Partial Migration of Fishes As Exemplified by the Estuarine-Dependent White Perch

VOl 34 NO 3 MARCH 2009

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Partial Migration of Fishes as Exempliﬁ ed by the Estuarine-Dependent White Perch linking Alaskan Salmon Fisheries Management with Ecosystem-based Escapement Goals:

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g A Review and Prospectus105 Redefining Species

To measure the effect of AVT on pupfish behavior, Dr. Lema tagged one group of Amargosa pupfish with NMT’s Visible Implant Elastomer (fish with red tags) and then administered either AVT or a saline solution to them. Fish treated with AVT were less aggressive than the control fish. Photos by S. Lema

Dr. Sean Lema (U. of North Carolina) is studying the development change in response to slight environmental desert pupfish (Cyprinodon sp.) in remote corners of shifts and contribute to the morphological and behavioral Death Valley where summer temperatures reach 49C differences he observes among fish in different habitats. and the average annual rainfall is just 5 cm. Seven taxa The hormone, arginine vasotocin (AVT) is a of pupfish occur in Death Valley, each uniquely adapted neurotransmitter that modulates behavior in some fish to its particular habitat, and all exhibiting remarkable species. Dr. Lema observed differences in neural AVT phenotypic plasticity—significant morphological and phenotype between populations of pupfish, and showed behavioral differences are evident within a couple of that AVT influences pupfish behavior. He then generations in response to small environmental changes demonstrated that the AVT system in pupfish is in their unique habitats. Included in the traits that influenced by temperature and salinity changes. change are those that may be used to define the species. Dr. Lema’s work demonstrates the necessity of Thus, when the habitat changes, a species’ phenotypic preserving habitat for these endangered fish, and characteristics may also change, suggesting that habitat questions the basic concepts of assigning species. restoration for recovery of highly plastic species must Northwest Marine Technology is proud to have a role in consider its affect on phenotype. this fascinating study—please contact us if we can help As well as looking at the patterns of plasticity among with yours. pupfishes, Dr. Lema searches for insights into the mechanisms of these phenotypic changes. His Lema, S. C. American Scientist 96(1):28-36. Lema, S. C. & G. A. Nevitt. Hormones and Behavior 46(5):628-637. experiments suggest that the pupfish’s physiology and Lema, S. C. & G. A. Nevitt. J. Experimental Biology 209:3499-3509.

Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. www.nmt.us Shaw Island, Washington, USA

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PRESIDEnT SEnIOR EDITOR SCIEnCE EDITORS Contents William G. Franzin Madeleine Hall-Arber Ghassan “Gus” N. Rassam Ken Ashley PRESIDEnT ELECT Doug Beard COLUMN: COLUMN: Donald C. Jackson DIRECTOR OF Ken Currens 108 PRESIDENT’S HOOK 136 GuEST DIRECTOR'S lINE PUBLICATIOnS William E. Kelso Whatever Happened to the Policy is a “Fishy” Retirement in your Future? FIRST Aaron Lerner Deirdre M. Kimball vICE PRESIDEnT Robert T. Lackey Statement on Economic growth and Fish With almost limitless options now available, Wayne A. Hubert Dennis Lassuy Conservation? MANAgiNg EDiTOR retiring fi sheries biologists should consider if Allen Rutherford SECOnD Beth Beard After four years, the AFS Governing Board and how they want to continue to participate vICE PRESIDEnT BOOK REviEW makes a fi nal decision on a contentious in the profession. William L. Fisher PRODUCTIOn EDITOR EDITORS potential policy statement. Carlos Fetterolf Cherie Worth Francis Juanes PAST PRESIDEnT Ben Letcher William G. Franzin Mary C. Fabrizio Keith Nislow CANDIDATe sTATeMeNT: EXECUTIvE DIRECTOR ABSTRACT TRAnSLATIOn News: Ghassan“Gus” N.Rassam Pablo del Monte Luna 138 SECOND VICE PRESIDENT 109 FISHERIES Margaret H. Murphy Dues and fees for 2009 are: $76 in North America ($88 elsewhere) for regular members, JOUrNAL HIgHLIgHTs: CANDIDATe sTATeMeNT: $19 in North America ($22 elsewhere) for student members, and $38 ($44) retired members. 110 NORTH AMERICAN 139 SECOND VICE PRESIDENT Fees include $19 for Fisheries subscription. JOuRNAl OF AQuACulTuRE John Boreman Nonmember and library subscription rates are $132 ($159). Price per copy: $3.50 member; $6 nonmember. JOUrNAL HIgHLIgHTs: News: Fisheries (ISSN 0363-2415) is published monthly by the American Fisheries Society; 5410 Grosvenor Lane, 110 JOuRNAl OF AQuATIC 140 AFS uNITS Suite 110; Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 ©copyright 2009. ANIMAl HEAlTH Periodicals postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland, and at LeTTers: an additional mailing offi ce. A copy of Fisheries Guide for Authors is available from the editor or the AFS website, UPDATe: 143 TO THE EDITOR www.fi sheries.org. If requesting from the managing editor, 112 lEGISlATION AND please enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope with ObITUAry: your request. Republication or systematic or multiple POlICY reproduction of material in this publication is permitted only Elden Hawkes, Jr. 146 SuSan B. MartiN under consent or license from the American Fisheries Society. AFS Idaho Chapter President Postmaster: Send address changes to Fisheries, American Fisheries Society; 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110; Bethesda, FEATuRE: MD 20814-2199. ObITUAry: Fisheries is printed on 10% post-consumer 114 FISHERIES RESEARCH 147 ROBERT “BOB” HANTEN recycled paper with soy-based printing inks. Partial Migration of Fishes as Exemplifi ed by South Dakota Chief of Fisheries the Estuarine-Dependent White Perch We documented partial migration (migratory CALeNDAr: and resident behavior within the same population) in the estuarine-dependent 148 FISHERIES EVENTS white perch and reviewed literature which Advertising Index supports this behavior may be a widespread AFs ANNUAL MeeTINg: phenomenon in fi sh populations. 150 ENJOY A GREAT HOTEl IN Advanced Telemetry Systems . . . . 155 Lisa A. Kerr, David H. Secor, and Philip M. DOWNTOWN NASHVIllE Emperor Aquatics ...... 137 Piccoli Floy Tag and Manufacturing, Inc. . . 123 ANNOUNCeMeNTs: FEATuRE: 152 JOB CENTER Halltech Aquatic Research, Inc. . . . 133 124 FISHERIES Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc. . . . 156 MANAGEMENT Linking Alaskan Salmon Fisheries Lotek ...... 147 Management with Ecosystem-based National Conservation Leadership Institute 149 Escapement Goals: A Review and Prospectus We review the literature on the ecosystem Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. . 106 effects of spawning Pacifi c salmon, with a focus Oregon RFID LLC ...... 131 on linking ecosystem-based escapement goals with Alaskan fi sheries management. O. S. Systems ...... 146 John J. Piccolo, Milo D. Adkison, and Frank Rue Quantitative Fisheries Center . . . . 149 Sonotronics ...... 137

Tell advertisers you found them through Fisheries! COvER: Wallace Woodley with a white perch. CREDIT: F. Eugene Hester Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 107 COLUMN: William G. Franzin AFS President Franzin PRESIDENT’S HOOK can be contacted at [email protected].

Whatever Happened to the Policy Statement on Economic Growth and Fish Conservation?

Past President Mary Fabrizio, in her President’s Box 1. History of the development of the draft “Policy Hook of November 2007, discussed in detail the Statement on Economic Growth and Fish Conservation.” differences in content and process between an AFS resolution and a policy statement. She mentioned September 2004: Motion to develop an AFS resolution on that contentious policy statements could take economic growth and fish conservation passes during Water years to be resolved into an approved AFS policy Quality Section Business Meeting in Madison, Wisconsin. that would represent the Society’s position on any particular resource issue. An example of such a January 2005–December 2005: Monthly articles on economic growth and fish conservation published in Fisheries. policy statement, as she mentioned in her article, is the draft “Policy Statement on Economic Growth September 2005: “Draft Resolution on Economic Growth and Fish Conservation” that has been working its and Fish Conservation,” by B. Czech, R. M. Hughes, L. way through the AFS process for these statements Reynolds, J. Meldrim, and R. Gray, is presented to AFS for four years. Governing Board in Anchorage, Alaska, and forwarded to I provide the history of this policy statement and AFS Resource Policy Committee for development as AFS policy study report. its current status below. As you read this account, I want you to recall the material I provided in my January 2006: “Draft Study Report on Economic Growth and Hook of January 2009 about science and policy. The Fish Conservation,” by B. Czech, R. M. Hughes, L. Reynolds, difficulties we have had with the policy statement J. Meldrim, and R. Gray, is presented to AFS Resource Policy on economic growth and fish conservation provide Committee for review and revision. an explicit example of the dichotomy that must July 2006: “Study Report on Economic Growth and Fish exist between promoting the inclusion of sound Conservation” by L. Reynolds, B. Czech, B. Hughes, P. science in decision making and some forms of Angermeier, J. Meldrim, R. Gray, T. Bigford, T. Dobson, and advocacy. V. Poage is completed (available on Water Quality Section The draft “Policy Statement on Economic Growth website). and Fish Conservation” began with a symposium hosted by the Water Quality Section at the Annual August 2006: “Economic Growth and Fisheries Conservation: A Resource Policy Committee Report,” by T. Bigford, K. Meeting in Madison in 2004 (see Box 1 for the Hyatt, T. Dobson, V. Poage, L. Reynolds, B. Czech, B. history). It has been a very contentious document Hughes, J. Meldrim, P. L. Angermeier, B. Gray, J. Whitehead, throughout its various drafts, right up to the draft L. Hushak, and F. Lupi, is published in Fisheries (31:404- considered by the Governing Board at the Midyear 409). Meeting in Bethesda this March 7. A great deal of effort over four years has been expended on September 2006: AFS Governing Board, meeting in Lake crafting this policy statement. A large number of Placid, New York, returns the “Draft AFS Study Report on Economic Growth and Fisheries Conservation” to the people in several groups from the Water Quality Resource Policy Committee for revision. Section, the Socioeconomics Section, the Resource Policy Committee, the Governing Board, an ad hoc May 2007: “Draft AFS Policy Statement on Economic Growth committee appointed by President Fabrizio, that and Fish Conservation,” by K. Hyatt, T. Bigford, T. Dobson, committee’s chair, and the officers have contributed B. McCay, V. Poage, B. Hughes, L. Reynolds, and B. Czech, to this work. is published for member comment and vote in Fisheries (32:252-254). When the officers had completed their final edits in late September 2008, I sent the document to September 2007: AFS Governing Board, meeting in San the Resource Policy Committee (RPC) with explicit Francisco, California, returns the “Draft AFS Policy

Continued on page 135

108 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g News: Fisheries

World fisheries report 2.3 kilograms (5 lbs.) The fishing industry and national fisheries authorities must from 1956 to 2007. do more to understand and prepare for the impacts that climate The average length change will have on world fisheries, according to a new Food of sharks declined by and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations report. more than 50% in 50 According to the latest edition of The State of World Fisheries years, the photographs and Aquaculture (available at www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/ revealed. Yet while i0250e00.htm), existing responsible fishing practices need to McClenachan’s study be more widely implemented and current management plans depicts significant should be expanded to include strategies for coping with climate changes over the last 50 change. years, she indicates in P hoto credit According to FAO, climate change is already modifying the the paper that evi- distribution of both marine and freshwater species. Warmer- dence exists showing water species are being pushed towards the poles and experienc- that even the Florida ing changes in habitat size and productivity. And climate change Keys ecosystems of the : M onroe C ounty L ibrary is affecting the seasonality of biological processes, altering 1950s were not pristine. marine and freshwater food webs, with unpredictable conse- Commercial fishing in quences for fish production. the 1930–1940s had Total world fisheries production reached a new high of 143.6 reduced populations of million metric tons in 2006 (92 million tons from capture fisheries sharks, while numbers and 51.7 million tons from aquaculture). Of that, 110.4 million of large groupers had tons was used for human consumption, with the remainder declined through com- going to non-food uses (livestock feed, fishmeal for aquaculture). mercial fishing since at The production increases came from the aquaculture sector, least the 1880s. Catches from (a) 1957, (b) early 1980s, and (c) 2007. which now accounts for 47% of all fish consumed by humans as food. Production in capture fisheries has leveled off and is not Lake Huron sinkholes host exotic ecosystems likely to increase beyond current levels. As little as 20 meters (66 feet) below the surface of Lake Nineteen percent of the major commercial marine fish stocks Huron, peculiar geological formations—sinkholes made by water monitored by FAO are overexploited, 8% are depleted, and 1% dissolving parts of an ancient underlying seabed—harbor bizarre are ranked as recovering from depletion. Around half (52%) rank ecosystems where brilliant purple mats of cyanobacteria (cousins as fully exploited and 20% of stocks fall into the moderately of microbes found at the bottoms of permanently ice-covered exploited or underexploited category. Areas with the highest lakes in Antarctica) and pallid, floating pony-tails of other proportions of fully-exploited stocks are the Northeast Atlantic, microbial life thrive in the dense, salty water that’s hostile to most the Western Indian Ocean, and the Northwest Pacific. familiar, larger forms of life because it lacks oxygen. Researchers describe this little-known underwater habitat in the 24 February Historical photos show decline in Keys reef fish issue of Eos, the newspaper of the American Geophysical Union In a paper to be published in an upcoming issue of the (AGU). journal Conservation Biology, Scripps Oceanography gradu- Groundwater from beneath Lake Huron is dissolving minerals ate student researcher Loren McClenachan describes an 88% from the defunct seabed and carrying them into the lake to form decline in the estimated weight of large predatory fish imaged these exotic, extreme environments, said Bopaiah A. Biddanda in black-and-white 1950s Florida Keys sport fishing photos of Grand Valley State University, in Muskegon, Michigan, one of compared to catches photographed in modern pictures. While the leaders of a scientific team studying the sinkhole ecosystems. conducting research for her doctoral thesis, McClenachan came Those ecosystems are in a class not only with Antarctic lakes, but across what she describes as a gold mine of photographic also with deep-sea, hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. “You data at the Monroe County Library in Key West. Hundreds of have this pristine fresh water lake that has what amounts to archived photographs, snapped by professional photographer materials from 400 million years ago … being pushed out into Charles Anderson, depict Florida Keys coral reef sport fishing the lake,” said team co-leader Steven A. Ruberg of NOAA’s Great passengers posing next to a hanging board used to determine Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. the largest “trophy fish” catches of the day. McClenachan The scientists report that some deep sinkholes act as catch supplemented the study with her own photographs and obser- basins for dead and decaying plant and animal matter and col- vations on sport fishing trips in 2007. In all, she measured and lect a soft black sludge of sediment topped by a bacterial film. analyzed some 1,275 fish from photographs. In the oxygen-depleted water, cyanobacteria carry out photo- McClenachan calculated the mean size of the prize synthesis using sulfur compounds rather than water and give off catches—including sharks, large groupers, and other hefty hydrogen sulfide, the gas associated with rotting eggs. Where fish in early photographs—and their decline in length in the the sinkholes are deeper still and light fails, microorganisms use 1950s to contemporary catches. The fishes’ average estimated chemical means rather than photosynthesis to metabolize the weight dropped from nearly 19.9 kilograms (43.8 lbs.) to sulfurous nutrients.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 109 VOLUMe 28 IssUe 4 JOUrNAL HIgHLIgHTs: OCTOber 2008 NORTH AMERICAN JOuRNAl OF AQuACulTuRE

