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Volume 17, Number 2 Center tor Desert Archaeolog.::J 5pring 2003

The Casas Grandes Communit~ raul E. Minnis) Universit!} of Oklahoma Michael E. Whalen) Universit!} of Tulsa

OR. MOR.E THAN 4 0 0 FYEAR.S, Casas Grandes has been recognized as one of the largest and most important communities in the ancient Pueblo an World, starting with Baltazar de Obregon's pub­ lished description of the site in 1584. However, it was not un­ til 1959 that the grandeur of this site was revealed in detail by the Joint Casas Grandes Project (JCGP), led by Charles Di Peso of the Amerind Foun­ dation and Eduardo Contreras Sanchez of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia (INAH). For three years, this monumental project uncovered the remains of a re­ The massive site of Casas Grandes, also known as Paquime, has undergone major excavation and stabiliza­ markable community with up tion. The regional extent of the influence of this community has long been debated. This issue of Archae- to 2,000 rooms in massive, ology Southwest places the Casas Grandes community in the larger context of Chihuahua, Mexico. multiple-story adobe room­ blocks, a sophisticated water-distribution system, and many (also known as Paquime) played in the prehistory of public ritual structures, including ballcourts, platform northern Mexico and the United States Southwest at its mounds, and feasting ovens. There was also evidence of height during the Medio period (A.D. 1200-1450). The elites and hoarding of wealth, such as 4.5 million shell best-known explanation artifacts. Long-distance relationships were indicated by the is Di Peso's mercantile This issue was made possible many presumed trade items, such as parrots and copper, model. He suggested by a generous gift from found at Casas Grandes, and the presence ofboth Pueblo an that the Casas Grandes Benjamin W Smith. and Mesoamerican features. Casas Grandes' designation area was a Puebloan back­ as a World Heritage site by UNESCO and the construc­ water until pochteca Issue Editors: raul E· Minnis and Michael E. Whalen tion of a world-class museum at the site by INAH are fur­ --trading agents of the ther recognition of this site's importance. great Mesoamerican Archaeolog!) 50uthwest is a Quarterl!:J Ideas abound concerning the role that Casas Grandes states to the south-- Fublication ot the Center tor Desert L-______,;\rchaeolog!:J organized Casas Grandes to coor­ ing the prehistory of the entire dinate economic exploitation of state of Chihuahua. Despite the Mesoamerica's far northern hinter­ relative lack of funding, a number land, an area that Di Peso called of recent and current projects are the Gran Chichimeca. Once the investigating Chihuahua prehis­ trading networks changed, Casas tory. Grandes lost its prominence and TX We began our fieldwork in then declined, ultimately being 1989, to understand the regional sacked by its enemies. A more context of Casas Grandes' dy­ recent explanation is a geographi­ namic history. During four seasons cally reversed image of Di Peso's of survey, we recorded about 450 ideas. Stephen Lekson sites-350 of which argues that Casas date to the Medio pe­ Grandes was estab­ riod- around Casas lished by Chaco elites Grandes and up to from the north after the 70 kilometers away. decline of their original Casas Grandes is a homeland. We offer a unique site in terms of third alternative: that its size and character­ the nse of Casas istics; it is about 10 Grandes is best under­ times larger than the stood as primarily a lo­ next largest site in the cal phenomenon of surrounding area. emergent elites jockey­ Nevertheless, we con­ ing for power and pres­ cluded that Casas tige, ultimately leading Grandes controlled a to the dominance of core area much Casas Grandes over its smaller than many neighbors. previous researchers Casas Grandes did suspected, on the order not develop in a re­ of about 30 kilometers gional vacuum. It has from the site. Commu­ long been known that nities farther away hundreds of smaller were certainly influ­ Medio period sites are enced by Casas present in the Casas Grandes in many im­ Grandes region. Early portant ways but seem regional surveys- es­ not to have been con­ pecially those by E. B. The Casas Grandes region contained hundreds of smaller Media period sites. trolled by it. Sayles, Donald Brand, Influence from Casas Grandes extended throughout much of northwestern Chi- Since 1996, we and Robert Lister from huahua, but recent research suggests that direct control by Casas Grandes ex­ have been excavating the 1920s through the tended only some 30 kilometers from the center. sites in the core area to 1940s-described further refine our un­ some of these sites, and the JCGP conducted limited re­ derstanding of the history of the Casas Grandes polity. Spe­ gional reconnaissance. The nature of the relationships be­ cifically, we have worked at four sites, each representing tween these communities and Casas Grandes is neither different parts of the Casas Grandes system. Two sites, 231 well known nor agreed upon by archaeologists. Progress and 317, are "typical" domestic sites- representative of has been steady but slow, however, because funding re­ communities where most ancient Casas Grandeans lived. sources available north of the border are not available in With a full complement of domestic artifacts, and unre­ Chihuahua. For example, there have been recent individual markable but serviceable architecture, these sites were in­ archaeological projects in the United States Southwest habited by small groups of subsistence farmers. Our pilot whose budgets surpass all of the money ever spent on study- project studying upland agriculture indicates that the core

Fage 2 Archaeo!og~ Southwest Volume 17, Number 2 area was extensively farmed using many different tech­ niques and harvesting a variety of crops, such as corn and agave. Our 1998 field season concentrated on site 242, which is very different from sites 231 and 317. This site has an unusually elaborate and large ballcourt, as well as the only platform mound found in the area outside Casas Grandes itself There is some preliminary evidence from the study -u of nearby field III s. sizes and from ~ the ceramic as- semblage that the leaders at site 242 pro­ duced unusu­ all y large a­ mounts of food or drink for Feasting ovens such as this were used to prepare public feasts. large amounts offood for public events. We recent­ ly concluded three seasons of work at the Tinaja site (site 204), one of the largest sites in the Casas Grandes core, located approxi­ mately 15 kilometers west of Casas Grandes at the base of the Sierra Madres. We excavated 35 of its approximately 200 rooms, a ballcourt, two feasting ovens, and a midden. Our work at 204 represents a large excavation database for Site 242 appears to have been an administrative center, where agents a Medio period site, second only in size to the work at of Casas Grandes' leaders helped to organize outlying communities. Casas Grandes itself This research will allow us to exam- This photograph shows its domestic mound, surrounded by stone ine the role of large sites within the Casas Grandes polity arcs. In the right mid-ground is a ballcourt with a platform mound; in the distance, the Sierra Madres. from a historical perspective. Were these large sites early competitors with Casas Grandes or were they always sec­ Despite our efforts and those of the other scholars ondary to it? working in northwestern Chihuahua, there is much to do. Decades during which little or no archaeological research was conducted, as well as meager funding, have left a research deficit that will require much work to overcome.

