb. 14, 2009, in Washington, GA. President Towns, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. We are here today to honor the memory of the Georgia patriots who fought near here 230 years ago today. Through their courage and determination, they defeated an army with over twice as many men under arms. The Battle of Kettle Creek was the most important battle of the American Revolutionary War to be fought in Georgia. The battle was fought on February 14, 1779, near this location at Battle Hill. The victory by the American Patriot Militia virtually ended the movement to remain loyal to the England among Georgians. Loyalist and neutral Georgians were no longer vocal opponents. The Patriot force that engaged a larger Tory Militia force was led by Colonels Andrew Pickens, who later was promoted to General; John Dooly, who was later murdered by British regulars; and Elijah Clarke, who was also later promoted to General. Andrew Pickens lead his own force of 200 militiamen and was joined by the force of100- 140 militiamen led by John Dooly. Together, these 300-340 men launched a surprise attack on the Tory force of 700 men led by Colonel James Boyd. Pickens' force circled and followed the Tory force without their knowledge until he launched the surprise attack on February 14, 1779. The encamped Tories were not wholly surprised, as their pickets fired upon approaching Patriot scouts. Thereafter, a fierce battle ensued and Tory leader James Boyd was killed. -
Carter - Record As Governor (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 33, folder “Carter - Record as Governor (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to these materials. Digitized from Box 33 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library .- 9/14/76 TO: RON NESSEN FROM: FRED SLIGHT For your information Cloudy Plesase Call Us Considerable cloudiness With a story or picture idea today with a chance or 374-7215 showers. High, 82; low, 11 a.m. to midnight GO. (1\lap and details, Page 2A.) To subscribe• or for Saturday's Temperntvr& home delivery assistance 6 a.m. 65 12 noon 75 6 p.m. 7$ Forenwst Newspaper Of The Carolinas 8 a.m. 65 2 P.m. 79 8 p.m. 75 S74-7S22 10 a.m. -
Letter to Supporters of Griffin's Campaign for Governor of Georgia
Valdosta State University Archives and Special Collections Digital Commons @Vtext Civil Rights Papers MS/134-003 1962 Letter to Supporters of Griffin’s Campaign for Governor of Georgia Marvin Griffin For this and additional works see: https://vtext.valdosta.edu/xmlui/handle/10428/1534 UUID: BF60DD28-88A5-4DBB-B498-38242A8A83A5 Recommended Citation: "Letter to Supporters of Griffin’s Campaign for Governor of Georgia." Marvin Griffen to Roy McGinty. August 3, 1962. State Democratic Headquarters, Atlanta, Georgia. http://hdl.handle.net/10428/1539. This item is free and open source. It is part of the Civil Rights Papers at Odum Library Valdosta State University Archives and Special Collections. If you have any questions or concerns contact [email protected] ELECT NORVEGMARVIN GRIFFIN STATE DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY . SEPTEMBER 12, 1962 HEADQUARTERS • 412-414 HENRY GRADY HOTEL PHONE 525-5453 ATLANTA, GEORGIA August 3, 1962 Mr. Roy McGinty Calhoun, Georgia Dear Roy, The campaign is really rollin g and picking up in tempo every dayl I am happy to announce that we are staging another big ra lly in Marietta, Georgia, on Saturday, August 11, at 3:30 P.M. This race has resolved it s e lf where right-thinking Georgians are figh tin g for sound, progressive government and the preservation of the Georgia we love. My opponent has p len ty o f money supplied on a p ra ctic a lly unlim ited basis by the C & S Bank of Atlanta and is supported by the Atlanta newspapers which blanket large areas of our state and is silen t on the subject of being backed by Martin Luther King who con trols the Negro bloc vote in our la rger c it ie s . -
Georgia Government 1 (PDF)
Georgia Government Summary Dr. Sarah Kuck and Mr. Roger Marietta Introduction Georgia’s state government was formed in 1776, and since that time the State Constitution has been rewritten 10 times and amended hundreds of times. To amend the Georgia Constitution today, both houses of the Georgia General Assembly must pass the proposed Constitutional amendment by a two-thirds vote. The amendment ratification is voted on by the people in the next general election, and a majority of the voters must approve. Georgia’s state government and its politics have been shaped by its history. 2011 is the sesquicentennial of the beginning of the Civil War. President Lincoln and General Sherman, as hated Republicans, left a simmering anger as the Civil War and slavery came to an end. The Democratic Party dominated Georgia politics until the period after the Civil War known as Reconstruction. Reconstruction brought the freed slaves into the political process as Republicans, and they gained many elected offices from 1865 until 1877. When the Posse Comitatus Act was passed by Congress and Federal troops could no longer enforce state and local laws, the political winds shifted. From 1877 until 1954, “Jim Crow” laws enforced segregation in Georgia while the Democrats dominated the politics of Georgia under the banner of “state rights”. Many Caucasian voters in Georgia were “Yellow Dog” Democrats – they would vote Democrat even if the candidate was a yellow dog. With the Supreme Court’s reversal of Plessy v Ferguson as a result of Brown v Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, coupled with the emergence of Dr.