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Production Responses of Channel Catfish The Effect of Habitat Exposure and induced Spawning, Artificial to Minimum Daily Dissolved Oxygen Ontogeny on the Survival Skills of Fertilization, and Egg incubation Concentrations in Earthen Ponds. Eugene Hatchery Red Drum. Jessica L. Beck and Jay Techniques for green Sturgeon. Joel P. L. Torrans, pages 371-381. R. Rooker, pages 399-409. Van Eenennaam, Javier Linares-Casenave, Jean-Benoit Muguet, and Serge I. Doroshov, [Technical Note] Farm-Level Economic impacts of Petri Dish incubation pages 434-445. Bolbophorus infections of Channel of Eyed Eggs from Rainbow Trout and Catfish. David J. Wise, Terrill R. Hanson, and Splake. Michael E. Barnes and Dan J. Evaluation of Replacement Feeds for the Craig S. Tucker, pages 382-387. Durben, pages 410-414. Fry Feed Kyowa for Larval Walleyes. J. Alan Johnson, Robert C. Summerfelt, and utilization of a Rapid DNA-Based Assay use of Electroshock for Euthanizing Richard D. Clayton, pages 446-451. and Immobilizing Adult Spring Chinook for Molecular verification of Channel Salmon in a Hatchery. Gayle Barbin Effects of Temperature on the growth Catfish, Blue Catfish, F Hybrids, and 1 Zydlewski, William Gale, John Holmes, of golden Shiners in Aquaria. Marcella Backcross Offspring at Several Life Jeffrey Johnson, Troy Brigham, and William Melandri, Nathan Stone, and Rebecca Stages. Geoffrey C. Waldbieser and Brian G. Thorson, pages 415-424. Lochmann, pages 452-458. Bosworth, pages 388-395. Cortisol Response to a Crowding Stress: Efficacy of Oxytetracycline [Technical Note] Harvesting and Heritability and Association with Disease Hydrochloride Bath immersion to Control Processing Zooplankton for use as Resistance to Yersinia ruckeri in Rainbow External Columnaris Disease on Walleye Supplemental Channel Catfish Fry Feed. Trout. Gregory M. Weber, Roger L. Vallejo, and Channel Catfish Fingerlings. Jeff J. Charles C. Mischke and David J. Wise, pages Scott E. Lankford, Jeffrey T. Silverstein, and Rach, Alan Johnson, James B. Rudacille, and 396-398. Timothy J. Welch, pages 425-433. Susan M. Schleis, pages 459-465.

VOLUMe 20 IssUe 4 JOUrNAL HIgHLIgHTs: DeCeMber 2008 JOuRNAl OF AQuATIC ANIMAl HEAlTH

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Improved MethodDo for you Determining want yourTransmission paper toof the have Parasite K. Purcell, Anthony L. Murray, Anna Elz, Antibiotic Susceptibility of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Cultured Linda K. Park, Susan V. Marcquenski, James Flavobacteriumworldwide columnare isolates access by Rainbowand visibility? Trout and Comparison of R. Winton, Stewart W. Alcorn, Ronald J. Broth Microdilution. Ahmed M. Darwish, Epidemic Models. Masashi Yokota, Seiichi Pascho, and Diane G. Elliott, pages 225-235. Bradley D. Farmer,Submit and John P. yourHawke, pages paper Watanabe, to AFS’ Kishio Hatai,open- Osamu Kurata, 185-191. Mituru Furihata, and Takahiko Usui, pages induction and Evaluation of Proliferative 207-214. gill Disease in Channel Catfish Nested Polymeraseaccess, Chain online, Reaction Assayinternational journal, Fingerlings. David J. Wise, Matt J. Griffin, for Detection of Mycobacterium shottsii genetic Analysis of Paramyxovirus Marine and Coastal Fisheries. Jeffrey S. Terhune, Linda M. Pote, and Lester and M. pseudoshottsii in Striped Bass. D. isolates from Pacific Salmon Reveals Two T. Gauthier, W. K. Vogelbein, M. W. Rhodes, independently Co-circulating Lineages. H. Khoo, pages 236-244. and K. S. Reece, pages 192-201. William N. Batts, Knut Falk, and James R. Comparison of in vitro Antimicrobial Winton, pages 215-224. Comparison of Tank Treatments Susceptibility in Flavobacterium with Copper Sulfatewww.fisheries.org/mcf and Potassium Decreased Mortality of Lake Michigan psychrophilum Isolated from Rainbow Permanganate for Sunshine Bass with Chinook Salmon after Bacterial Kidney Trout Fry. Cavit Kum, Sukru Kirkan, Selim ichthyobodosis. Andrew J. Mitchell, Ahmed Disease Challenge: Evidence for Sekkin, Ferda Akar, and Murat Boyacioglu, Darwish, and Adam Fuller, pages 202-206. Pathogen-Driven Selection? Maureen pages 245-251.

110 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g International Governance of Fisheries Ecosystems: Learning from the Past, Finding Solutions for the Future Michael G. Schechter, Nancy J. Leonard, and William W. Taylor, editors

TO ORDER:

Online: www.afsbooks.org

Mail: 458 pages American Fisheries Society List price: $69 c/o Books International AFS member P.O. Box 605 price: $48 Herndon, VA 20172 Item number: 550.56P Phone: 703/661-1570

Published July 2008 Fax: 703/996-1010

Fisheries experts increasingly acknowledge the importance of globalization on local, national, and international fisheries. This book brings together fisheries and governance experts from across the globe who present case studies on a broad spectrum of the internationally shared fisheries that inhabit diverse freshwater and marine ecosystem types. Case studies provide the biological background of the fisheries resource, including status and threats to the resource and its ecosystem. The case studies review the evolution and current governance institutions of the fisheries resource, with particular focus on international or global institutions. Each study concludes with an evaluation of the effectiveness of the current fisheries governance institutions, and recommendations for changes.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 111 UPDATe: Elden Hawkes, Jr. lEGISlATION AND POlICY AFS Policy Coordinator Hawkes can be contacted at ehawkes@fi sheries.org.

WALLOP-BREAuX ACT REAuTHORiZATiON The 2005 reauthorization authorized the transfer of the entire federal fuel tax to the Sport Fish Restoration and Background Boating Trust Fund. Revenues from motor boat fuel taxes and fi shing equipment are used to fund the Recreational Boating Established in 1950 by the Dingell-Johnson Act, the fi rst Safety, Sports Fish Restoration, Clean Vessel Act, Boating Sport Fish Restoration Program used a 10% excise tax on Infrastructure Grants, and Coastal Wetlands programs. AFS certain fi shing equipment to fund various projects designed played an active role in the original authorization of the to enhance sportfi shing in all 50 states. Established in 1971, Wallop-Breaux Act and in all subsequent permutations. the Recreational Boating Safety Program funded boating safety and education programs, and was amended in 1980 Current Status to draw its funding from taxes on motorboat fuels as well. These programs were combined in 1984 under the Wallop- The Wallop-Breaux Act is currently set to be reauthorized Breaux Act, which expanded the 10% excise tax to nearly all during the 111th Congress. The act will reauthorize the Sport sportfi shing products and captured over half of the federal Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund (SFRBTF), which funds motorboat fuel taxes that were paid by boaters and anglers. important angling and boating programs such as fi sheries This combination substantially increased the funds collected monitoring; habitat conservation and restoration; fi shing and by the federal government to be returned to the states for boating access facilities such as docks, piers, and boat ramps; fi shing and boating-related projects. and education and safety programs for anglers and boaters. In Unlike the Sport Fish Restoration Account, which is admin- 2008, the fund had $693 million in revenues, $398 million of istered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Boat Safety which was apportioned to the 50 states specifi cally for sport Account is administered by the U.S. Coast Guard. The mon- fi sh restoration and angler access. A small group of organiza- ies transferred to this account are divided between the Coast tions led by the American Sportfi shing Association is following Guard and the states. The states’ share is used on a matching the new authorization in the current Congress. basis for boating safety programs. The new law increased the spending authorization for the Boat Safety Account and nOAA IDEnTIFIES SIX nATIOnS InvOLvED In altered several administrative procedures of the program. iLLEgAL FiSHiNg A signifi cant change in the Sport Fish Restoration Act occurred with reauthorization in 1988. That change dictated On 13 January 2009, NOAA submitted the fi rst ever that all appropriations going to coastal states were to be report to Congress identifying six nations (France, Italy, Libya, divided equally between freshwater and saltwater projects. Panama, the People’s Republic of China, and Tunisia) whose Each coastal state was to allocate amounts in the same pro- fi shing vessels were engaged in illegal, unreported, and portion as the estimated number of resident marine anglers unregulated (IUU) fi shing in 2007 or 2008. The identifi ed and the estimated number of resident freshwater anglers in nations had fi shing vessels that did not comply with mea- that state. sures agreed to under various international regional fi shery Further amendments in 1990 led to a signifi cant increase management organizations. Annual global economic losses in deposits to the Sport Fish Restoration Account. An due to IUU fi shing are estimated to be about $9 billion, increase in federal fuel excise taxes to be deposited to the according to an international task force on IUU fi shing. Highway Trust Fund was allowed due to these amend- The United States will continue consultations with offi - ments. Of this increase, 1.08% was to accrue to the Aquatic cials from each of these six nations and encourage them to Resources Trust Fund, while the creation and funding of a take corrective action to stop IUU fi shing by their vessels. new wetlands restoration effort within the overall Wallop- Following consultations, NOAA will formally certify each of Breaux Program was mandated. The 1992 amendments the six nations either as adopting effective measures to stop contained a number of provisions, including the Clean Vessel IUU fi shing, or having vessels engaged in IUU fi shing. If a Act, while the 1998 reauthorization of Wallop-Breaux was nation is found to be engaged in IUU fi shing, that nation’s signifi cant as it provided stable funding for boating safety vessels may be denied entry into U.S. ports and the President programs. This reauthorization also increased funds for Sport may prohibit imports of certain fi sh products from that Fish Restoration Program and the Coastal Wetlands Act. nation or take other measures.

112 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Balancing Fisheries Management and Water Uses for Impounded River Systems Edited by Micheal S. Allen, Steve Sammons, and Michael Maceina

Professionals from a broad range of disciplines describe both historical and current-day issues associated with balancing fisheries management with other uses of water in impounded systems.

This work describes how water allocation issues can present economic and legal constraints to fisheries management and influence fishery quality. Reviews unique ways to approach reservoir management by considering the tools available in the watershed. Additional reservoir management topics addressed include conflict resolution and human dimension issues, new ways to evaluate fish species interactions, stocking programs, prey composition and abundance, and fish habitat.

697 pages List price: $69.00 AFS Member price: $48.00 Item Number: 540.62P Published January 2009

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Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 113 Feature: Fisheries Research

Partial Migration of Fishes as Exemplified by the Estuarine-Dependent White Perch

ABSTRACT: Partial migration defines the phenomenon of coexisting groups exhibiting migratory and resident behavior within the same population. In avian ecology, partial migration is a fundamental behavior that underlies the evolution of migration in general. Among fish taxa, the terminology and theory associated with partial migration has predominantly been used to describe salmon ecophenotypes, but the behavior is more widespread. Here, we document partial migration for the estuarine-dependent white perch (Morone americana), in the Patuxent River estuary (Chesapeake Bay, Maryland), wherein a portion of the population resides in freshwater natal habitats and another portion migrates down-estuary into brackish water (salinities > 3) habitats. Life-time migration histories were examined using otolith strontium:calcium profile analysis. Alternative life history tactics, initiated during the juvenile period in response to individual physiological condition, persisted over the lifetime of the individual and had population-level consequences, including differences in growth rate and productivity. Based upon a review of recent literature, we argue that partial migration is more widespread among fishes than previously recognized, and such population structure has important implications for population dynamics and persistence.

La Lobina Blanca Lisa A. Kerr, David H. Secor, and como Ejemplo de Philip M. Piccoli Kerr is a post-doctoral researcher at Migración Parcial en Peces University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Science and Resumen: La migración parcial sirve para definir patrones intra-poblacionales de comportamiento migratorio y residente. En ecología de aves, la migración Technology. She can be contacted at parcial constituye una conducta fundamental dentro del contexto general de la [email protected]. Secor is a professor migración. En peces, la terminología y teoría asociadas a la migración parcial at the University of Maryland Center se han utilizado principalmente para describir los ecofenotipos del salmón, for Environmental Science, Chesapeake sin embargo el comportamiento tiene un carácter más general. En la presente Biological Laboratory. Piccoli is contribución se documenta la migración parcial de la lobina blanca (Morone an associate research scientist at americana) una especie estrictamente estuarina del Rio Patuxent (Bahía University of Maryland, College Park. Chesapeake, Maryland) en donde una parte de la población es residente de hábitats de agua dulce y la otra migra hacia aguas salobres del estuario; un hábitat con salinidades > 3. Se examinaron las migraciones durante la historia INTRODUCTION de vida de la especie mediante un análisis de perfiles estroncio:calcio en los otolitos. Las tácticas alternativas de la historia de vida, que inician durante el The high capacity for dispersal of periodo juvenil como respuesta a la condición fisiológica individual, persistieron birds, insects, and fishes has led to durante toda la vida del organismo y tuvieron repercusiones a nivel poblacional theories that seek to generalize seden- que incluyen diferencias en las tasas de crecimiento y productividad. Sobre la base de una revisión de la literatura reciente, se argumenta que la migración tary and migratory behaviors among parcial es un fenómeno más ampliamente distribuido de lo que se había and within species. In the study of bird reconocido, y que tal estructura poblacional tiene implicaciones importantes populations, partial migration (also ref- en la dinámica y persistencia de las poblaciones. erenced as obligate partial migration) is