Left: The beginning ofthree seasons of excavations at the Tinaja site (site 204). Right: The excavation of an adobe-walled room at the Tinaja site.

Spring 2003 Archaeolog!:J Southwest rage 3 )nstituto Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia Chihuahua Elsa Rodriguez Garcia Instituto Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia Chihuahua

A GRAN R.IQUEZA en patrimonio cultural con el del pais. El esplendor del legado cultural heredado por L que cuenta Mexico, la necesidad de su proteccion las Culturas que se desarrollaron en Mesoamerica y el y puesta en valor hicieron que en el ano de 1939 se creara patrimonio colonial producto del contacto entre las el Instituto N acional de Antropologia e Historia. Se trataba culturas prehispanicas y espanola, dirigieron inicialmente de una Institucion de caracter federal dependiente de la las labores del Instituto a este rico territorio. Por ello los Secretaria de Educacion Publica. primeros Centros INAH se localizan en el sur y centro de El INAH, como se Ie conoce a esta institucion, tiene Mexico. En Chihuahua la presencia del Instituto se reducfa como objetivos generales: la investigacion cientifica sobre solamente a la proteccion de la zona arqueologica de Paquime, que era custodiada aun antes de las ~ excavaciones de Charles Di Peso en la decada de ~ los 50. Frente al monumental patrimonio arqueolo­ gico y arquitectonico localizado en el sur y centro del pais que estaba siendo intensamente estudiado, el norte de Mexico contaba con escasas y sencillas construcciones principalmente de tierra que parecfan aun mas insignificantes por la falta de in­ vestigacion. En Mexico durante siglos predomino una polftica centralista, uno de cuyos reflejos fue un discurso enfocado a posicionar entre los mexican os, la idea de compartir un pasado en comun y de ser producto de los mismos procesos historicos. El nacimiento de la Nacion Mexicana fue doloroso, en el transcurso de sus primeros anos de independencia perdio mas de la mitad de su territorio: Centro America, Texas, Nuevo Mexico, y la alta California. Por este motivo gobiernos tan distintos como el de Juarez, Porfirio Diaz y por supuesto los postrevolucionarios se plantean como objetivo fortalecer la unidad nacional. Invocan a "heroes" como Quetzalcoatl y Moctezuma y a los mismos Aztecas que nos hicieron unicos y por 10 tanto distintos a los otros. Se creo, entonces, un discurso destinado a reforzar a la Patria desde la Zona Arqueol6gica Paquime, Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. (Paquime was desig­ optica de 10 que ocurrio en el "Centro." Este nated a World Heritage site in December 1998.) discurso se difunde a traves de todos los centros Antropologia e Historia relacionada con la poblacion del educativos, desde la primaria hasta la Universidad. pais y con la conservacion y restauracion del patrimonio Todavia recuerdo como en los anos setenta, en la cultural arqueologico e historico, asi como el pale on­ Universidad Iberoamericana en la ciudad de Mexico (a tologico; la proteccion, conservacion, restauracion y don de tenias que acudir si querias estudiar Antropolo­ recuperacion de ese patrimonio, y la promocion y difusion gia), nuestra clase de "Pueblos y Culturas de America" se de los materiales y actividades que son competencia del destinaba casi exclusivamente a estudiar a las culturas Instituto. mesoamericanas. Las sociedades del norte de Mexico eran La enorme labor encomendada al INAH hizo vistas como grupos nomadas de recolectores y cazadores necesario que se crearan Centros regionales en los estados conocidos como "Chichimecas."