114 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g a central idea, wherein one portion of a population is migra- metabolism) early in life has been identified as the develop- tory and another portion is sedentary, remaining resident on mental threshold that triggers migratory behavior. the breeding ground over its lifetime (Lack 1943; Berthold Theory on the evolution of partial migration in birds can 2001). By comparison, fish ecology contains few organizing enhance our understanding of the expression of migratory theories related to intra-population diversity in life cycles. behavior across fish populations. In the wild, the expression Indeed, a central idea (member-vagrant hypothesis; Sinclair of migratory behavior within a population is specific to the 1988) argues against selection for divergent migrations within regional selection regime with shifts in the relative abundance populations of marine fishes, despite evidence that life cycle of migratory and resident morphs occurring from year to year diversity is common (McQuinn 1997; Secor 1999; Fromentin (Berthold 2001). Experimental evidence in bird populations, and Powers 2005). The concept of partial migration has pri- such as blackcaps, indicates shifts from partially migratory to marily been adopted from the avian literature to describe fully migratory or sedentary populations were possible in only salmon ecophenotypes (phenotypes expressed in response to a few generations through selection (Berthold 1999). This environmental conditions; see review by Jonsson and Jonsson flexibility in the expression of migratory behavior allows par- 1993), but has not been widely applied outside this family tial migration to be a widespread, highly adaptable, and suc- (Kitamura et al. 2006; Brodersen et al. 2008). Partial migra- cessful behavioral strategy among birds. Here, we speculate tion in fishes has been overlooked due to the emphasis on that similar to birds, partial migration is common across fish closed population assumptions that are required in traditional species as a behavioral strategy, but to date is most frequently fisheries stock assessment (Secor 1999; Cadrin and Secor in described in populations wherein it is morphologically press), or obscured by the use of multiple terms to describe expressed and readily observed (i.e., salmonid populations the phenomenon (Secor and Kerr in press). We propose that which exhibit morphological differences between resident partial migration is a widely applicable and useful concept for and migratory individuals). understanding the life cycle diversity of fishes, because it pro- The white perch (Morone americana) is a dominant and vides a mechanistic understanding of the evolution, control, ubiquitous estuarine species in the Chesapeake Bay that has and adaptability of migratory behavior (Berthold 2001). been classified as semi-anadromous, completing its life cycle Proposed mechanisms for the maintenance of par- in fresh and brackish tidal waters. The conventional thinking tial migration within bird and salmon populations include was that all white perch move into brackish waters during the (1) a conditional strategy, whereby an individual’s genetic late-juvenile to adult stage, and adults return to freshwater makeup allows for the adoption of resident or migratory habitats in the spring to spawn, with eggs and larvae develop- behavior based on an interaction between individual physi- ing in this environment (Figure 1; Mansueti 1964). Recently, ological condition and the environment (Gross 1996; Gross chemical tracers in otoliths of white perch from the Patuxent and Repka 1998; Lundberg 1988), (2) frequency-dependent River estuary identified divergent habitat use during the first selection of the migratory tactic (i.e., an evolutionary stable year of life, with a portion of the population remaining resi- strategy; Lundberg 1988; Gross 1996), and (3) genetic poly- dent in the natal freshwater region and a second portion of morphism, whereby the two morphs represent reproductively the population dispersing into brackish water (salinities > 3) isolated sub-populations (Lundberg 1988; Verspoor and Cole environments (Kraus and Secor 2004b). The divergence in 1989). habitat use within the population occurred after the transi- The most widely accepted mechanism across taxa for par- tion from larval to juvenile stage and the representation of tial migration is a conditional strategy, a concept rooted in the ideas of individual fitness Figure 1. The life cycle of white perch. Gray arrows represent movement into brackish water and white arrows represent residence in freshwater. The life cycle depicted under the heading Dispersive Contingent was and life history tradeoffs. The formerly assumed to represent the behavior of all white perch in the Chesapeake Bay. preponderance of evidence from salmonid studies supports the idea of partial migration as a conditional strategy, with the degree of migratory behavior expressed within the population based on an individual’s physiological condition, as influenced by the environment, relative to a genetically-defined threshold (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Specifically, within brown trout (Salmo trutta; Forseth et al. 1999; Cucherousset et al. 2005) and Atlantic salmon populations (Salmo salar; Metcalfe et al. 1995; Bujold et al. 2004) growth rate (or

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 115 contingents, portions of the population that exhibit diver- tial migration is likely a widespread phenomenon in fishes. gent migratory behaviors or habitat use, varied across years in Additionally, we address the impact partial migration may response environmental conditions (i.e., streamflow, Kraus have on the dynamics and long-term persistence of popu- and Secor 2004a). Within a particular year-class, the per- lations, directing attention to this behavior as it relates to centage of white perch that remained resident during their management and conservation goals. first year of life ranged from 4% in high flow years, 15% in low flow years, and 100% in drought years (Kraus and Secor METHODS 2004b). The location of peaks in summer catch rates (2002– 2005) of young-of-the year white perch within the tidal Sample Collection freshwater portion of the river ranged from river km 53 to 72 (Figure 2) and within the brackish water habitat ranged Adult white perch were collected by fyke net in the tidal from river km 33 to 45, indicating this down-estuary move- freshwater and oligohaline portions of the Patuxent River ment averaged 16 river km (L. Kerr, unpublished data). Little estuary where adults in the population were aggregated for was known regarding the permanence of freshwater residency spawning in the spring of 2001 and 2002 (Figure 2). A col- within the population or whether all fish ultimately exhibit lection of adult otoliths (N = 363) was previously classified movement down-estuary and subsequent spawning migra- by juvenile habitat use (freshwater or brackish) based on tions into freshwater. strontium:calcium (Sr/Ca) measurements during the year-1 Here, we provide evidence of divergent lifetime migratory period of growth in the otolith (Kraus and Secor 2004b). We patterns within a white perch population, a principal tenet used these same prepared otoliths for age estimation and to in demonstrating partial migration. A review of the recent conduct profile analyses of Sr/Ca (terminology after Elsdon literature is presented to support the contention that par- et al. 2008) during the late juvenile and adult phases of life

Figure 2. Location of freshwater habitat in the Patuxent River estuary wherein adult white perch were collected (shaded box). Location of peaks in summer (2002–2005) catch rates of young-of-the year white perch within the tidal freshwater portion of the river (river km 53 to 72; dashed line) and within the brackish water habitat (river km 33–45, solid line).

116 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g history. Annual growth zone formation of mature white perch was constrained to ages 1–7 years based on the representation otoliths was previously validated by oxytetracycline injection of ages in the sample and concerns of potential bias due to (Casey et al. 1988). low representation of older age classes. The deviance ratio, a Sixty otoliths were sub-sampled from this collection. All goodness of fit measure, was used to assess model adequacy. fish characterized as freshwater residents during the first year of life (n = 27), and a random sub-sample of fish that RESULTS dispersed (n = 33) during year-1 were analyzed for Sr/Ca profiles according to Kraus and Secor (2004b). Points were The mean lifetime Sr/Ca value of fish classified as resi- measured at 25 μm intervals from the first opaque zone (year dents was low and showed little variability across individu- 1) to the otolith edge. Backscatter electron micrographs als (mean lifetime Sr/Ca: 1.0 ± 0.2 mmol/mol), whereas fish were taken after microprobe analysis to assign the location classified as migratory had elevated mean Sr/Ca value with of points to annual growth increments. Mean Sr/Ca values a higher degree of variability (mean lifetime Sr/Ca: 2.9 ± were calculated for each year of growth in the otolith. Width 0.8 mmol/mol). Otolith Sr/Ca values increased with age in of annual growth increments was measured along the ventral migratory contingent fish, whereas individuals classified as side of the sulcal ridge from photos using ImageJ software resident exhibited stable mean annual Sr/Ca values during (W. S. Rasband, ImageJ, U.S. National Institutes of Health, their lifetime (Figure 3). The majority of the subsample of Bethesda, Maryland, http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/, 1997–2007). fish examined in this study was classified as migratory (85%). Because the sample represented a sub-sample from a larger Statistical Analysis collection (N = 363) of fish, the sample-weighted representation within the overall population equates to 97% migratory We classified individuals into migratory or resident contin- and 3% resident fish across year-classes. gents based on mean annual Sr/Ca values. Previous research Resident fish in the sample ranged in age from 2 to 8 and in the Patuxent River estuary (Kraus and Secor 2004a) migratory fish ranged from 3 to 10 years. The mean age of showed that brackish water (salinity > 3) habitat use corre- fish was similar between contingents (Wilcoxon rank sum sponded to Sr/Ca values > 2 mmol/mol and freshwater habi- test: Z = -1.83, P = 0.07). Significantly larger length at age tat use corresponded to Sr/Ca values < 2 mmol/mol. Mean was observed in migratory fish at age 2 and 3, but not at age fish age, mean length at age, and sex ratio were compared 1 (t-tests: age 1: df = 58, t-test statistic = -1.43, P = 0.16; between contingents respectively with a Wilcoxon rank sum age 2: df = 58, t-test statistic = -2.26, P = 0.03; age 3: df = test, two-sample t-test, and chi-square. We estimated growth 54, t-test statistic -2.30, P = 0.03; Figure 4). There was a ten- rate using back-calculated fish length at age from the widths dency for migratory individuals to be female (55%) and resident indi- of otolith growth increments using the Biological Intercept viduals to be male (78%), but the sex ratio for resident and migratory Method (Campana 1990). The biological intercept of 3.2 μm at 3 mm TL was used (Kraus and Secor 2004b). We Figure 3. Mean annual Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) of adult white perch grouped based on contingent compared mean back-calculated length classification (open circles = resident contingent, closed circles = migratory contingent). Error bars represent standard deviations. The black hatched line delineates brackish water (salinity > 3) between resident and migratory fish at habitat use corresponded to Sr/Ca values > 2 mmol/mol and freshwater habitat use corresponded age 1, 2, and 3 years. Diagnostics were to Sr/Ca values < 2 mmol/mol. employed to test for univariate nor- mality, equal variance, and influential observations. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS Version 9.0 (SAS Institute 1999, Cary, NC); α = 0.05 was used as a critical level of significance. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze otolith Sr/Ca values because mean Sr/Ca values were auto- correlated across annuli of individuals and the assumption of a normal distribution was not reasonable for this data (Liang and Zeger 1986). We analyzed data using the GENMOD procedure in SAS Version 9.0 (SAS Institute 1999, Cary, NC). The distribution of the data was specified as binomial and fit with a logistic link function. Repeated measures analysis was used to test whether lifetime patterns of habitat use, based on mean annual Sr/Ca values, were dependent on the individual’s age, sex, or the interaction of the terms. This analysis

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 117 contingents was not significantly different from the 50:50 ratio of the Examination of Sr/Ca profiles showed that individuals that dis- overall sample (chi-square tests: P >_ 0.1; Table 1). Significant variation persed from the freshwater natal habitat did so primarily at age 1 (65%), occurred in habitat classifications at ages 1 and 2 (repeated measures, and to a lesser extent at age 2 (18%), 3 (10%), and 4 (6%), with one age 1: P =0.01; age 2: P = 0.03) but not at older ages; nor were there sig- individual dispersing at age 7 (Table 1). Thus, contingent behavior was nificant differences detected between sexes or the interaction between generally initiated during the juvenile period (100% sexual maturity is reached by age 2 [males] and age 4 [females]; Mansueti 1961) and per- age and sex (all P > 0.5) in habitat classification. S ignificant variation sisted over the lifetime of individuals (Figure 5). There were a few cases is expected at age-1 as samples were chosen based on prior classifica- of resident individuals (n = 3) becoming migratory following maturity. tion of age-1 habitat use (~50:50 representation of freshwater resident Profiles of migratory individuals exhibited periodic decreases in Sr/Ca and dispersive fish). Still, the lack of significant difference in habitat indicative of recurring movements into low salinity environments for use at older ages indicated that once a juvenile established a migratory short periods of time, but once a migratory tactic had been initiated, no or resident behavior, this persisted later in life. reversion to a resident behavior was detected (Figure 5).

DISCUSSION

Figure 4. Back-calculated length at age (age-1 to -3) of white perch contingents (resident and migratory). Sample size is indicated above each box. The center vertical line marks the median, the Based on microchemical analysis of oto- length of each box shows the range within which the central 50% of the values fall, with the box liths, we determined that white perch exhibit edges at the first and third quartiles. Asterisks are datapoints outside this range. partial migration, with a portion of the population remaining in the natal habitat (resident contingent) and another portion exhibiting denatant migration (migratory contingent). The majority of individuals were migratory, moving into brackish waters during the juvenile stage, remaining in this environment into the adult stage, and returning to freshwater to spawn. Still, a detectable minority of individuals remained in their freshwater natal habitat throughout their lifetime (Figure 5). Findings by Kraus and Secor (2004b) support the view that the resident contingent shows increased representation during low flow and drought conditions. The flexibility in life history identified in white perch is consistent with obligate partial migration and is similar to that identified in several species of Salmonidae (e.g., Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus, Nordeng 1983; brown trout, Jonsson 1985; brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Thériault and Dodson 2003). The maintenance of alternative life history tactics is thought to be governed by the tradeoffs between the costs of migration (e.g., increased predation, physiological costs) balanced against the benefits of migration (e.g., higher food availability, increased growth potential; Jonsson and Jonsson 1993; Metcalfe 1998; Mangel and Stamps 2001). Over a lifetime, resident contingent fish exhibit slower growth (Kraus and Secor 2004b; this study), and are Table 1. Summary of samples classified as members of the resident or migratory contingent by expected to have lower reproductive rates and sex and, within the migratory contingent, by age at dispersal from the freshwater habitat. The percentage of individuals that dispersed at each age is indicated. fitness compared to the migratory portion of the population. Although not tested in this Age @ Contingent Count Female Male % dispersal study, evidence from other studies indicates dispersal that the benefits of migration into higher Migratory 1 33 16 17 65 salinity waters may be offset by higher preda- 2 9 5 4 18 tion risk in these deeper estuarine environ- 3 5 5 0 10 ments (Ruiz et al. 1993; Miltner et al. 1995; 4 3 1 2 6 Paterson and Whitfield 2000). Additionally, 7 1 1 0 2 faster juvenile growth rates exhibited by Resident NA 9 2 7 0 migratory individuals may be offset by physi-

118 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Figure 5. Time series of Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) values sampled across the growth zones of adult white perch otoliths. Individuals are grouped based on lifetime habitat use, and classified as resident (a) or migratory (b) contingent members. The black hatched line delineates the threshold between brackish water (salinity > 3) habitat use corresponded to Sr/Ca values > 2 mmol/mol and freshwater habitat use corresponded to Sr/Ca values < 2 mmol/mol. Switching of life history tactic (resident to migratory behavior) later in life occurs in a small number of individuals as evidenced by Sr/Ca profiles (b). Photo insert shows electron micrograph with points indicating the location of microprobe analysis across otolith growth zones.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 119 ological costs of accelerated growth such as reduced predator evasion find evidence of resident fish initiating migratory behavior later in (Metcalfe 1998; Billerbeck et al. 2001; Mangel and Stamps 2001). life. We hypothesize that, for these individuals, conditions in the The question of which fish within a population migrate has freshwater habitat became less advantageous to individual fitness been examined in several salmonid populations. Overall, males later in life. Alternatively, resident fish may have become entrained tend to dominate the composition of resident fish, whereas females into schools of migratory individuals during spawning season when are more likely to migrate (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). The ten- resident and migratory individuals mix (McQuin 1997). dency for females to migrate is linked to the growth advantage con- ferred to migrants within these populations and its consequences Consequences of partial migration to reproductive success, such that larger females produce more eggs and thus have higher fitness (Fleming and Gross 1990; Jonsson and A link between environmental conditions experienced during Jonsson 1993). No significant trend in females exhibiting migra- early life history and migratory behavior in white perch (L. Kerr, tory, rather than resident behavior, was observed in the Patuxent unpublished data), would suggest that inter-annual variation in River white perch population. the environment will likely lead to inter-annual differences in the Under the view that individuals maximize fitness, behav- expression of life history tactics within the population (Mangel ior should depend on the present condition of an individual and 1994). For white perch, recruitment to the migratory contingent tradeoffs in future expected growth and probability of survival as dominates in high flow years, with the resident contingent increas- a resident or migratory fish (Forseth 1999). Growth rate early in ingly represented in low flow years, and exclusively present during life has been identified as a controlling factor in the expression drought years (Kraus and Secor 2004b). A corollary to this idea is of migratory behavior in a number of fish species. In some cases, that anthropogenic perturbation of the environment will have a faster growing fish (e.g., Atlantic salmon, Metcalfe and Thorpe significant effect on the expression of partial migration through its 1992; brown trout, Forseth et al. 1999; brook charr, Thériault and influence on both individual condition (e.g., growth rate) and the Dodson 2003) migrate and in other cases it is the slow growing environment (e.g., relative productivity between habitats; Näslund fish that are migratory (e.g., sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, et al. 1993). For instance, eutrophication within freshwater habi- Ricker 1938; Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus, Nordeng et al. 1983, tats may promote increased residency due to high productivity Näslund et al. 1993). Faster growing fish may disperse because they (Gross 1987). Similarly, increased water temperature in the natal have the energy reserves necessary to migrate or in response to lim- freshwater habitat may increase energetic demands by white perch, ited food availability relative to their high energetic needs (Jonsson potentially increasing the migratory portion of the population. and Jonsson 1993). Alternatively, in some populations, slow-grow- Partial migration also has consequences to pollution ecology. For ing or poor condition individuals initiate migration in response to example, striped bass classified as freshwater residents had greater low food availability or high population density that limits them levels of PCBs than migrants (Zoklovitz and Secor 1999). King et from growing at an optimal or threshold level (Jonsson and Jonsson al. (2004) identified a positive association between PCBs in white 1993; Näslund et al. 1993). perch and the level of development in the Chesapeake Bay water- Conditions experienced early in life appear to trigger migration shed. Because urbanization and development in the Chesapeake in the white perch population. Initiation of migratory behavior in Bay watershed is centered in freshwater regions of the estuary, we white perch occurred primarily in year-1 and secondarily in year-2 expect that this relationship would translate to high PCB levels in of life. Examination of the physiological basis of migratory behavior resident fish. within this white perch population indicated that migratory fish For white perch, partial migration can play a role in population grew slower early in life (larval period) compared to resident fish production and stability dynamics. Years of high flow are related and, subsequent to dispersal, migratory juveniles had higher growth to high recruitment and greater production of migratory juveniles rates (Kraus and Secor 2004b; Kerr and Secor in press). Evidence and adults; the resident contingent, although less productive, may supports the hypothesis that the conditions experienced by white be important to the stability of the population during successive perch early in their life history (e.g., temperature and prey density) years of low flow, when its production is favored (Kraus and Secor have consequences to individual growth rates, and are the proxi- 2004b). The different roles contingents play in mediating popu- mate factor determining migratory or resident behavior of white lation dynamics and persistence highlights the potential impor- perch (L. Kerr, unpublished data). tance of managing for conservation of partial migration within fish Within bird and fish populations that exhibit partial migra- populations. tion, individuals can shift between resident and migratory behav- Partial migration could be widespread across fish taxa but insuffi- ior within their lifetime. This behavioral change is thought to be ciently recognized due to the lack of ecophenotypes associated with related to changes in individual fitness (Lundberg 1985; Dingel migratory and resident tactics, as they are in salmonids. Further, the 1996; Zimmerman and Reeves 2002) and may be associated with current language of fish migration (e.g., anadromous, catadromous, changes in the relative productivity of habitats (Naslund et al. amphidromous) generalizes migratory behavior of populations and 1993). Mid-life shifts between migratory and resident behavior have tends to be taxa-specific, obscuring the general recognition of par- been documented in Arctic charr (Radtke et al. 1996; Nordeng tial migration as a central phenomenon in describing complex life 1983) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis, Zlokovitz et al. 2003). cycles. In a review of the recent literature, Secor and Kerr (in press) Evidence of switching migratory behavior supports the hypothesis observed that increased application of approaches that hind-cast that this phenomenon is not genetically programmed, but repre- an individual’s spatial history and reconstruct migration patterns sents alternative phenotypes. There was no evidence within the (e.g., otolith microchemistry and electronic tagging) has resulted white perch population of migrants becoming residents later in life. in a geometric increase in papers describing life-cycle diversity. Thus, it appears that the benefit of a migratory lifestyle outweighs Importantly, although a large set of terms is used to describe this advantages associated with remaining resident. We did, however; diversity, many of the terms center on a pattern of resident versus

120 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Table 2. Lexicon of terms and phrases used to describe life cycle diversity within species and populations. Terms and phrases that apply to alternate life cycles were searched using Cambridge Scientific Abstracts © Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstract (adapted from Secor and Kerr in press). Usage indicates the overall number of times a term was used. Usage is further broken down by taxonomic family and the ecosystems connected by migration (number in parentheses indicates usage when > 5 citations).

Mode Term Usage Families Ecosystem

Dispersive modes (4) Salmonid (60), Acipenserid, Clupeid, Stray(s) 70 River-Coast (57), Coast, River, River-Lake Cyprinid, Gadid, Moronid, Scombrid

Ocean type(s) 35 Salmonid (34), Gadid River-Coast (34), Coast

Sea type(s) 4 Salmonid River-Coast

Dispersers 1 Gadid Coast

Retentive modes (15) Non-anadromous 30 Salmonid (29), Coregonid River-Coast (29), River

Salmonid (14), Anguillid, Clupeid, Cyprinid, Non-migratory 21 River-Coast (15), Coast, River-Coast, River-Lake Osmerid, Sparid Anguillid, Centrarchid, Cottid, Cyprinid, Sedentary 16 River (8), Coast, Lake-Coast, River-Coast, River-Lake Ecosid, Engraulid, Gadid, Osmerid,

Resident form(s) 12 Salmonid (10), Osmerid River-Coast (9), River-Lake

Stream type(s) 8 Salmonid (8) River, River-Coast

Freshwater type(s) 5 Osmerid, Gasterosteid River-Coast

Resident type(s) 4 Gasterosteid, Salmonid, Anguillid River-Coast, River-Estuary

River type(s) 4 Salmonid, Plecoglossid River-Coast, River-Lake

Lake type(s) 3 Salmonid River-Coast, River-Lake

Resident behavior(s) 2 Moronid, Salmonid River-Coast

Non-amphidromous 2 Gobiid, Plecoglossid River-Lake, Estuary-Coast

Non-catadromous 1 Anguillid River-Coast

Non-diadromous 1 Eleotrid River-Estuary

Resident ecotype 1 Salmonid River-Lake

Retentive 1 Review Review

migratory behavior, consistent with our expectation that partial taxa (Dingle 1996). The developments in avian literature on the migration could be widespread (Table 2). For example, resident expression of migratory behavior can inform our understanding and migratory components have been recognized in the Atlantic of the genetic and environmental factors regulating migration bluefin tuna Thunnus( thynnus) population, whereby a portion of thresholds of fish. As there is a potential for rapid change in the the population completes its life cycle within the Mediterranean expression of migratory behavior within populations in response to Sea and others migrate into the Western Atlantic (Rooker et al. environmental change, a mechanistic understanding of migration 2007). Additionally, Gulf of Maine cod (Gadus morhua) exhibit resident and migratory morphs (Wroblewski et al. 1994) that may could improve forecasts of behavioral responses to future climate be structured through partial migration. variability. Notably, partial migration points to the idea that indi- Migratory behavior has evolved independently many times and viduals exhibiting minority behaviors—in the past discounted as there appears to be commonalities governing its expression across anomalies—can play an important role in population dynamics.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 121 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Fromentin, J-M., and J. E. Powers. 2005 Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management. Fish and We thank R. Kraus for his contribution to this work. E. Fisheries 6(4):281–306. Houde provided helpful comments on an early manuscript. We Gross, M. R. 1987. Evolution of diadromy in fishes. American also thank G. Shepherd and two anonymous reviewers who Fisheries Society Symposium 1:14–25, Bethesda, Maryland. contributed insightful comments that improved the manu- _____. 1996. Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diver- script. This material is based on work supported by the National sity within sexes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11(2):92–98. Science Foundation under Grant OCE-032485. Chemical anal- Gross, M. R., and J. Repka. 1998. Inheritance in the conditional yses were performed at the Nanoscale Imaging and Spectroscopy strategy. 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122 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Metcalfe, N. B., A. C. Taylor, and J. E. Thorpe. 1995. Metabolic Ruiz, G. M., A. H. Hines, and M. H. Posey. 1993. Shallow water as rate, social status and life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon. a refuge habitat for fish and crustaceans in non-vegetated estuaries: Animal Behavior 49:431–436. an example from Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series Metcalfe, N. B., and J. E. Thorpe. 1992. Early predictors of life- 99: 1–16. history event: the link between first feeding date, dominance and Secor, D. H. 1999. Specifying divergent migrations in the concept of seaward migration in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal Fish stock: the contingent hypothesis. Fisheries Research 43:13–34. Biology 41(B):93–99. Secor, D. H., and L.A. Kerr. In press. Lexicon of life cycle diver- Miltner, R.J., S. W. Ross, and M. H. Posey. 1995. Influence of food sity in diadromous and other fishes. American Fisheries Society and predation on the depth distribution of juvenile spot (Leiostomus Symposium, Bethesda, Maryland. xanthurus) in tidal nurseries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Sinclair, M. 1988. Marine populations: an essay on population regula- Aquatic Sciences 53:971–982. tion and speciation. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Näslund, I., G. Milbrink, L. O. Eriksson, and S. Holmgren. 1993. Thériault, V., and J. Dodson. 2003. Body size and the adop- Importance of habitat productivity differences, competition, and tion of a migratory tactic in brook charr. Journal Fish Biology predation for the migratory behavior of Arctic charr. Oikos 66: 63:1144–1159. 538–546. Verspoor, E., and L. J. Cole. 1989. Genetically distinct sympatric pop- Nordeng, H. 1983. Solution to the ‘‘char problem’’ based on Arctic ulations of resident and anadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. char (Salvelinus alpinus) in Norway. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1453–1461. and Aquatic Sciences 40:1372–1387. Wroblewski J. S., W. L. Bailey, and K. A Howse. 1994. Observations Paterson, A. W., and A. K. Whitfield. 2000. Do shallow-water habi- of adult Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) overwintering in nearshore tats function as refugia for juvenile fishes? Estuarine Coastal and waters of Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Shelf Sciences 51:359–364. and Aquatic Sciences 51:142–150. Radtke, R. L., M. Svenning, D. Malone, A. Klementsen, J. Ruzicka, Zimmerman, C. E., and Reeves, G. H. 2002. Identification of steel- and D. Fey. 1996. Migrations in an extreme northern population of head and resident rainbow trout progeny in the Deschutes River, the Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.): insights from otolith micro- Oregon, revealed with otolith microchemistry. Transactions of the chemistry. Marine Ecology Progress Series 136:13–25. American Fisheries Society 131: 986–993. Ricker, W. E. 1938. “Residual” and kokanee salmon in Cultus Lake. Zlokovitz, E. R., and D. H. Secor. 1999. Effect of habitat use on Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 4(3): 192–218. PCB body burden in Hudson River striped bass (Morone saxa- Rooker, J. R., J. R. Alverado Bremer, B. A. Block, H. Dewar, G. tilis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 De Metrio, A. Corriero, R. T. Kraus, E. D. Prince, E. Rodrígues- (Suppl.1):86–93. Marín, and D. H. Secor. 2007. Life history and stock structure Zlokovitz, E. R., D. H. Secor, and P. M. Piccoli. 2003. Patterns of of Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus( thynnus). Reviews in Fisheries migration in Hudson River striped bass as determined by otolith Science 15:265–310. microchemistry. Fisheries Research 63:245−259.

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Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 123 Feature: Fisheries Management

Linking Alaskan Salmon Fisheries Management with Ecosystem-based Escapement Goals: A Review and Prospectus

ABSTRACT: A growing body of literature documents that spawning Pacific salmon John J. Piccolo, have profound effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This has led to calls Milo D. Adkison, and for considering ecosystem effects in setting salmon escapement goals; most stocks, however, are still managed using single-species stock-recruit models. Our objective Frank Rue is to ascertain whether current knowledge is adequate for setting ecosystem-based escapement goals, with particular reference to Alaskan fisheries. We review the Piccolo is a research faculty at literature to determine how well the quantitative relationships between salmon Karlstad University, Sweden. He can and a given ecosystem component (e.g., the growth rate of a given species) have be contacted at [email protected]. been identified. In most cases, quantitative relationships are not available for a wide Adkison is an associate professor at the enough range of physical and biological conditions to make accurate predictions of University of Alaska Fairbanks, School the response to a given level of salmon escapement. Thus, fisheries managers might of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. Rue currently have difficulty in justifying ecosystem-based escapement goals. We discuss is the salmon program director, Alaska the potential costs and benefits of increasing escapement goals as a precautionary Chapter, The Nature Conservancy. approach, and the possibility of managing for key species for which quantitative data do exist. We conclude that developing ecosystem-based escapement goals will require better collaboration between researchers and managers. Even under the best of circumstances, however, it will be a long-term process, and the results are likely to be site-specific.

El Manejo de la Pesquería del Salmón de Alaska Y INTRODUCTION When adult Pacific salmon return to fresh- el Nivel de Reemplazo Basado en el Ecosistema: water to spawn they have widespread effects on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems Revisión y Prospectos (Cederholm et al. 1999; Gende et al. 2002). Salmon are considered keystone species, Resumen: En una cantidad creciente de literatura se documenta que el desove influencing the health of both aquatic and del salmón del Pacífico tiene una fuerte influencia en los ecosistemas terrestres terrestrial ecosystems (Willson and Halupka y acuáticos. Esto ha obligado a considerar los efectos ecositémicos que tiene el 1995; Helfield and Naiman 2006). Although establecimiento de niveles de reemplazo; la mayoría de los stocks, sin embargo, the understanding that salmon contribute siguen siendo administrados sobre la base de modelos mono-específicos de reclutamiento. Nuestro objetivo es investigar si el conocimiento actual es adecuado marine-derived nutrients (MDN) to freshwa- como para establecer objetivos en los niveles de reemplazo con consideraciones a ter systems is not new, research on MDN has nivel ecosistema, con especial énfasis en la pesquería del salmón de Alaska. Se hace increased dramatically in recent years (Gende una revisión de la literatura para determinar qué tan bien se han identificado las et al. 2002; Stockner and Ashley 2003). relaciones cuantitativas entre el salmón y ciertos componentes del ecosistema (e.g., Spawning salmon may become directly avail- tasas específicas de crecimiento). En la mayoría de los casos, y para amplio rango able to consumers such as fish and wildlife de condiciones físicas y biológicas, no hay información suficiente acerca de estas (Bilby et al. 1998; Gende et al. 2001), or their relaciones como para hacer predicciones precisas de las respuestas que tendría el carcasses may decompose to release nutri- establecimiento de distintos niveles de reemplazo. Por ello, los administradores de ents that subsequently become available to pesquerías pueden estar teniendo dificultades para justificar niveles de reemplazo food webs (Wipfli et al. 1998; Chaloner et al. basados en el ecosistema. Se discuten los potenciales costos y beneficios de 2002a; Johnston et al. 2004). Salmon have incrementar los niveles de reemplazo bajo un enfoque precautorio, y la posibilidad de been found to influence virtually all ecosys- manejar especies clave para las que sí existe información cuantitativa. Se concluye tem components, from primary producers, que el desarrollo de objetivos en los niveles de reemplazo basados en el ecosistema invertebrates, and fish in lakes and streams, to requerirá de una mejor colaboración entre investigadores y administradores. Sin bears, eagles, and old-growth spruce trees. embargo, incluso en el mejor de los casos, esto será un proceso de largo plazo y los In the early 1970s, Mathisen (1971) and resultados muy posiblemente sólo tengan una aplicación espacio-específica. Hartman and Burgner (1972) proposed that