rage + Archaeolog!j 50uthwest Volume 17, Number 2 Durante la decada de los 70, sin embargo, tambien se inicia un movimiento encabezado por investigadores en ciencias sociales, que plantea la necesidad de que la historia de Mexico se complete y entrelace con las historias regionales y las microhistorias de los pueblos, que tambien forma parte de historia nacional. En la decada de los 80 se crea en Chihuahua, una oficina del INAH que posteriormente se convertirfa en el primer Centro INAH Chihuahua. A partir de entonces y junto con otras instituciones educativas como las universidades se intensifican las investigaciones de caracter social en el Estado. Para finales de la decada de los 80 y particularmente Museo historico "Ex Aduana" Ciudad Juarez. (A histon·cal museum was durante los afios 90 el Centro INAH Chihuahua recibe a established in this fomler immigration authority building in Ciudad Juarez una serie de especialistas: antropologos, arqueologos, in the late 1980s.) arquitectos, etc., que se proponen investigar, proteger y difundir el patrimonio cultural tangible e intangible del Chichimecas no eran tan Chichimecas. Estado. El 2 de diciembre de 1998 Paquime es declarado Asf mismo se abren al publico el Museo Historico de Patrimonio de la Humanidad, en el afio del 2001 la la "Ex Aduana" en Ciudad Juarez y el Museo de "Las comunidad de Valle de Allende y la ciudad de Parral son Culturas del Norte" en Casas Grandes. Se apoya tambien declaradas zonas de monumentos historicos y las Cuarenta a 14 museos comunitarios cuyo objetivo es involucrar a la Casas zona de monumentos arqueologicos. poblacion en la proteccion y difusion de su patrimonio Estudiosos de la historia de Mexico consideran que cultural. aun mas dramatico que el centralismo politico y economico Por otro lado, se inician de manera sistematica las in­ en Mexico, fue la concentracion de la oferta educativa en la vestigaciones arqueologicas y se intensifican los estudios ciudad de Mexico (La Universidad Nacional Autonoma sobre las sociedades prehispanicas en el Norte de Mexico, de Mexico cuenta con 300,000 alumnos aproximada­ tanto por parte de investigadores del Centro INAH Chi­ mente). Hasta hace algunas decadas las personas que huahua, como por arqueologos de Estados Unidos deseaban estudiar carreras universitarias tenfan que recurrir interesados en esta region. a la capital para continuar sus estudios. Durante el afio de 1998 se organiza la primera En el afio de 1990 se creo en Chihuahua la Escuela Conferencia de Arqueologfa en Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia dependiente Casas Grandes Chihuahua. En esta del INAH. Se inicio entonces la licenciatura en se dan a conocer los resultados de Antropologfa Social asf como una serie de las investigaciones arqueologicas diplomados relacionados con las disciplinas sobre Chihuahua y se comparte y sociales. Actualmente la ENAH en Chihuahua complementa informacion sobre la cuenta con una maestrfa en el area de antropologfa cultura que se desarrollo en el Norte y se planea abrir licenciaturas en arqueologfa e de Mexico y Sur de los Estados historia. Unidos. De esta manera vemos que Actualmente el Centro INAH Chihuahua en esta vasta region se desarrollaron cuenta con 38 proyectos de investigacion, culturas que, segun las ultimas proteccion y difusion del patrimonio cultural. evidencias, manejaban un sistema La responsabilidad del Instituto sigue sie Primer Custodio de Paquime, Casas agricola desde hace 3,500 afios an­ do ambiciosa por ello el Program a de Trabajo Grandes. (The first steward at tes del presente, que ten fan una Paquime.) 2001 - 2006 se propone como una de las mas forma de organizacion social importantes lineas de accion la de involucrar a las estratificada, que manejaban con gran destreza la ela­ comunidades en la proteccion del patrimonio. Se enfatiza boracion de ceramica, que tenfan un sistema hidraulico ademas, la necesidad de establecer alianzas estrategicas con avanzado, y que, probable mente se especializaban por el gobierno estatal y municipal, con grupos sociales actividades economicas. Que el contacto con la cultura organizados, con la comunidad en general y con mesoamericana era permanente y que habfa un constante instituciones internacionales para investigar, proteger y intercambio de bienes y creencias. De manera que los difundir este patrimonio cultural que es de todos.

Spring 2003 Archaeolog.l::J Southwest F age :5 INAH in Chihuahua Elsa Rodriguez Garcia (a translation or article on pages 1--:5)

HE RIOI CULTURAL f' ATRIMONY ofMexico and Chihuahua. From then on, in partnership with the uni­ T the need to protect it led to the establishment of the versities, the investigation of the history of Chihuahua in­ Instituto Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia, or INAH, tensified. At the same time, the "Ex Aduana" Historical in 1939. It was established as a federal agency under the Museum opened in Juarez, and the Museum of the North­ Secretary of Public Education. The general goals ofINAH ern Cultures opened in Casas Grandes. There are also 14 are: scientific investigations into the anthropology and his­ community museums whose mission is to involve the pub­ tory of the peoples of Mexico; conservation and restora­ lic in protecting and better understanding its cultural pat­ tion of cultural, archaeological, historical, and paleonto­ nmony. logical resources; protection and recovery of those re­ During the 1980s and 1990s, systematic archaeologi­ sources; and the promotion and sharing of the materials cal investigations were initiated, and research on the ar­ and activities of the institution. chaeology of the prehispanic cultures of northern Mexico The enormity of the responsibilities entrusted to was intensified. This work was undertaken by the Centro INAH made necessary the establishment of regional cen­ INAH Chihuahua staff, as well as by archaeologists from ters in the states of Mexico. The splendor of the cultural the United States and Canada. legacy left to us by the cultures that developed in In 1998, the first Casas Grandes Archaeological Con­ Mesoamerica, and the colonial heritage that was the prod­ ference shared the results of research into cultural devel­ uct of the contact between the prehispanic and the Span­ opments in northern Mexico and the southwestern United ish cultures, was the focus ofINAH's initial work. For the States. We now see that this vast region has been home to same reasons, its first centers were located in central and cultures that have practiced agriculture for the past 3,500 southern Mexico. years, had a form of stratified social organization, devel­ The only effort in Chihuahua was the protection of oped elaborate ceramic traditions, had an advanced hy­ the archaeological site ofPaquime. In contrast to the monu­ draulic system, and probably had specialized economic mental archaeology and architecture of central Mexico, activities. There was likely a constant contact and inter­ which were being intensively studied, the north had only change of goods and ideas with the cultures of a few simple earthen structures that seemed even more Mesoamerica. The result was that the Chichimecs were insignificant because they had been so little studied. The not quite as primitive as had always been maintained. societies of northern Mexico were seen as nomadic groups Historians note that even more dramatic than the po­ of hunters and gatherers known as Chichimecs. litical and economic centralization in Mexico is the con­ The birth of the Mexican nation was a painful one; centration of the educational offerings in Mexico City. soon after Mexican independence, more than half of its Generally, people who wanted to pursue university stud­ national territory-the areas that are now Central America, ies had to travel to the capital to do so. In 1990, the Na­ Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and California- was for­ tional School of Anthropology and History, a branch of feited. For this reason, governments as disparate as those INAH, was created in Chihuahua. A degree program in of Benito Juarez, Porfirio Diaz, and the post-revolutionar­ social anthropology was initiated, along with others in the ies have attempted to forge national unity by invoking "he­ social sciences. The school offers a Master's degree in an­ roes" like Quetzalcoatl, Moctezuma, and the Aztecs, which thropology, and there are plans to offer degrees in archae­ make us unique and distinct from other nations. ology and history. This concept of national unity presents our heritage Currently, the Centro INAH Chihuahua has com­ from the perspective of what occurred in the "center" of pleted, or is overseeing the completion of, 38 projects. It is our country. This message has been spread by all of the guided by an ambitious work plan for 2001- 2006. This educational centers-from elementary schools through the plan calls for direct involvement of communities to pro­ universities. However, during the 1970s, Mexican social tect their heritage. Furthermore, it is anticipated that stra­ scientists began to argue that regional histories, and even tegic alliances will need to be made between state and lo­ the micro-histories ofthe common people, required study cal governments, with various interest groups, with the and should be interwoven with the national history. general public, and with international institutions in or­ In the 1980s, an office ofINAH was created in Chi­ der to study, protect, and share knowledge about this cul­ huahua that would subsequently become the Centro INAH tural patrimony, which belongs to all of us.

rage 6 Archaeolog~ 50uthwest Volume 17, Number 2 Lorna de Moctezuma: At the Edge ot the Casas Grandes World Timoth!) D. Maxwell, Museum of New Mexico Rafael Cruz Anti/Ion) /nstituto Nacional de Antropologfa e His to ria

N ANCIENT SITE AffEARS as inconspicuous vations showed that the number of Casas Grandes sherds A sand dunes to motorists who pass through the town was really quite small. Instead, most of the pottery at the ofV ilIa Ahumada on the way between Juarez and Chihua­ site was made by the prehistoric Jornada Mogollon people hua. Archaeologists now of northeastern Chihuahua. know thanhese mounds Many partially formed pieces of tur­ are collapsed dwellings quoise jewelry were also found. The tur­ from an abandoned pre­ quoise used in the jewelry is similar to historic village that was that from sources near Santa Fe, New once the largest in the Rio Mexico, but there are no conclusive tests Carmen Valley. to verifY its origin. However, sites to the In 1943, archaeolo­ north also have large quantities of tur­ gist Donald Brand named quoise chips, suggesting that a trade route this village Lorna de followed the Rio Grande toward Lorna de Moctezuma. Scattered Moctezuma and then went westward to around the site were Casas Grandes. painted sherds resem­ Another surprise was the great quan­ bling those found at Casas tity of rabbit bone. This is in marked con­ Grandes, leading Brand trast to Casas Grandes, where the bones to contend that this was of artiodactyls- such as deer, prong­ the easternmost village in horns, and bison- were most abundant. the prehistoric Casas Almost 11,000 identified rabbit bones Grandes domain. from only four square meters of excava­ Later, Di Peso agreed tion at Lorna de Moctezuma represented with Brand, but no one at least 300 rabbits and hares, perhaps investigated the site until providing 300 to 600 pounds of meat. 1993, when Rafael Cruz Another 11,000 small bone fragments may Anti1l6n of Mexico's Insti­ also be from rabbits. At Casas Grandes, tuto Nacional de Antro­ only 162 rabbit bones were found in total. pologfa e Historia began The many rabbits at Lorna de Moctezuma to excavate it. Antill6n possibly supplied pelts used to make was soon joined by ar­ pouches, clothing, blankets, and drum chaeologists from the heads, which were then traded to the University ofNew Mexico inhabitants of Casas Grandes. and the Museum of New Although it appears that Lorna de Mexico. Moctezuma was not a direct part of Casas The collaborators Grandes society, it probably served as a were eager to see what life trade gateway between Casas Grandes looked like on the prehis­ and other sites, making Lorna de toric Casas Grandes "bor­ Moctezuma a nexus for various South­ der," and they found west cultures. Despite its location in a some surprises. The first Villa Ahumada polychrome figurines collected prior to desolate setting, Lorna de Moctezuma was the discovery of a 1934 in Chihuahua (Catalogue Numbers 7004 [top) and supplied objects that helped make Casas mound that Brand had 7009 [bottom}, Logan Museum ofAnthropology, Beloit, Grandes a prominent economic and po- missed. Second, our exca- Wisconsin}. litical center.

Spring 2003 Archaeology Southwest Fage 7 The Southern Zone ot the Chihuahua Culture Jane H. Kelle!f, Universit!f of Ca/gar!f Karin 5urd-Larhn, Universit!f of Colorado

I HE.50UTHE.RN E.XTE.NT of the Chihuahua cul­ Chihuahua. The largest known site in the south, which I ture consists of the Babfcora Basin and the upper extends along the Arroyo Raspadura for almost 1 kilome­ reaches of the Rios Santa Marfa and Santa Clara. These ter, has at least 18 mounds of melted adobe, the largest of rivers originate in central Chihuahua and drain north into which contain over 50 rooms, compared with the three or the desert lowlands, where the best-known Chihuahua cul­ fewer house mounds typical of southern Medio period ture sites are located. Prior to World War II, archaeologists sites. In addition, no public architecture, such as ballcourts such as Donald Brand, Henry Carey, A V. Kidder, and E. or platform mounds, has been identified in the south. In B. Sayles surveyed and excavated many Medio period pueb­ contrast to Casas Grandes, imported ceramics are scarce los In this III southern southern zone. Medio period The next work sites. Only one in the area was copper bell has conducted in been reported the 1980s, by from a southern Arturo Guevara site, and tur­ Sanchez on the quoise and ma­ Rfo Santa rine shell are Marfa; more also uncommon. recent research Medio period was conducted sites in the south between 1990 have been radio­ and 2000 by carbon dated members of the from AD. 1200 Proyecto to the later Arqueol6gico 1400s, the same Chihuahua interval as their (PAC). northern coun­ The results The Viejo and Medio period inhabitants of the Rio Santa Marfa valley had ties to Casas Grandes terparts. from the PAC but appear to have remained relatively autonomous. The south- study indicate ern zone re­ that the southern zone follows the same Viejo-to-Medio flected the influence of Casas Grandes in terms of archi­ period sequence as defined by Di Peso for the Casas tecture, artifact assemblages, and types of crops cultivated. Grandes area. Investigations at four Viejo period sites and However, it lacked ballcourts, platform mounds, and the one multicomponent site recovered Mimbres Black-on­ amount of exchange found in the desert lowlands. Simi­ white pottery (which is also common in northern Viejo larities in pottery motifs and rock art in the southern re­ period sites), found evidence for corn and beans, and, at gion and in northwest Chihuahua suggest that these re­ three sites, encountered pithouses. Radiocarbon dates from gions were linked ideologically. However, given the dis­ these Viejo period contexts range from about AD. 800 to tances involved, it is unlikely that the north had political the late 1200s. The southern extent of the Viejo period or economic control over the southern zone. occupation was marked by relative homogeneity in mate­ rial culture and shared cultural traits, with apparent greater access to imported goods than was the case during the Medio period. Medio period sites are found throughout the south­ For a list of references to archaeology in the ern zone, though at nowhere near the scale of Casas Casas Grandes region, visit the Center for Desert Grandes or the density of sites in much of northwestern Archaeology website at www.cdarc.org.