124 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g reduced productivity of freshwater lakes was due to fishery-related • Given the current state of knowledge, are practical methods avail- reductions of MDN. A number of studies followed these, documenting able with which fisheries managers could quantify the ecosys- the effects of salmon carcasses on both lakes and streams (Richey et al. tem benefits of greater escapements versus reductions in harvest 1975; Johnson and Ringler 1979; Mathisen and Poe 1981). Analysis opportunity? of the stable isotope composition of various trophic levels first allowed • Is there a precautionary approach to management that might pre- researchers to document that MDN were being incorporated into serve the role of salmon in the ecosystem until the understanding freshwater food webs in lakes and streams (Mathisen et al. 1988; Kline of the effects of salmon escapement levels is improved? et al. 1990, 1993). Since the early 1990s, a considerable amount of • What research would provide managers and the public the ability research has been undertaken to gain a better understanding of how to measure and address the ecosystem benefits of different levels of MDN influence salmon recruitment and ecosystem function. These salmon escapement when harvest strategies are developed? studies have included research on dissolved nutrients, and all trophic levels of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife, and aquatic and terrestrial Factors influencing the ecosystem effects plants. of salmon across all trophic levels The increasing evidence that MDN play an important role in ecosystem processes has led to calls for setting ecosystem-based escape- Several factors likely influence the effects of salmon and MDN ment goals for adult salmon (Knudsen et al. 2003; Michael 2003; across all trophic levels. Important physical characteristics include Stockner and Ashley 2003). Currently it is a written goal of state background chemistry of the watershed, and discharge or flush- and provincial management agencies to manage salmon escapements ing rates. Watersheds where levels of N and P are not limiting, for for ecosystem considerations (Alaska Department of Fish and Game example, might be expected to show less response to MDN than would 2001; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2003; DFO 2005). more oligotrophic watersheds (Thomas et al. 2003). Also, watersheds To date, however, little progress has been made in linking research on with faster flushing rates would be expected to show shorter-duration MDN with the traditional stock-recruit models that are usually used to responses than would watersheds where low flushing rates allow MDN set escapement goals (but see Stockner 2003 and Bilby et al. 2001 for to remain available for a longer time (Gross et al. 1998; Holtham et discussions on this topic). al. 2004). In coastal streams, more nutrients may be rapidly exported Although Pacific salmon populations have declined throughout to estuaries (Gende et al. 2004b). Retention of salmon carcasses by much of their historic range around the Pacific Rim (Lichatowich large woody debris can also increase the duration of the influence of 1999; Knudsen et al. 2000; Schoonmaker et al. 2003), Alaskan salmon MDN (Cederholm and Peterson 1985). There may be fundamental populations remain some of the healthiest in the world. Many stocks differences in the way that MDN influence lake vs. stream systems, appear to be self-sustaining, while supporting large commercial fisher- because of differences in storage capacity, nutrient cycling, and food ies (Meacham and Clark 1994; Clark et al. 2006). Despite a period of web composition (M. Wipfli, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pers. low catches in 1960–1970s, catches of many Alaskan stocks have been comm.). This topic has received little attention to date. at or near all-time highs since the 1980s. This has been attributed to Biological characteristics of the spawning salmon, including species, favorable environmental conditions in fresh and saltwater, including a population sizes, and locations and times of spawning, are also likely to lack of industrial and hydroelectric development (Hilborn 2006), and be important. These characteristics will determine when, where, and to good fisheries management practices (Clark et al. 2006). Much of how many salmon are available as prey, as well as the quantities and the freshwater salmon habitat in Alaska remains in relatively pristine temporal and spatial distributions of MDN (Schindler et al. 2003). condition and favorable marine conditions have resulted in high rates of ocean survival since the 1980s. To ensure stock viability, manage- Nutrients and organic matter ment plans for Alaskan salmon fisheries include in-season monitoring of harvest rates to allow sufficient escapement of adult spawners Increased levels of dissolved and particulate nutrients (nitrogen to sustain fisheries yield as well as to provide enough salmon to main- and phosphorus) and organic matter (organic carbon) are considered tain ecosystem processes. In practice, however, escapement goals for to be primary pathways through which MDN are assimilated into food Alaskan salmon fisheries are usually based on maximizing harvest- webs. Decomposing salmon carcasses may increase concentrations of available fisheries (i.e., maximum sustainable yield, MSY; Alaska both nutrients (Chaloner et al. 2004; Mitchell and Lamberti 2005) Department of Fish and Game 2001), and there has been little formal and organic matter (Johnston et al. 2004; McConnachie and Petticrew effort to account for the ecosystem effects of spawning salmon. 2006; Hood et al. 2007). These effects have been documented in both In this article, we discuss how Alaskan salmon fisheries represent a streams (Kline et al. 1990; Schuldt and Hershey 1995; Johnston et unique opportunity to link traditional stock-recruit fisheries manage- al. 2004; Mitchell and Lamberti 2005; Claeson et al. 2006) and lakes ment with an ecosystem-based approach to setting escapement goals. (Hartman and Burgner 1972; Mathisen et al. 1988; Kline et al. 1993; The article grew out of a workshop funded by the Nature Conservancy Schmidt et al. 1998; Gregory-Eaves et al. 2003, 2004). The effects vary and organized by the University of Alaska Fairbanks School of Fisheries with spawner species and density, and with environmental factors such and Ocean Sciences. The workshop included fisheries managers from as stream discharge (Mitchell and Lamberti 2005) or lake flushing rates the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and prominent research- (Holtham et al. 2004). Recent work has shown that salmon not only ers on the ecosystem effects of salmon. Our objective was to present import nutrients by returning to freshwater to spawn, but that their an overview of the literature on the ecosystem effects of salmon, to spawning activities can redistribute significant quantities of nutrients ascertain to what extent it provides quantitative relationships between within watersheds (Moore et al. 2007) salmon escapement, MDN, and production of various trophic levels Among the most quantitative stream research, Johnston et al. within ecosystems. The workshop focused on three questions, with (2004) used natural variation in sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawner particular reference to how the answers to these might facilitate a move biomass in British Columbia streams to develop relationships between towards ecosystem-based salmon management in Alaska: spawner biomass and dissolved and particulate organic matter, as well

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 125 as epilithon (see Primary production). A number of chapters in Stockner Both mescosm and field studies have shown increases in stream (2003) provide quantitative estimates of historic and current nutrient invertebrate populations (Wipfli et al. 1998, 1999; Chaloner and Wipfli loads delivered by salmon to freshwater lakes and streams. 2002), but results have varied both temporally and spatially (Lessard et al. 2003; Claeson et al. 2006). Numerous factors, such as chemistry, Primary production stream flow, temperature, and salmon spawner species, number, and condition, may influence the relationship between salmon carcasses The influence of MDN on primary production in lakes and streams and invertebrate production (Wipfli et al. 1999; Chaloner et al. 2004). has been documented by both correlative studies (Schuldt and Hershey Also, different functional feeding groups of invertebrates may respond 1995; Wipfli et al. 1998; Wipfli et al. 1999; Chaloner et al.2004; differently to MDN (Quamme and Slaney 2003; Claeson et al. 2006); Johnston et al. 2004) and by analysis of stable isotopes (Mathisen et al. invertebrates that feed directly on carcasses respond more quickly to 1988; Kline et al. 1990; Chaloner et al. 2002a; Yanai and Kochi 2005; their presence, whereas those feed via an increased primary production Claeson et al. 2006). The effects of MDN on primary production has pathway respond more slowly. There may also up to a two-year lag time also been assessed in stream mesocosms (Chaloner et al. 2002a; Wipfli for effects of MDN to be seen in invertebrate populations (Peterson et et al. 2004; Mitchell and Lamberti 2005). al. 1997). In contrast to the positive effects of MDN on invertebrate In lakes, artificial fertilization has been documented to increase production, spawning salmon may have short-term, but locally impor- salmon production (Ashley et al. 1997; Hyatt et al. 2004). It is tant, negative effects on invertebrate densities by disturbing stream assumed that decomposing salmon carcasses act in much the same substrate while digging redds (Minakawa 1998; Lessard et al. 2003; way, and stable isotope analysis has shown that MDN are incorpo- Chaloner et al. 2004; Moore et al. 2004). rated into both plankton and juvenile salmon (Mathisen et al. 1988). Quantifying the relationship between salmon escapement and Paleolimnologial studies suggest that MDN may be a factor limiting invertebrates incorporates response variation at two trophic levels— salmon production in some systems (Finney et al. 2000; Gregory-Eaves MDN to primary producers, and primary producers to invertebrates. et al. 2003), but in others, factors such as limitation of spawning habi- This is further complicated by the fact that invertebrates may respond tat may override nutrient limitations (Schindler et al. 2005). Mathisen to salmon both directly through consumption and indirectly through and Sands (1999) provide an example of an ecosystem modeling food web processes. Responses at both of these trophic levels are approach that incorporates MDN for salmon management in Becharof affected by environmental variation in organic nutrient responses, which depends on factors such as temperature, streamflow, or lake Lake, Alaska. water residence time. Wipfli et al. (1999), for example, showed that A number of studies have assessed the influence of MDN on pri- more salmon carcasses leads to elevated benthic invertebrate densities mary production in streams (Richey et al. 1975; Wipfli et al. 1998; in mesocosm studies, but quantifying this relationship has not been Chaloner et al. 2002a; Johnston et al. 2004; Yanai and Kochi 2005). attempted at whole-stream spatial scales. The difficulty in quantifying Wipfli et al. (1998) and Wipfli et al. (1999) provide quantitative effects at the invertebrate level underscores the complexity of assessing relationships between salmon carcasses and biofilm in both natural ecosystem-wide effects of salmon escapement at even higher trophic treams and mesocosms, with clear increases in standing stock at higher levels. salmon densities. The relationship between primary production and MDN may vary both spatially and temporally; effects may be limited to Juvenile salmon and other fish within a few meters of decaying carcasses (Claeson et al. 2006), or they may be negated by other environmental factors such as stream flow, The influence of MDN on juvenile salmon is important both within background water chemistry, or light intensity (Ambrose et al. 2004; species, for stock-recruit relationships, and among species through Mitchell and Lamberti 2005; Wilzbach et al. 2005). Additionally, potential increases in growth and survival. The first publications to some studies suggest that nitrogen-fixing red alder in forested drainages suggest that MDN influence juvenile salmon focused on within-species may mitigate for loss of nitrogen derived from salmon (Helfield 2002; effects (Mathisen 1971; Hartman and Burgner 1972; Mathisen and Volk et al. 2003). Poe 1981). Because juvenile salmon in lakes and streams feed largely Better predictions of the quantitative relationship between MDN on invertebrates, it is supposed that they benefit from increased inver- and primary production will require better spatial coverage to account tebrate production due to MDN (Slaney et al. 2003; Ward et al. 2003; for regional/local differences in watershed characteristics, and longer- Wipfli et al. 2003, 2004). Although some studies have documented term studies to account for environmental fluctuations. this through juvenile salmonid diet (Johnson and Ringler 1979), most rely on either stable isotope analysis (see Kline 2003) or measures of Aquatic invertebrates fish production (e.g., smolt counts; Hyatt et al. 2004). Studies also show that juvenile salmon forage directly on salmon carcasses and Salmon carcasses influence aquatic invertebrate populations by salmon eggs (Bilby et al. 1998; Hicks et al. 2005). Recently, analysis providing food directly (Chaloner and Wipfli 2002; Chaloner et al. of fatty acids has demonstrated that juvenile salmon derive nutritional 2002b), or indirectly through increased primary production (Schuldt benefits from MDN (Heintz et al. 2004). Resident fish may also benefit and Hershey 1995; Wipfli et al. 1998; Chaloner and Wipfli 2002; from MDN through increased growth (Meka et al. 2003; Wipfli et al. Claeson et al. 2006). The latter is believed to be responsible for 2003), including at higher dosages of salmon carcasses (Wipfli et al. increased salmon production in lakes (see also “Primary production”). 2003). Food-web effects on zooplankton in lakes, and on stream invertebrates, As is the case with invertebrates, the relationship between MDN have largely been inferred by analysis of stable isotopes (numerous and juvenile salmon production is likely to be site-specific, and to vary studies) or by correlative studies of fish production (Hyatt et al. 2004). with environmental fluctuations (Johnson and Ringler 1979; Bilby et Effects of MDN on invertebrates have been documented as far down- al. 1998; Wipfli et al. 2003; Wilzbach et al. 2005; Lang et al. 2006). stream as estuaries (Fujiwara and Highsmith 1997). There are multiple pathways through which adult salmon and MDN