fage 8 Archaeo!og~ Southwest Volume 17, Number 2 Lxploring the Mountains ot Chihuahua: f ro~ecto f rovincia

Serrana de f a9uime . m a. c Eduardo ffo Gamboa Carrera Q) a.o Instituto Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia -0o· Gl Q) '3 o0- Q) F L MEXICO DE5CONOClDO, or Unknown extensive ag­ o ~ L Mexico, was an apt choice for the title of Carl ricultural ter­ ro iil Lumholtz's famous 1902 travelogue about the Sierra race systems Madres of Mexico. For the past eight years, the spectacular on some of ruins and scenery of this little-known area have been the moder­ explored by the Proyecto Provincia Serrana de Paquime. ately steep . , Our funding has come from Instituto Nacional de slopes, and Antropologfa e Historia (INAH) , the J. M. Kaplan farming Foundation, the World Monuments Fund, and the along nvers Wilson Fund. was prac­ Over many thousands of years, the caves of the Sierra ticed where Madre have served as a refuge or a home for a diversity of the flood- cultures-early hunters, incipient farmers, the Casas plain was Grandes culture, and modern groups. Cliff dwellings wide enough. made of puddled adobe are the most striking sites The nvers encountered, some reaching two or three stories in height. were also a Many mountain sites have well-preserved T-shaped Remarkable features found in many of these cliff dwellings source of doorways. are very large granaries in the shape ofollas (see page 13) or fish. In addi- mushrooms. tion, "quids" of inedible agave fiber have been found and Five hundred years ago, the mountains were not the indicate the importance of agave as a food resource and for hinterland they are today. Although mountain communi­ fiber. Pine trees from the mountains were also important ties were an important part of the Casas Grandes region sources of wood for construction. during the Medio period, Casas Grandes itself, the other The architecture and artifacts were similar to those in large communities, and most people lived along the river lowland communities. The presence of at least one valleys and gentle plains of northwestern Chihuahua. ballcourt in the mountains suggests that these people Many Medio pe­ m participated in a belief system like that of a. riod villages oc­ fii the lowland peoples. a. cupied the rug­ ~ Did the mountain people play spe- ged river valley in g cial roles in the regional economy of the the Sierra Madres ~ Casas Grandes sphere? At present, we o to the west and Q) cannot say. However, it is not too o ~ southwest of ro farfetched to suggest that these people Casas Grandes. iil were able to supply the denser lowland The best-known populations with resources more easily sites are cliff acquired in the mountains, such as meat, dwellings, but various minerals, and wood. pueblos m nver Our research has expanded the in­ valleys and on ventory of known sites and provided new mesa tops are research insights. The work has also more common. Massive storage facilities are present at many mountain sites. This shown that the sites of the Chihuahua In fact, our one is taller than the adjacent room walls. mountains are threatened by grazing, research indicates vandalism, and erosion. We are working that the mountain dwellers were able to support to stabilize and protect many cliff-dwellings sites so that themselves using locally available resources. There are more tourists can visit these fascinating sites.

Spring 2003 Archaeolog'y Southwest rage 9 The Hilltop Site ot EJ Fueblito T Alan fitezel, Universit!} of Arizona

F XfLORERS AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS have The quantity and diversity of features, the structures' L been drawn to the site ofEl Pueblito, 6 kilometers thick walls, and the site's prominent hill location suggest a south of Casas Grandes, for more than a century. Despite special role for El Pueblito in the Casas Grandes regional this interest, the site had never been systematically studied system. The next phase of research will include excavation until the recent El Pueblito mapping project. This research documented over 80 features, including adobe and stone architecture, isolated stone outlines and walls, trails, and a possible reservoir. Interest in El Pueblito derives from its hillioca­ tion, which contrasts with its contemporary Medio period neighbors. Communities in the region are generally found near water and arable land. Yet El Pueblito sits about 200 meters above the valley on a mesa extending from the northern end of Cerro de Moctezuma, with an atalaya (watch tower) at its sum­ mit, and surrounded on three sides by precipitous rhyolite cliffs. Adobe is the usual construction material used in the region, but the lack of nearby water necessary for producing adobe makes its occurrence at El Pueblito curious. Exposed adobe walls in the mound show that the walls are about 55 centimeters thick. Recently, investigators in the Casas Grandes region have suggested that walls of this thickness correspond with a style of architecture of distinct social and po­ litical significance. El Pueblito also contains a variety of stone fea­ tures. However, due to centuries of collapse, many of these features are difficult to define. Until more in­ tensive investigations are conducted, some features have been labeled probable structures. Most of these structures have an exterior veneer of stacked, un­ shaped rhyolite with a rubble core. The walls of these features are about 1 meter thick. The massive fortifi- cation-type wall on the eastern side of the site, which has a similar core-veneer construction, is about 1Y. meters wide and 11, meters high. An unanticipated result of the project was that The massive landmark of Cerro de Moctezuma, with its famous atalaya (a more, and a greater variety of, features were found watch tower or communication feature). The atalaya is on the highest point (back right in photo), which rises 380 meters and can be seen from a distance of20 than have been reported previously. For example, kilometers from three surrounding valleys that meet at its southern base. El there are about 18 rectangular and circular features Pueblito is on the flat mesa in the center foreground. defined by stone outlines. These are either piled rocks or a single row of contiguous rocks. Features of this of the adobe mound and stone features. Architectural and type are not found at other Medio period sites. It is pos­ material evidence obtained in this phase of research will sible that these features once supported superstructures, provide information necessary to more accurately define though there is no evidence at this time to support this the function of the site, its chronological history, and its inference. social and political significance.

rage 10 Archaeolog~ Southwest Volume 17, Number 2 Late Archaic Villages on the RIo Casas Grandes john K Rone.!:J) .5ureau or Land Management Robert j. Hard, {jniversit.!:J or Texas at 5an Antonio