126 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g may affect juvenile salmon. Thus, developing quantitative predic- co-occurring species (Roberge and Angelstam 2004). A number of tions will need to be built upon both a better understanding of lower studies have quantified how much salmon bears eat (Hilderbrand et al. trophic levels, and further case-specific studies of responses of juvenile 1999b; Klinka and Reimchen 2002; Ben-David et al. 2004; Gende and salmon. Quinn 2004; Gende et al. 2004a), and the fate of uneaten salmon carcasses (Gende et al. 2004b, 2007). Quantifiying the effects of salmon Terrestrial plants on fitness status of individual bears, or on bear population-level factors, however, is more difficult. Salmon derived nutrients have been shown to be transferred to ter- Bald eagles are also a prominent salmon predator for which some restrial plants and soils (Ben-David et al. 1998b; Helfield 2002; Bilby quantitative data exists relating to salmon escapement (Knight and et al. 2003; Bartz and Naiman 2005; Drake et al. 2005; Wilkinson et Skagen 1988; Stalmaster and Kaiser 1997; Restani et al. 2000). al. 2005). Riparian trees and shrubs near spawning streams may derive Stalmaster and Gessaman (1984) developed bioenergetics-based ~25% of their foliar nitrogen from spawning salmon, and MDN may energy budgets for bald eagles, with quantitative data on salmon increase growth rates of spruce trees (Helfield 2002) Even wine grapes consumption. have been shown to grow better in drainages with spawning salmon Many other species of terrestrial animals utilize spawning salmon. (Merz and Moyle 2005)! The importance of MDN for terrestrial plants Mammals include mink (Ben-David et al. 1997), otter (Ben-David et depends on environmental conditions such as background chemistry al. 1998a; Jauquet et al. 2003), and wolves (Darimont and Reimchen (Ben-David et al. 1998b), flushing rates, and salmon spawner species 2002; Darimont et al. 2003). Seabirds (Mossman 1958) and songbirds (Bilby et al. 2003). Marine-derived nitrogen may be less important (Obermeyer et al. 1999; Gende and Willson 2001) also forage on for nitrogen-fixing alder trees, although salmon carcasses may provide spawning salmon or eggs. other nutrients affecting productivity in these forests (Helfield 2002). Marine mammals that commonly prey on Pacific salmon include Tree ring analysis has been used to reconstruct historic salmon abun- harbor seals (Bigg et al. 1990; Kvitrud et al. 2005; Wright et al.2007), dance in rivers (Drake et al. 2002). Because riparian forests have a sea lions (Bigg et al. 1990; Weise and Harvey 2005; Tollit et al. 2007), large effect on instream salmon habitat, MDN may lead to a positive and killer whales (Nichol and Shackleton 1996; Ford et al. 1998; Au et feedback mechanism, wherein increased tree growth leads to more al. 2004). This research has been directed at both the effects of preda- input of woody debris. This, in turn, can increase carcass retention tion of recovery of threatened salmon stocks, and at the importance of time (Cederholm and Peterson 1985). salmon to maintaining healthy marine mammal populations. There Morris et al. (2005) discuss how fractionation of stable isotopes may are estimates of how many salmon are eaten under certain ecological contribute to error in estimating the contribution of MDN to riparian conditions, but the complex life histories and long life spans of marine plants and soils. Stable isotope analysis relies on measuring the rela- mammals belies any simple means of assessing the effects on salmon on tive amounts of marine-derived, enriched nitrogen (15N) and enriched individual mammals or populations. carbon (13C) that are incorporated into plants or animals. Because the 15N signal may change via isotopic fractionation as N moves through DISCUSSION food webs, quantifying the proportion of marine-derived N is subject to error unless fractionation is accounted for. In fact, fractionation is an Question 1: Given the current state of knowledge, are practical methods important consideration at all trophic levels in which isotope analysis available with which fisheries managers could quantify the ecosystem benefits is used to estimate MDN contribution (Chaloner et al. 2002a; Kline of greater escapements versus reductions in harvest opportunity? 2003). Research has clearly demonstrated that salmon and MDN influence all trophic levels from primary producers to large carnivores. Terrestrial wildlife and marine mammals Much of the research, however, has been of limited duration, and it has not focused on identifying quantitative relationships between the The importance of spawning salmon for terrestrial wildlife is well- number of salmon and the responses of given ecosystem components. known, and has been documented for a number of species including Thus, it remains difficult to make accurate quantitative predictions of black and brown bears, small mammals, bald eagles, songbirds, and the effects of a given level of salmon escapement on a given trophic invertebrates. A number of studies document the role of salmon as level. Furthermore, uncertainty in predictions probably increases as keystone species, being preyed upon by a wide variety of birds, mam- the number of trophic levels between the spawning salmon the target mals, and invertebrates (Willson and Halupka 1995; Willson et al. organism increases, because of the potential variation in response at 1998; Gende et al. 2002; Jauquet et al. 2003; Hilderbrand et al. 2004). each level. Nearly all studies call for considering ecosystem needs in Hildebrand et al. (2004) “summarize the current state of knowledge setting salmon escapement goals—efforts to provide fisheries managers relative to the interaction between Pacific salmon and the terrestrial with quantitative relationships with which they can assess the tradeoff ecosystem, with special emphasis on the import of salmon to terrestrial between reduced harvest and increased escapement, however, remain wildlife and the import of wildlife to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.” rare (but see Michael 1998; Bilby et al. 2001). Of all of the species of terrestrial wildlife that depend on salmon during An interim approach might be to consider the effects of salmon part of their life cycle, bears are arguably one of the most important, escapement on a target species that is of particular interest to resource and certainly one of most well-studied (Meehan 1961; Gard 1971; managers and the public (e.g., bears, eagles, sport fish). There are a Hilderbrand et al. 1996, 1999a; Quinn and Kinnison 1999; Gende et number of studies that quantify at least certain aspects of the relation- al. 2001; Helfield and Naiman 2006). Archetypical “charismatic mega- ship between escapement and individual taxa, and these might be of fauna,” they interest a broad spectrum of researchers as well as public the most use in developing ecosystem-based escapement goals. It is also user groups from wildlife viewers to trophy hunters. Bears may also be a possible that an umbrella species approach that meets salmon require- good candidate for an “umbrella species,” i.e., a species whose conser- ments of such species as bears would also meet the demands of other vation is expected to confer protection to a large number of naturally components of the ecosystems. In fact, the salmon themselves may be

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 127 a useful umbrella species. If escapement levels Figure 1. The ratio of unfished escapement (S) to the escapement level that produces MSY are high enough to ensure sustainable fisher- (SMSY), as a function of α, the productivity (maximum recruits per spawner) of the stock. ies, it is likely that at least some important ecosystem needs are being met.

Question 2: Is there a precautionary approach to management that might preserve the role of salmon in the ecosystem until the understanding of the effects of salmon escapement levels is improved? Alaskan salmon stocks are well-managed and currently very productive. Nonetheless, analysis of stock-recruit models and cores from lake sediments suggest that management has probably reduced escapement substantially below unfished levels. Here we discuss the relative costs and possible benefits that might be incurred from increasing escapements as a precautionary approach to management. Reduction in natural escapement levels in stocks managed for MSY: Escapement levels in Alaskan fisheries are generally sufficient to ensure the sustainability of the harvests (Chaffee et al. 2000; Clark et al. 2006). Even in a well-managed fishery in pristine habitat, however, the escapement that produces MSY will be dramatically below its unexploited level. For the Beverton-Holt Figure 2. Percentage reduction in yield as a function of the percentage that escapement levels are stock-recruitment function R = αS/(1 + increased above the escapement level that produces MSY. Results are shown for the Ricker (part αS/β), the ratio of unexploited escapement a) and Beverton-Holt (part b) stock-recruitment relationships, as a function of α, the productivity (Seq) to the escapement that produces MSY (maximum recruits per spawner) of the stock. (Smsy) can be shown to be 1 + sqrt(α). For the Ricker function R = αSexp(-S/β), no equivalent solution exists, but the ratio Seq/ Smsy can be found by trial and error. Typical values of the parameter α, the number of recruits per spawner in the absence of competition, have a wide range. Myers et al. (1999) found that average values for Chinook (O. tshawytscha), chum (O. keta), pink (O. gorbuscha), and sockeye salmon were between 3.4 and 7.3, but values for individual stocks could vary substantially from these averages; Barrowman et al. (2003) found higher values (>5 0) to be typical for coho (O. kisutch). Looking at a wide range of values for α, managing salmon stocks for maximum sustained yield would result in escapements of from one-half to a small fraction of pre-historical levels (Figure 1). Analyses of lake sediment cores seem to support these back-of-the-envelope calculations; by examining the concentration of marine- derived nutrients in sedimentary layers laid Current escapement levels in most Alaskan salmon fisheries may down thousands of years ago, researchers are able to estimate pre-his- be sufficient to maintain the productivity of the ecosystem. Certainly, toric salmon escapements. Several such studies have found dramatic the recent record-high catches of Alaskan salmon (Clark et al. 2006) declines in escapement dating to the commencement of industrialized are evidence that the productivity of at least some salmon populations fishing and continuing to the present day (Schmidt et al. 1998; Finney hasn’t suffered. Currently, we are not aware of any compelling evidence et al. 2000). of reductions in other components of the ecosystem as a consequence

128 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g of reduced salmon escapements. Only a small frac- Figure 3. Frequency (y-axis) of harvests of various magnitudes (x-axis) in a 1,000 year simulation tion of the vast fish and wildlife populations in of a salmon population. Frequency distributions shown for escapement goals of SMSY (part a), Alaska, however, have been, or are currently being 1.25 x SMSY (part b), and 1.5 x SMSY (part c). Details of the simulation are given in the text. monitored.

What are the costs of increasing escapement goals?

Although the goal of Alaskan salmon management is usually to produce the maximum sustained yield (or a given sustained yield if MSY can’t be estimated; Clark et al. 2006), it’s often true that near-maximum yields can be achieved from substantially differing escapement goals. For the most reasonable values of α, increasing escapement even as much as 50% above the level that produces MSY would reduce yields less than 20% (Figure 2). Increasing escapements affects not only the average yield, however, but also variability in yield (J. Clark, ADFG, pers. comm.). A simple simulation illustrates this phenomenon; we projected a salmon stock with a Beverton- Holt stock-recruitment relationship (α = 8, β = 5000, lognormal variability in R with σ = 0.5) for 1,000 years using an escapement goal of SMSY, 1.25*SMSY, or 1.5*SMSY and management error such that actual harvest varied from the target with lognormal error (σ = 0.10). The histogram of harvests (Figure 3) under each escapement policy shows that even though the expected harvest differs little among policies, the frequency of zero or near-zero harvests increases substantially as escapement goals increase. Given that quantitative relationships between salmon and other important ecosystem components are often lacking, increasing escapement levels might be considered a precautionary approach for managers that are concerned about bears, trout, or other salmon-dependent components of the ecosystem. The above analyses illustrate the effects of fisheries on the abundance of salmon in the freshwater ecosystem, and provide estimates of the potential costs of increasing salmon escapement levels to benefit other ecosystem components. Such a strategy might also be a part of an adaptive management experiment, where escapement levels are varied in conjunc- tion with detailed monitoring of feeding, growth, and survival of species of interest.

CONCLUSIONS

Question 3: What research would provide managers and the public the ability to measure and address the ecosystem benefits of different levels of salmon escapement when harvest strategies are developed? Developing practical tools for predicting the ecosystem effects of salmon escapement will require continued research directed at identifying quantitative relationships. This research will need to identify the biological characteristics of

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 129 the escapement (i.e., salmon species, numbers, time, and space), and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the background physical and biological conditions of the ecosystem. Because salmon are expected to affect ecosystems at broad temporal This project was funded by The Nature Conservancy, through a and spatial scales (Schindler et al. 2003) studies that are part of coordi- grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We thank D. nated, long-term research programs will ultimately be required. These Bernard, R. Clark, S. Gende, D. Schindler, and T. Uchiyama for help- programs will need to use a range of methods from empirical data on ful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Special thanks to short-term responses like foraging and growth, to analytical methods M. Wipfli for thoughtful discussions and several reviews of the manu- such as stable isotopes and paleolimnology. Perhaps most importantly, script. The manuscript was greatly improved through the comments of three anonymous reviewers. researchers should consider the management implications of their work not only in interpreting their results, but in designing their stud- REFERENCES ies. Clearly, not all research will focus on the broad temporal or spatial scales that a given salmon stock may affect. It would be useful, how- Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2001. Sustainable salmon fisher- ever, if researchers would consider these scales in designing studies and ies policy for the state of Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game in interpreting results. Research that focuses on quantifying responses and the Board of Fisheries, Juneau. across multiple trophic levels would be of particular value, but these are Ambrose, H. E., M. A. Wilzbach, and K. W. Cummins. 2004. Periphyton likely to be long-term and expensive. 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Hood, E., Fellman, J, and Edwards, R. T. 2007. Salmon influences Lessard, J. L., R. W. Merritt, and K. W. Cummins. 2003. Spring on dissolved organic matter in a coastal temperate brown-water growth of caddisflies (Limnephilidae : Trichoptera) in response stream: an application of fluorescence spectroscopy. Limnology and to marine-derived nutrients and food type in a southeast Alaskan Oceanography 52:1580-1587. stream. International Journal of Limnology 39:3-14. Hyatt, K. D., D. J. McQueen, K. S. Shortreed, and D. P. Rankin. Lichatowich, J. A. 1999. Salmon without rivers: a history of the Pacific 2004. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) nursery lake fertil- salmon crisis. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

132 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Mathisen, O. A. 1971. Escapement levels and productivity of the Michael, J. H., Jr. 1998. Pacific salmon spawner escapement goals for Nushagak sockeye salmon run from 1908 to 1966. NOAA Fisheries the Skagit River watershed as determined by nutrient cycling con- Bulletin 69:747-763. siderations. Northwest Science 72:239-248. Mathisen, O. A., and P. H. Poe. 1981. Sockeye salmon cycles in the _____. 2003. Toward new escapement goals: integrating ecosystem Kvichak River, Bristol Bay, Alaska. Internationale Vereinigung für and fisheries management goals. Pages 277-282 in J.G. Stockner, Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 21:1207-1213. ed. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sustaining production and Mathisen, O. A., and N. J. Sands. 1999. Ecosystem modeling of biodiversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, Becharof Lake, a sockeye salmon nursery lake in southwestern Maryland. Alaska. Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management. Alaska Minakawa, N. 1998. The dynamics of aquatic insect communities with Sea Grant College Program, AK-SG-99-01. salmon spawning. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle. Mathisen, O. A., P. L. Parker, J. J. Goering, T. C. Kline, P. H. Poe, Mitchell, N. L., and G. A. Lamberti. 2005. Responses in dissolved and R. S. Scalan. 1988. Recycling of marine elements transported nutrients and epilithon abundance to spawning salmon in south- into freshwater systems by anadromous salmon. Internationale east Alaska streams. Limnology and Oceanography 50:217-227. Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Moore, J. W., D. E. Schindler, and M. D. Scheuerell. 2004. 23:2249-2258. Disturbance of freshwater habitats by anadromous salmon in McConnachie, J. L., and E. L. Petticrew. 2006. Tracing organic mat- Alaska. Oecologia 139:298-308. ter sources in riverine suspended sediment: implications for fine Moore, J. W., D. E. Schindler, J. L. Carter, J. Fox, J. Griffiths, and sediment transfers. Geomorphology 79:13-26. G. W. Holtgrieve. 2007. Biotic control of stream fluxes: spawning Meacham, C. P., and J. H. Clark. 1994. Pacific salmon management salmon drive nutrient and matter export. Ecology 88:1278-1291. —the view from Alaska. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 1:76- Morris, A. E. L., J. M. Stark, and B. K. Gilbert. 2005. Evaluation of 80. isotopic fractionation error on calculations of marine-derived nitro- Meehan, W. R. 1961. Observations on feeding habits and behavior of gen in terrestrial ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research grizzly bears. American Midland Naturalist 65:409-412. 35:1604-1616. Meka, J. M., E. E. Knudsen, D. C. Douglas, and R. B. Benter. 2003. Mossman, A. S. 1958. Selective predation of glaucous-winged gulls Variable migratory patterns of different adult rainbow trout life his- upon adult red salmon. Ecology 39:482-486. tory types in a Southwest Alaska watershed. Transactions of the Myers, R. A., K .G. Bowen, and N. J. Barrowman. 1999. Maximum American Fisheries Society 132:717-732. reproductive rate of fish at low population sizes. Canadian Journal Merz, J. E., and P. B. Moyle. 2005. Salmon, wildlife, and wine: of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:2404-2419. marine-derived nutrients in human-dominated ecosystems of cen- Nichol, L. M., and D. M. Shackleton. 1996. Seasonal movements and tral California. Ecological Applications 16:999–1009. foraging behaviour of northern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Halltech Aquatic Research, Inc.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 133 in relation to the inshore distribution of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) systems: sustaining production and biodiversity. American Fisheries in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:983-991. Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, Maryland. Obermeyer, K. E., A. Hodgson, and M. F. Willson. 1999. American Thomas, S. A., T. V. Royer, G. W. Minshall, and E. Snyder. 2003. dipper, Cinclus mexicanus, foraging on Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus Assessing the historic contribution of marine-derived nutrients to sp., eggs. Canadian Field-Naturalist 113:288-290. Idaho streams. Pages 41-58 in J.G. Stockner, ed. Nutrients in salmo- Peterson, B. J., M. Barr, and G. W. Kling. 1997. A tracer investigation nid ecosystems: sustaining production and biodiversity. American of nitrogen cycling in a pristine tundra river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, Maryland. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:2361–2367. Tollit, D. J., S. G. Heaslip, R. L. Barrick, and A. W. Trites. 2007. Quamme, D. L., and P. A. Slaney. 2003. The relationship between Impact of diet-index selection and the digestion of prey hard remains nutrient concentration and stream insect abundance. Pages 163-175 on determining the diet of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). in J. G. Stockner, ed. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sustaining Canadian Journal of Zoology 85:1-15. production and biodiversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium Volk, C. J., P. M. Kiffney, and R. L. Edmonds. 2003. Role of riparian 34, Bethesda, Maryland. red alder in the nutrient dynamics of coastal streams of the Olympic Quinn, T. P., and M. T. Kinnison. 1999. Size-selective and sex-selective Peninsula, Washington, USA. Pages 213-225 in J. G. Stockner, predation by brown bears on sockeye salmon. Oecologia 121:273- ed. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sustaining production and 282. biodiversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, Restani, M., A. R. Harmata, and E. M. Madden. 2000. Numerical and Maryland. functional responses of migrant bald eagles exploiting a seasonally Ward, B. R., D. J. F. McCubbing, and P. A. Slaney. 2003. Evaluation concentrated food source. The Condor 102: 561–568. of the addition of inorganic nutrients and stream habitat structures Richey, J. E., M. A. Perkins, and C. R. Goldman. 1975. Effects of in the Keogh River watershed for steelhead trout and coho salmon. kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) decomposition on the ecol- Pages 127-148 in J. G. Stockner, ed. Nutrients in salmonid ecosys- ogy of a subalpine stream. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of tems: sustaining production and biodiversity. American Fisheries Canada 32:817-820. Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, Maryland. Roberge, J., and P. Angelstam. 2004. Usefulness of the umbrella species Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2003. An outline for concept as a conservation tool. Conservation Biology 18:76-85. salmon recovery plans. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Schindler, D. E., M. D. Scheuerell, J. W. Moore, S. M. Gende, T. B. Olympia. Francis, and W. J. Palen. 2003. Pacific salmon and the ecology of Weise, M. J., and J. T. Harvey. 2005. Impact of the California sea coastal ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:31- lion (Zalophus californianus) on salmon fisheries in Monterey Bay, 37. California. Fishery Bulletin 103:685-696. Schindler, D. E., P. R. Leavitt, C. S. Brock, S. P. Johnson, and P. D. Wilkinson, C. E., M. D. Hocking, and T. E. Reimchen. 2005. Uptake Quay. 2005. Marine-derived nutrients, commercial fisheries, and pro- of salmon-derived nitrogen by mosses and liverworts in coastal British duction of salmon and lake algae in Alaska. Ecology 86:3225-3231. Columbia. Oikos 108:85-98. Schmidt, D. C., S. R. Carlson, G. B. Kyle, and B. P. Finney. 1998. Willson, M. F., and K. C. Halupka. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone Influence of carcass-derived nutrients on sockeye salmon produc- species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology 9:489-497. tivity of Karluk Lake, Alaska: importance in the assessment of an Willson, M. F., S. M. Gende, and B. H. Marston. 1998. Fishes and the escapement goal. North American Journal of Fisheries Management forest. Bioscience 48:455-462. 18:743-763. Wilzbach, M. A., B. C. Harvey, J. L. White, and R. J. Nakamoto. Schoonmaker, P. K., T. Gresh, J. Lichatowich, and H. D. Radtke. 2005. Effects of riparian canopy opening and salmon carcass addi- 2003. Past and present Pacific salmon abundance: bioregional esti- tion on the abundance and growth of resident salmonids. Canadian mates for key life history stages. Pages 33-40 in J. G. Stockner, ed. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:58-67. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sustaining production and bio- Wipfli, M. S., J. Hudson, and J. Caouette. 1998. Influence of salmon diversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic Maryland. macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alasksa, U.S.A. Canadian Schuldt, J. A., and A. E. Hershey. 1995. Effect of salmon carcass Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1503-1511. decomposition on Lake Superior tributary streams. Journal of the Wipfli, M. S., J. P. Hudson, D. T. Chaloner, and J. P. Caouette. North American Benthological Society 14:259-268. 1999. Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productiv- Slaney, P. A., B. R. Ward, and J. C. Wightman. 2003. Experimental ity in Southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic nutrient addition to the Keogh River and application to the Salmon Sciences 56:1600-1611. River in Coastal British Columbia. Pages 111-126 in J.G. Stockner, Wipfli, M. S., J. P. Hudson,and J. P. Caouette. 2004. Restoring produc- ed. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sustaining production and tivity of salmon-based food webs: contrasting effects of salmon carcass biodiversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 34, Bethesda, and salmon carcass analog additions on stream-resident salmonids. Maryland. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:1440-1454. Stalmaster, M. V., and J. A. Gessaman. 1984. Ecological energet- Wipfli, M. S., J. P. Hudson, J. P. Caouette,and D. T. Chaloner. 2003. ics and foraging behavior of overwintering bald eagles. Ecological Marine subsidies in freshwater ecosystems: salmon carcasses increase Monographs 54:407-428. the growth rates of stream-resident salmonids. Transactions of the Stalmaster, M. V., and J. L. Kaiser. 1997. Winter ecology of bald eagles American Fisheries Society 132:371-381. in the Nisqually River drainage, Washington. Northwest Science Wright, B. E., S. D. Riemer, R. F. Brown, A. M. Ougzin, and K. 71:214-223. A. Bucklin. 2007. Assessment of harbor seal predation on adult sal- Stockner, J. G. (editor). 2003. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sus- monids in a Pacific Northwest estuary. Ecological Applications taining production and biodiversity. American Fisheries Society 17:338-351. Symposium 34, Bethesda, Maryland. Yanai, S., and K. Kochi. 2005. Effects of salmon carcasses on Stockner, J. G., and K. I. Ashley. 2003. Salmon nutrients: closing the experimental stream ecosystems in Hokkaido, Japan. Ecological circle. Pages 3-15 in J. G. Stockner, ed. Nutrients in salmonid eco- Research 20:471-480.

134 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g COLUMN: PRESIDENT’S HOOK Continued from page 108

Box continued from page 108 instructions to consider the document on its merits with no editing and provide me with their advice on whether or not I should send the document to the Statement on Economic Growth and Fish Conservation” to the Resource Policy Committee for revision. Governing Board for a vote. I received a reply from RPC Chair Bonnie McCay in early November. It was January 2008: President Mary Fabrizio forms an ad hoc readily apparent that although the RPC majority committee to produce a revised AFS policy on economic voted to send the statement to the Governing growth and fish conservation. Board, serious criticisms of the document were April 2008: Draft is forwarded from the ad hoc committee to expressed. The officers considered the RPC response President Mary Fabrizio. and decided to ask the RPC to provide us with a list of the pros and cons of the statement to clarify May 2008: President Fabrizio presents the new draft whether or not it merited another revision. To be statement to the officers for comment, who find it to require major revision. The decision is made not to perfectly frank, I had a hard time finding any pros return it to the ad hoc committee, but to the chair of the in that list. In fact, it was mainly a longer and more committee to complete the revision. specific list of deficiencies continuing on from the comments that accompanied the results of the July 2008: Ad hoc committee chair provides a revised draft RPC vote. Subsequent to receiving the list of pros statement to the officers for review. and cons, a couple of e-mail exchanges suggested September 2008: Officers take ownership of the document further shortcomings of the draft statement. and meet in Ottawa following the Annual Meeting and Just prior to the 2009 Midyear Meeting of the revise the statement again. Governing Board, I provided the members of the October 2008: President Franzin sends the draft policy Board the draft policy statement, a summary of statement to the RPC for a straight out vote, without the history of the statement, the comments of the revision, to send or not send the draft to the Governing Resource Policy Committee on the draft prepared Board. by the officers, and the summary of the pros and cons. I asked the Governing Board to read the November 2008: The RPC chair sends the results of the RPC vote to President Franzin; a fairly even split with about half document and consider the comments provided for, half against or abstaining; with some comments from by the Resource Policy Committee, but to refrain some of the new and old members of the RPC. from attempts to revise the draft. I asked the Board, on the basis of the information provided, to December 2008: President Franzin asks RPC to provide a list of pros and cons on the draft statement that could be decide if the “Draft Policy Statement on Economic provided to the Governing Board to aid in their decision. Growth and Fish Conservation” should be sent to the membership for a vote. The Governing January 2009: RPC Chair provides comments from RPC that Board on 7 March 2009 decided that the “Draft represent divided opinions and considerable negative Policy Statement on Economic Growth and Fish feedback. Conservation” will not be sent to the membership March 2009: The draft policy statement is presented to the for a vote. The Board indicated that the draft Governing Board at the Midyear Board Meeting with document did not meet the rigorous requirements review comments and the history of the statement since of a policy statement that would represent a its formation. The Board is asked to render a decision position of the American Fisheries Society on on whether or not to put the draft statement to the membership for a vote. The Governing Board decides that the potential effects of economic activity on fish the draft policy statement is not suitable to present to the conservation. membership.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 135 Column: Carlos Fetterolf guest Director's line After retiring from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Fetterolf served as AFS president (1992–1993). He continues to harass students and professors at the University of Michigan and Michigan State University. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Is a “Fishy” Retirement in Your Future?

There are many and varied opportunities to stay it, just turn the page. But first, ask why you want to professionally active in retirement if you so choose. My withdraw from action just when you’re so well prepared purpose in writing this article is to stimulate prospec- to be effective. Isn’t there something “fishy” you’ve tive retirees and those already retired to investigate the wanted to do, but didn’t have the time until now? Why opportunities awaiting them in natural resources. First of conclude your professional career when you still have all, how do you envision retirement? Are you unsure of so much to contribute? Why withdraw from circulation what your status will be—or is now? Check the following and lose contact with your friends and colleagues of dictionary definitions of retirement for an appropriate fit: decades? Do you really want a place of seclusion? It’s OK to withdraw from action, to conclude one’s professional to fade away for awhile, but most likely you’ll reconsider career, to withdraw from circulation—retirement = a sometime in the future. You’ll have lost opportunities but place of seclusion. it’s never too late. Do any of these definitions describe your situation or If you decide on an active, “fishy” retirement, I offer your plans? If so, and that’s the way you think you want four preliminary steps for your consideration: prepara-

Box 1. Sample activities undertaken by retired fisheries professionals College affiliations in Michigan. • Taught biometrics, toxicology, fishing techniques, and leadership • Developed interdisciplinary course on campus natural resource issues Accomplishments • Conducted visitation courses to research stations in Arctic and • Steered AFS/Sea Grant symposia series for five AFS Annual Antarctic Meetings • Served on advisory committees • Chaired creation of 12,00 acre foot-access-only area • Wrote an Atlas of Michigan Fishes, Flyfishers Guide to Michigan, Consultant/advisor/officer The Grand River—A River Journal, Steelhead Savvy, History of • To retiree’s former employer; International Joint Michigan Fisheries, and innumerable articles for local, state, and Commission; county, school and city natural resource national publications departments; hydro plant relicensing; and private lake and • Coauthored AFS report on rotenone use in fisheries management pond management • Conducted statewide survey of fishes • To Michigan United Conservation Clubs, Audubon Society, • Led rehabilitation of the Upper Manistee River Trout Unlimited, B.A.S.S., Izaak Walton League, Michigan • Led establishment of artificial reefs Resource Stewards, Michigan Steelheaders, Michigan Musky • Initiated walleye culture programs and augmented state musky Alliance, Upper Manistee River Rehabilitation, Natural Resources culture Conservation Service, Great Lakes Sport Fishing Council, and • Established hatchery and natural resources consulting Sierra Club corporations • Constructed osprey nesting platforms and installed streambank Professional service erosion controls and sand traps • Editor/reviewer on water quality, Great Lakes, and fisheries journals, as well as agency reports Appointments • Officer in professional societies, such as AFS at the parent, • By U.S. Secretary of Commerce to National Sea Grant Program Chapter, Section, and committee levels, and the Michigan Review Panel Chapter of the North American Lake Management Society. • By governor as member or chair of various task forces evaluating natural resource issues • By International Joint Commission to Science Advisory Board Contributors: Gaylord Alexander, Reeve Baily, Jack Bails, Jim Bedford, Al Beeton, Rick Clark, Bill Deephouse, Tom Edsall, Randy Eshenroder, Carlos Fetterolf, Neal • By NOAA Great Lakes Lab to executive advisor Foster, Tom Hamilton, John Hesse, Niles Kevern, Joe Kutkuhn, Carl Latta, Roger • By Michigan Sea Grant Program to Policy Committee Lockwood, Bill McClay, Jim Merna, Mercer Patriarche, Jim Peck, John Robertson, Jim Rykman, Jim Schneider, Dennis Swanson, Howard Tanner, Wayne Tody, John • By Great Lakes Fishery Commission to Board of Technical Experts Trimberger, and Harry Westers

136 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g tion, participation commitment, continuing education, professional societies and keeping up with the litera- and choosing your involvement. There are many decisions ture. Attend local and regional meetings of professional to make. societies, non-governmental organizations, and student seminars so that you will be aware of new technology, be Preparation knowledgeable of trends, and simultaneously maintain your networking relationships. Many such meetings are Well before you retire, decide whether or not you wish free to seniors, as are courses at community colleges. to be a passive bystander in natural resources affairs or an active participant. If the latter, critically examine your Choosing your involvement personal desire level, your mental and physical health, your family’s attitude, and your pocketbook. Active par- Opportunities are varied. Each activity has its own ticipation is tiring, time consuming, and costly because level of time and financial commitment. A sampling of there is no more free office equipment, supplies, and activities undertaken by Michigan fisheries retirees is travel. Will your budget stand the strain? listed in Box 1. Sonotronics Participation commitment In summary, take your choice of the opportunities to serve our natural resources either locally, statewide, Having confidence in your decision is important, as is regionally, or nationally. Retirement service offers new your timing. Once you announce your intended retire- and rejuvenating challenges. You are free to take advo- ment date, you become a lame duck in your employer’s cacy positions and actions you never dared to take while eyes—maybe even a dead duck. But you must let it be employed. You’ll work with young people, be a mentor, widely known by personal communication within your get new ideas, and pursue them. In short, you will be professional network that you do not intend to fade energized, you’ll be appreciated, and you’ll be proud of away in retirement. Inform people often that you’re yourself. And in conclusion, being helpful is the secret offering your years of experience and mature judg- for staying young! ment in the service of natural resources. You may be amazed at what happens.