ORTIFIED tilLLTor VILLAGES found along the behind the terraces contained the abundant remains of FRio Casas Grandes are proving to be some of the ear­ plants and animals exploited by the inhabitants. The evi­ liest agricultural sites in the southwestern United States dence leaves no doubt that this site was intensively occu­ and northwestern Mexico, and they contradict almost ev­ pied. erything that archaeologists thought they knew about the We have mapped or photographed nine similar sites Late Archaic period. Not so long ago, many of us consid­ along the Rio Casas Grandes and have tested three of these, ered the Archaic period in Chihuahua a long, dull pre­ in addition to Cerro Juanaquena. Although the other sites lude to the really important are smaller than Cerro -t developments in prehis­ Q- Juanaquena, they are very ~ tory, which, of course, all similar in terms of the fea- took place at Casas tures present, construction Grandes. Were we ever techniques, artifacts, faunal mistaken! bone, and plant remains. Even today, most text­ Despite large quantities of books describe the intro­ cultural materials, these duction of corn into the sites were occupied for only area as a very gradual pro­ about 200 years, with ma­ cess, one that had little jor occupations centered at initial effect on the life- 1250 B.C., and a less-inten­ ways of hunter-gatherers. sive episode at about 300 Until now, archaeologists B.C. thought that settled vil­ Why did people choose lages with economies de­ to live in these uncomfort­ pendent on serious food able and terribly inconve­ production did not appear nient hilltop locations? until A.D. 500 at the very The sites were rapidly con­ earliest, some 2,000 years structed on highly defen­ after maize reached these sible hills and enclosed by people. low berm walls, and many The scenario just out­ of them were situated so lined may well be true for that line-of-sight commu­ some parts of the Ameri­ nication would have been can Southwest, but it cer­ possible. In addition, more tainly does not describe the than 500 projectile points events that unfolded along Cerro de los Torres, a L ate Archaic site north of Casas Grandes along the were recovered from Cerro the fertile Rio Casas RIO Casas Grandes valley. Juanaquena alone, possibly Grandes 3,500 years ago. the debris from raids. We Here, within just a few centuries of the initial appearance also looked at a worldwide sample of 42 ethnographic of cultivated plants, we find a dozen fortified hilltop sites, groups who live on similar elevated landforms and dis­ or cerros de trincheras, scattered up and down the river val­ covered that defense is the major reason given for this settle- ley. These sites consist of residential terraces and other fea­ ment pattern. tures located on isolated hills. The largest of these sites, The Late Archaic period inhabitants of northwestern Cerro Juanaquena, may have been home to 200 or 300 Chihuahua found the Rio Casas Grandes Valley a highly people (see Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 13, No.1). It is 450 productive area, but one in which periods of raiding and feet high and includes over 500 individual terraces. Ter­ warfare were as much a part oflife as farming, themes that race surfaces were littered with artifacts, and the rocky fill would repeat themselves over the millennia in this region.

Spring 200) Archaeolog~ Southwest rage 11 Charles Di f eso and Casas Grandes Gloria j. Fenner, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National fark 5ervice

MAG INE..: ALL E.IGHTVOLUME.5 0fthe Casas Grandes projects until 10 a.m. each day, when Charlie, John Rinaldo Ireport- every word, list, and sherd chart-were created (senior archaeologist), Alice Wesche (illustrator), and I got on typewriters or written by hand, the former in multiple together for two hours to read through and interpret the drafts. And I believe I am the only person in the world who field notes and maps relating to the architecture-room has read every last word, title page through index. In spite by room, plaza by plaza, mound by mound, feature by of that, I would feature. o do it again in a g I can't say minute. Even that there were '<~ though I did sa. not dull mo- not participate ~ ments. The 55- in the field­ "T1 endless and CD :J work, it was a :J repetitive de- ~ dream job for scriptions and an archaeolo­ checking of gist, reporting sherd counts on an incred­ and measure­ ible, unique site ments in all of and a fascinat­ those charts ing array of ma­ were deadly. terial culture In the after- with an amaz­ noon, as ingly creative needed, I and knowl­ would meet edgeable indi­ with Charlie vidual. All of A 1967 photograph of Charles Di Peso and Gloria Fenner discussing a portion of the Casas Grandes to go over my these things are report. comments on together in that the text that last sentence because I cannot think ofCasas Grandes with­ became Volumes 1 through 3, as well as the "back volume" out thinking of Charlie Di Peso. They are one and the sections he wrote. same. Some people write slowly and are pretty much fin­ Charlie told me that the Joint Casas Grandes Project ished the first time through, but not Charlie. With him, it - three continuous years of fieldwork, more than 14 years was the ideas that mattered the most. This resulted in a lot of writing, eight hefty volumes and many associated pa­ of rewriting and reorganizing. The reorganization meant pers-came about because he wanted some time off from cutting out bits and pieces, rearranging those pieces, and work. It seems that after completing his report on the Reeve then taping them together in "pages" that might be two Ruin, Charlie wished to take a long holiday in Italy, so he feet long. This was connected by all but indecipherable proposed to his employer, the Amerind Foundation's scribbles. I made him do three or four rewrites before I founder, William Shirley Fulton, the biggest and most ex­ would even read a section, and even then it was a chal­ pensive project he could think of, assuming that Fulton lenge. would not fund it. Fulton, however, rose to the occasion, Coming from Illinois, as I do, without any Southwest­ and the rest is history. ern archaeological preconceptions, I found Charlie's ideas The wonder is that such a major project was com­ fascinating. And he was ever so good at accepting my pleted at all. In addition to having a competent staff, the humble suggestions and allowing me to argue with him as laboratory portion of the project was accomplished by be­ well. He would have been very gratified to see all of the ing organized. Charlie had it all planned out: we worked Chihuahuan work that is in progress, and would no doubt on different sections of the analysis in order, and we had a be playing devil's advocate to all- a role he greatly en­ regular routine. Each person worked on his or her own joyed!

Fage12 Archaeolog~ Southwest Volume 17, Number 2 Archaeological Tourism in Chihuahua raul E. Minnis, Universit!} of Oklahoma Michael E. Whalen, Universit!} of Tulsa

tlE.R.E. IS MUCH MORE. to northwestern Chihua­ Ing In the Casas T hua than Casas Grandes. Fortunately, traveling in Grandes region. northern Mexico today is safe and easy, and major cities There are also have good restaurants and hotels. It is best to consult ap­ many Mennonite propriate websites, up-to-date tourist guides, or Mexican communities (cam ­ consulates for current regulations regarding personal pos) north of Nue­ and vehicle permits. The official Chihuahuan website, vo Casas Grandes www.chihuahua.gob.mx. has a tourist section in Spanish, and west ofJ anos. and the email [email protected]. This reglOn gob.mx. Hundreds of Casas Grandes-related sites dot the was a center of landscape, but few are developed and available for visits. conflict during the Still, a number of archaeological sites are maintained for Mexican Revolu­ tourists, including: tion. In fact, one of Master potter Juan Quezada working on a • Cave Valley is in the mountains 50 kilometers west the first battles of vessel at Mata Ortiz. of Casas Grandes. Access to the site requires a high-clear­ the revolution was ance vehicle and three hours of driving. This picturesque at Casas Grandes. Pancho Villa's troops often traversed the area contains the famous Cueva de la Olla (Olla Cave), as Casas Grandes area, as did the Punitive Expedition, led by well as other sites. General John J. Pershing, which was unsuccessful in catch­ • Cuarenta Casas (Forty Rooms), an impressive cliff ing Villa after his raid on Columbus, New Mexico. dwelling, is located about 90 kilometers southwest of Casas Located between Casas Grandes and Mata Ortiz, the Grandes. The roads to this site are good. Hacienda San Diego is the best preserved example of a • Two cliff dwellings in the area around Madera­ pre-revolution hacienda in the region. It was used by vari­ Conjunto Huapoca (Huapoca Complex) and Cueva ous sides during the revolution. In addition, Carl Grande (Grand Cave)-are open to the public. Lumholtz wintered in the area at the end of his famous • Arroyo de los Monos (Arroyo of the Monkeys), lo­ travels through northern Mexico. cated 35 kilometers south of Casas Grandes, is the most Northwestern Chihuahua is also a convenient gate­ famous rock art site in Chihuahua. way to surrounding regions, including the Sierra Madres, • The Convento (Convent) site consists of the ruins famous for Copper Canyon and home to the Tarahumara. of an early Spanish church in front of which is a pre­ In addition, the state capitol of Chihuahua City is a four­ Casas Grandes site excavated by the Joint Casas Grandes hour drive from Casas Grandes. Project. Although only 6 kilometers north of Casas Grandes, iBuen viaje! the route is not marked, so ask for directions before head­ ing out. In addition to archaeological sites, the area around Casas Grandes has a rich and colorful history and a vibrant modern culture. Mata Ortiz, a modest community 25 kilo­ meters from Casas Grandes, is well known for its exquisite and affordable ceramics, pro­ duced by more than 400 pot­ ters. The last two surviving Mormon towns in northern Mexico- Colonia Juarez and Colonia Dublan- are thriv- Left: The site of Cueva de la Olta (Olta Cave). Right: The cliff dwelling of Cuarenta Casas (Forty Rooms).

Spring 200) Archaeolog~ Southwest fage 1) Museo de las Culturas del Norte Jose Luis F unzo Dfaz Museo de las Culturas del Norte, INAH

RE.MARKA5LE. A55E.M5LAGE. rivaling or ex­ composed of terraces where visitors can observe the sur­ Aceeding those from any site in northern Mexico or rounding area, including a magnificent view of the site, as the American Southwest was recovered by the Joint Casas well as the colonial town of Casas Grandes to the north. Grandes Project. Beautifully decorated ceramics, huge Mter years of planning, building construction, and quantities of marine shell, exquisite turquoise jewelry, cop­ exhibit preparation, the museum opened on February 28, per, and macaw and turkey pens, among other items, clearly 1996. On display is a breathtaking collection of more than demonstrate that 2,000 objects with Casas Grandes was -tQ- exp I anatory text, in the center of a ~ both Spanish and highly complex so­ ~' English, and video ciety. Unfortunately, '< presentations. for the following Two contextual three decades after goals guided the de­ their excavation, velopment of the these objects were exhibits. First, the curated in ware­ exhibits are not re­ houses or, in a few stricted to the cases, displayed in Medio period, the museums, usually time of Casas outside Mexico. In Grandes' zenith. 1993, this situation Rather, they depict changed dramati­ the occupation of cally when the Insti­ the area from the tuto N acional de Paleoindian to the Antropologfa e Historic period. Historia (INAH) The design of the Museo de las Culturas del Norte was influenced by the ceremonial Second, be­ decided to develop mounds of Casas Grandes and the environmental setting of the site, where vistas of earth cause we recognIze and skies harmonize. a world-class mu- that the border be- seum dedicated to .,..------, 6- tween Mexico and the prehistory of the Gran '"~ the United States is a modern, c Chichimeca. (ii' arbitrary boundary of no sig­ "U The museum building's ~ nificance in prehistory, our ex­ o outside embankment is a bo­ o hibits emphasize the biologi­ iii' tanical garden with plants N cal and cultural connection .~ from the surrounding Chi­ between the ancient peoples huahuan desert. The core of who lived in what is now the round building is its cen­ northwestern Mexico and the tral patios, where the main American Southwest. elements of the local land­ The museum also scape- the desert and the serves as a cultural center, forg­ mountains-are symbolized. ing a bridge with the commu­ The canyon patio points to the nity by offering workshops, summit of the closest moun- concerts, conferences, videos, tain,-Cerro Moctezuma, which has a prehistoric ceremo­ temporary exhibits, and children's programs. In this way, nial or communication structure on its summit. The cen­ INAH educates the local community about its natural and tral patio, an amphitheater that leads to the second floor, is cultural heritage, particularly Casas Grandes, a highly vis-

rage 14 Arc h aeo log~ S outhwest Volume 17, Number 2 m CL C ible symbol of its cultural pat­ ~ The museum exhibits discuss prehis- ~ to ric cultures-such as the rimony. Recognition of Casas 0' Grandes' importance was G) Hohokam, Anasazi, and Mogol- ~ lon-that inhabited the region strengthened in December 0- g north of the border, in the United 1998, when it was designated ~ States, as well as those in what is a World Heritage site by iiltil now Mexico. For example, across UNESCO. from a model of Casas Grandes is The museum 1S open one depicting Cliff Palace, a site in Tuesdays through Sundays Colorado's Mesa Verde National from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Every- Park· one is invited to visit the site of Casas Grandes, the Museo de las Culturas del Norte, as well as other cultural attractions in the region.

About the Authors

Rafael Cruz Antil16n is an Investigator with the Centro INAH Chihuahua. He has conducted long-term research in northern Chihuahua. His current project is in collaboration with the Museum ofNew Mexico and the University of New Mexico. Karin Burd-Larkin is a doctoral student at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Eduardo Pio Gamboa Carrera is an Investigator with the Centro INAH Chihuahua. He has active research and conservation projects at Casas Grandes and at cliff-dwelling sites in the mountains of Chihuahua. Jose Luis Punzo Diaz is Director of the Museo de las Culturas del Norte, INAH, in Casas Grandes. In addition, he has conducted archaeological research in the state of Durango. Gloria J. Fenner is with the Western Archeological and Conservation Center, N adonal Park Service, Tucson, Arizona. Elsa Rodriguez Garcia is Director of the Centro INAH Chihuahua. Robert J. Hard is an Associate Professor ofAnthropology at the University ofTexas at San Antonio. He has conducted many research projects focusing on the origin oHarming. Jane H. Kelley is a Professor Emerita ofArchaeology at the University ofCalgary, Alberta. She has directed many important projects in the North American Southwest and Mesoamerica. Timothy D. Maxwell is Director of the Office ofArchaeological Studies, Museum ofNew Mexico, Santa Fe. He has collaborated with archaeologists from the University ofNew Mexico and the Centro INAH Chihuahua on many projects in Chihuahua. Paul E. Minnis is a Professor ofAnthropology at the University of Oklahoma. He has directed many archaeological and ethnobotanical projects in the North American Southwest. T. Alan Pitezel is a graduate student at the University ofArizona, Tucson. He has participated in several archaeological projects in Chihuahua. John R Roney is an archaeologist with the Albuquerque office ofthe Bureau ofLand Management. He has worked at sites throughout the N orthAmerican Southwest. Michael E. Whalen is a Professor ofAnthropology at the University of Tulsa. He has directed many archaeological projects in the North American Southwest and Mesoamerica.

See the Center For Desert Archaeolog!::J website For more inFormation:

HE CENTER FOR DESERT ARCHAEOLOGY, a private, nonprofit organization, promotes stewardship of archaeologi­ T cal and historical resources through active research, preservation, and public outreach. The Center is a 501 (c) (3) organization and is supported through donations, memberships, and grants from individuals, foundations, and corporations. Center members receive an annual subscription to Archaeology Southwest, substantial discounts on other Center publications, opportunities to partici­ pate in archaeological projects, and invitations to special lectures and events. For more information or to join, contact Linda Pierce, Programs Manager, at 520.882.6946 or [email protected]. Board of Directors: William H. DoeIle, Ph.D. (President & CEO), Benjamin W Smith (Vice President), Diana L. Hadley (Trea­ surer), and Gary A. Hansen (Secretary). Administrative Staff: Linda J. Pierce (Programs Manager), Sally A. Thomas (Office Manager), and Tobi Taylor (Content Editor, Archaeology Southwest) . Preservation Archaeologists: Jeffery J. Clark, Ph.D.; Jacquie M. Dale, M.A.; Douglas W Gann, M.A.; Brett Hill, Ph.D.; Patrick D. Lyons, Ph.D.; and Paul F. Reed, M.A. Preservation Fellows: Chip Colwell­ Chanthaphonh, M.A., Anna A. Neuzil, M.A., and James M. Vint, M.A. Archaeology Southwest (ISSN 1523-0546) is published quarterly by the Center for Desert Archaeology. Copyright 2003 by the Center for Desert Archaeology. All rights reserved; no part of this issue may be reproduced by any means without written permission of the publisher. Subscription inquiries: 520.882.6946.

Spring 200') Archaeolog!::J Southwest rage 15 5 a ck5 ight

R REAKING 5ARRI­ U ER5 to the free flow of information on the shared prehistory of this borderland region is an important part of the Center's mission. Our focus is not just the Ameri­ can Southwest, but also the Mexican Northwest. For ex­ ample, this is the second time that we have devoted a full issue of Archaeology South­ west to the archaeology of northern Mexico. Readers can visit the site of Casas Grandes if they at­ tend the 2003 Pecos Confer­ ence this August. Archaeolo­ gist Emil Haury character­ This photograph is a view west along the international border between An'zona and Sonora. It underscores ized the Pecos Conference as that the boundary divides a continuous natural environment into two distinct entities. Those interested in the a "stellar event" in regional prehistory of the region must make an effort to break this barrier to information flow. archaeological history. What he found so valuable about this informal, annual confer­ present, and I urge all readers to take advantage of this ence was the opportunity for researchers to "come together unique opportunity to get to know first hand both the ar­ intellectually and philosophically to consider seriously the chaeology and the archaeologists of northwestern Mexico. meaning of their labors." On January 9-10,2004, there is an opportunity to re­ The first Pecos Conference held in Mexico was also at turn to Chihuahua-Chihuahua City, this time-for the the site of Casas Grandes, and the year was 1961. The list biannual Southwest Symposium. Start your Chihuahua of those attendees provided by Richard Woodbury in his journey with Archaeology Southwest, and follow up with history of the Pecos Conference is almost exclusively U.S. the real thing at the Pecos Conference next summer and archaeologists. Even so, the event's organizer, Charles Di the Southwest Symposium next winter. Peso, commented, "the conference resulted in better un­ derstanding between back sight (bAk sit) n. 1. a Mexican and U ni ted reading used by surveyors to States archaeologists." In check the accuracy of their work. 2003, there should be a 2. an opportunity to reflect on William H. Doelle, President & CEO much larger number of and evaluate the Center for Center for Desert Archaeology Desert Archaeology's mission. Mexican archaeologists

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