Continuing education

To be useful in a wide range of activities you must remain current in your field. This involves Emperor Aquatics continuing your membership in AFS and other

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 137 CANDIDATE STATEMENT: Second Vice President All AFS members will receive an e-mail with instructions on how to vote online. If you do NOT receive this e-mail, you may mail in the paper ballot that will be printed in the next issue of Fisheries. Margaret H. Murphy

Background I served as student activities chair and the many strange faces. Over the for the AFS 2006 Annual Meeting years, the faces became familiar to me My strong commitment to AFS and in Lake Placid. I was co-chair for the as I was introduced to more people at fisheries has been shaped by both my Outstanding Chapter Award Committee each meeting. I believe it is important professional and personal experiences. I in 2006–2007 and chair of the Award for students to get involved and take an am proud to say that my grandmother of Excellence Committee in 2007–2009. active role in the Society at all levels. It is taught me to fish. I received my B.S. Currently, I also am a member of the our job as professionals to help students in biology from Siena College in 1988, Strategic Planning Committee. I have understand the importance of establish- and my masters (1991) and Ph.D. been a Certified Fisheries Professional ing connections early in their careers (2003) in fisheries biology from the since 1997. and taking an active role in their future. State University of New York College The leadership positions that I have held of Environmental Science and Forestry Vision in AFS are testimony to the strength of (SUNY ESF). my commitment to advance opportuni- Currently, I am employed at Anchor The connections I have developed ties in these areas. QEA. I enjoy working with engineers with AFS members around the country AFS has been facing, and will con- and feel that I bring valuable viewpoints are invaluable. One of my visions is for tinue to face, challenging and exciting to numerous engineering projects. AFS to continue to help people make issues. As we become adapted to our Developing restoration plans for con- these connections. There are numerous “flat” world, the opportunities to teach taminated sites involves understanding careers available to fisheries scientists and learn from our colleagues around today that are more diverse than in the engineering needs while creating viable the world will expand. AFS has been aquatic habitats following remedia- past and communication among us is at the forefront of some of the critical tion. These projects are a give-and-take critical. Our interests are varied, with issues facing natural resources today. between designs and ecological pro- members in academia, government, We have the opportunity to increase cesses and I try to impress upon team non-governmental organizations, and public understanding of the value of members the importance of retaining a the private sector. We need to maintain fisheries and to foster sound steward- functioning ecosystem. this diversity and develop ways for all ship of the aquatic systems. I think it is My experiences have provided me members to connect and feel like they important to continue evaluating these with a useful vantage point for an AFS truly belong as well as contribute to the issues and developing policy statements president—from local and regional success of AFS. conservation challenges, to interactions Improvements can be made reach- or resolutions to help guide government with industry and government agencies ing out to underrepresented groups; officials and inform legislation. Input related to fisheries issues, mentoring, AFS needs to continue to reach out and from the various Units within AFS will be and engaging youth in understanding understand the services these groups critical to helping develop these state- fisheries and their value. require to increase the balance in AFS. ments. This will help ensure our role as Rarely has an AFS officer come from the credible scientific experts and maintain AFS Service private sector. I would bring this valu- or raise the status of AFS as a valuable able perspective to the AFS leadership, leader. I served as president of both the and commit to working on issues of I am excited and honored at the SUNY—ESF (1990–1991) and New expanding and diversifying the member- opportunity to serve the AFS member- York Chapters (1998-1999) and as the ship of AFS. ship. If elected, I will strive to maintain first advisor to the New York Student Students are the future of AFS and I connections with all members and Subunit from 1998 to 2002. I was raffle want to continue developing services for encourage new memberships from chairperson (1997, 2000) and program and incorporating them in the leader- underrepresented groups as well as fos- chair for the New York Chapter in ship of the organization. When I joined ter new relationships with other groups. 2002. As president of the Northeastern AFS, I became active in leadership and I look forward to working with the Division (2005–2006), I served on the started developing my network of col- Governing Board and executive director Governing Board (2004–2006) and leagues. It’s amazing to look back on to maintain our credibility as experts in Management Committee (2004–2006). those early New York Chapter meetings all aspects of fishery science.

138 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g CANDIDATE STATEMENT: Second Vice President All AFS members will receive an e-mail with instructions on how to vote online. If you do NOT receive this e-mail, you may mail in the paper ballot that will be printed in the next issue of Fisheries. John Boreman

BACKGROUND Magnuson Act, chair of the Groundfish coastal waters, and the insidious threat of Steering Committee, member of the impacts from global climate change. We I have recently retired from NOAA’s Bycatch Symposium Steering Committee, must also address management of fishery National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). chair of the Meritorious Service Award stocks and endangered species that are I received my B.S. from the SUNY College Committee, and chair of the special now recovering from severely depleted of Environmental Science and Forestry, Symposium on Large-Scale Fishery conditions. Finally, we will need to expand and my M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Independent Surveys. I was lead editor for the National Fish Habitat Action Plan to Cornell. My professional positions included the AFS Special Publication: Northwest include all major watersheds and coastal Northeast Region power plant special- Atlantic Groundfish—Perspectives on a waters of the United States, including ist for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Collapse. I am an AFS certified estuarine and marine. Although seemingly (USFWS), member of the USFWS National fisheries scientist, and recipient of the daunting, AFS has aptly demonstrated Power Plant Team, manager of the Dwight A. Webster Award of Merit from through its professional networking, edu- Emergency Striped Bass Study and senior the AFS Northeastern Division and the AFS cational opportunities, outreach programs, stock assessment scientist for NMFS, chief Meritorious Service Award. specialized training sessions, scientist of Research Coordination for NMFS’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center, director VISION certification program, and role as an hon- of the UMass/NOAA Cooperative Marine est broker in controversial issues that it is Education and Research Program, and I have had the privilege to witness the already prepared to meet many of these deputy director, then director, of the NMFS American Fisheries Society develop into a challenges. Northeast Fisheries Science Center. I was society that is global in scope and vertically More can be done. First, AFS should be director of the NMFS Office of Science integrated with fisheries education and more active in directing education stan- and Technology when I retired. I have employment programs in North America dards for fisheries students, perhaps even authored over 60 scientific articles, focus- and overseas. No matter how current the establishing an accreditation program. For ing on population dynamics and envi- AFS membership tries to be, however, we example, a recent report to Congress, co- ronmental impact assessments of coastal must continually ask ourselves if we will authored by AFS members, demonstrates and estuarine fishes. I continue to hold be prepared to meet the challenges that that demand for recruits is already exceed- adjunct professorships at the Amherst and lie ahead. Are we adapting to the evolving ing supply in quantitative fisheries science. Dartmouth campuses of the University of nature of fisheries science, management, Second, a formal AFS program is needed Massachusetts. and policy? Are we offering the right kinds for educating legislators at the local, state, of training for our students to prepare and federal levels on key fisheries issues AFS INVOLVEMENT them for entering the fisheries-related pro- and helping them understand the vari- fessions? Are we building on the strength ous, and sometimes opposing, points of I have been a member of AFS since of cultural diversity in the workforce? Will view taken by the experts. Third, two ad 1971. I am a member of the Marine we maintain our status as a responsible hoc committees should be established to Fisheries Section, Early Life History Section, global partner? Will we be able to keep investigate how AFS could: (1) expand its Equal Opportunities Section, and Estuaries pace with information technology? Can peer review capabilities to include serving Section. My AFS activities have included we increase prosperity of commercial and as unbiased reviewers of fisheries sci- serving as a field editor and an associ- recreational fisheries in light of an unstable ate editor for the Transactions, chair of global economy? Issues that AFS members ence being delivered directly to resource the Northeastern Division Newsletter will be facing over the next decade or managers; and (2) actively and formally Committee, chair of the Northeastern more include understanding and manag- participate in development of sound eco- Division Watershed Symposium Program ing fisheries in an ecosystem context, system-based management, to assure that Committee (published as AFS Symposium accelerated development of a competitive fisheries are given proper consideration in 13, Fisheries Management and Watershed offshore aquaculture industry in North an ecosystem context. Finally, AFS should Development), secretary/treasurer of the America, freshwater usage issues that capitalize on what it has done best—serve Northeastern Division, president of the jeopardize the integrity of our watersheds, as the go-to network for interchange of Marine Fisheries Section, chair of the spe- expanding areas of harmful algal blooms fisheries research, management, socioeco- cial Committee on Reauthorization of the and invasive species in our inland and nomics, and policy information.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 139 NEWS: AFS UNITS

Western Division President Eric Wagner, left, and Oregon Chapter President Doug Young, right, welcome Mary Fabrizio and Gus Rassam to the 2008 WDAFS Annual Meeting. Photos: Rich Grost

Dave Manning (California-Nevada Chapter), Dave Ayers, left, receives the 2008 Western Division Past President Bob right, receives the 2008 Western Division WDAFS Student Subunit of the Year Hughes, right, bestows the Robert Chapter of the Year Award from Western Award on behalf of the Palouse Borobicka Conservation Award to Division Past President Bob Hughes. Student Subunit (University of Idaho), Chuck Huntington. from Western Division Past President Bob Hughes. Western Division Oregon Chapter hosts record-setting Subunit of the Year). Recipients of the meeting Riparian Challenge Awards included the More than 1,100 attendees from Bureau of Land Management Holister throughout the western United States, Field Office (Santa Cruz IWRP for Santa Canada, and beyond gathered in Portland Cruz County), the U.S. Forest Service from 4–9 May 2008 for the largest annual (Lolo National Forest, Nine Mile Ranger meeting in AFS Western Division (WDAFS) District-Eustache Creek Project), The history. Hosted by the Oregon Chapter, this Nature Conservancy (Williamson River year’s meeting theme “Population Growth Delta Restoration Project—Tulana Phase), and Fisheries: The Western Challenge” and Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (Big resulted in 32 symposia and 17 contributed Hole Partnership-Watershed Rehabilitation paper sessions. Besides the 10 concurrent for Arctic Grayling on Private Land). The symposia and contributed paper sessions Eugene Maughan Scholarship recipients Hiram Li, right, receives the 2008 Western Division Award of Excellence from Western that were offered daily, attendees had for 2008 were Jeffrey Falke (Ph.D. stu- Division Past President Bob Hughes. opportunities to visit the Trade Show and dent, Colorado State University) and Lewis Poster Session, consisting of 18 vendors Barnett (M.S. student, California State and 69 posters, respectively. In addition, 5 University). Ryan Bellmore (Idaho State continuing education options, a daily ple- University) received the 2008 Sustainable nary session, and daily socials were offered Fisheries Foundation William Trachtenberg to the attendees. Scholarship. The 2008 WDAFS student The WDAFS award winners included award recipients included Michael LeMoine, Hiram Li (Award of Excellence), Whirling Western Washington University (Best Disease Foundation (Conservation Student Paper), and Alena Pribyl, Oregon Achievement Award), Charles Huntington State University (Best Student Poster). (Robert Borovicka Conservation The WDAFS invites all of you to Achievement Award), David Manning and Albuquerque, 3–7 May 2009, for the 46th Larry Brown (Special Recognition Award), WDAFS Annual Meeting “Evolution of the Western Landscape: Balancing Habitat, California-Nevada Chapter (Outstanding Bob Gresswell, right, congratulates Ryan Chapter Award), and the Palouse Student Land, and Water Management for Fish.” Bellmore, winner of the Sustainable Fisheries Subunit at the University of Idaho (Student —Neil Ward Foundation William Trachtenberg Scholarship.

140 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g UCONN Student Subunit ties designed to foster networking Conducts stream clean-up among fisheries students. A bicycle, mattress, fishing The event kicked off on Thursday rod, chair, beer cans, and, of with a well-attended opening social course, truck tires—all of these at a local brew pub. Students, items became our loot from MSU professors, and local fisher- working in a stream on a fall ies professionals gathered over Sunday afternoon. appetizers and beverages to dis- On 12 October 2008, nine cuss fisheries research, potential members of the University of graduate positions, the nuances of Connecticut (UCONN) Student fisheries careers, and to make new Subunit of the American Fisheries acquaintances. Society conducted a stream On Friday, students participated clean-up in the Fenton River, in a field trip to Yellowstone National which runs through the UCONN By the end of the afternoon, we Park. The trip into the park rewarded Forest near the main campus at filled a pick-up truck twice with full students with sights of geysers in Storrs. The stream section we tar- loads of trash. A barbeque followed the Norris Geyser Basin, waterfalls in geted is a state class III wild trout the stream clean-up, as fun activi- Yellowstone River Canyon, and wolves management area, which means that ties are also an integral part of our roaming through a 1988 burn area. some naturalized trout reproduction Student Subunit activities. The park was serene and quiet with the occurs, although the area is annually —Yoichiro Kanno winter season fast approaching. The day stocked with catchable-sized trout. was concluded with a relaxing soak in The area had received a noticeable Montana State University Boiling River. amount of recreational use (e.g., Student Subunit MSU—AFS was delighted by the camping, fishing), so this event Hosts first annual Western Division excellent participation in the presen- was a good opportunity for stu- Student Colloquium tation section of the colloquium on dent members to help maintain the The Montana State University AFS Saturday. Kris Homel (president) and natural condition of land, and it was (MSU—AFS) Student Subunit hosted Lora Tennant (vice president), of the also simply nice to work outside on the first annual Western Division AFS MSU—AFS Subunit, welcomed stu- a beautiful fall day in southern New Student Colloquium 23–25 October dents to the meeting. Leanne Roulson, England. 2008 in Bozeman. Students came from president elect of the Western Division, Participants were not limited to four universities and participated in a gave an update of WDAFS activities and UCONN-AFS members, but included variety of social and professional activi- opportunities, specifically those related members from another student-run organization on campus, the Soil and Water Conservation Society. This cooperation is indicative of fisheries being connected to the surrounding environment and land use, and reflects that UCONN—AFS is housed within an integrated natural resources department. Fostering connections with other student clubs also helps in our success, since UCONN—AFS, like many Student Subunits, is small and typically has a large annual turnover of its members. The opening social was held at a brew pub.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 141 Fisheries Management Section Urban and Community Fisheries Management Committee approved During the Fisheries Management Section business meeting in Ottawa, Students enjoy a field trip to Yellowstone National Park. the Urban and Community Fisheries Management Committee (UCFM) to students. After the welcome, the day was filled with four was approved as an ad-hoc commit- sessions of oral presentations and a poster session. A lot of tee. Its purpose is “to serve as a means for urban and time went into preparing the presentations and the quality community fisheries managers to better communicate, was impressive! At the end of the presentations, attendees learn from one another, and advance the effectiveness of voted on the location of next year’s colloquium and it was urban and community fisheries management.” Nearly all determined that the Colorado State University Student Subunit state fisheries agencies have specific programs focusing will host the Student Colloquium in the autumn of 2009. on management of urban fisheries. Urban fisheries man- The colloquium closed with a social at a local hot spring, agement is rooted in traditional fisheries management where students soaked and listened to live folk music. The and many of the same techniques (e.g., fish stocking, combination of social and professional activities allowed creel limits, and habitat improvement) and strategies students many opportunities to forge new friendships that used on traditional waters are applicable in urban areas. will grow stronger through future professional interactions. However, urban fisheries require more intensive manage- Furthermore, by bringing students together from throughout ment to maintain utility. Urban fisheries managers need the Western Division, everyone had the opportunity to learn to have a strong foundation in traditional fisheries man- about fisheries issues, research, and academic programs from agement, but also in marketing, public relations, budget- other regions. ing, planning, research, and aquatic education. Urban The MSU-AFS Subunit would like to thank all of the par- and community fisheries are a means for fisheries agen- ticipants in this year’s Student Colloquium and would particu- cies to stay relevant to the public, increase political clout, larly like to thank the Western Division of AFS, the Montana and ultimately maintain a strong constituency. If urban Chapter of AFS, and Montana State University for their gener- and community fisheries fail, or are not fully established, ous contributions. Thanks to the effort of so many, the first agencies will become less relevant to society, license sales annual WDAFS Student Colloquium was a success! will continue to decline, and all other fisheries efforts will —Kris Homel and Lora Tennant be hindered. The Fisheries Management Section served as a sponsor for both the 1983 and 2007 Urban Fishing Symposiums and is the most logical home for this committee. Anyone interested in any aspect of urban and community fisheries management is welcome to join. Committee membership is free; however, you must be a member of the AFS Fisheries Management Section to join. A main benefit to those who join will be access to either a listserv or blog. This will keep the conversation going on urban and community fisheries, provide a mechanism for coordinating future efforts, and increase the effectiveness of all our efforts. If you would like to be a part of this committee, please e-mail your contact information to one of the committee co-chairs: Tom Lang, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, [email protected] or Rick Eades, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, rick.eades@ Adam Hansen, president of the Colorado State University Student nebraska.gov. Subunit, presents his research. —Rick Eades

142 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Letters: TO the Editor

The Extensive and Complex Landscape of Fish-related Journals Mather et al. (2008) recently took on the daunting task of mapping the Box 1. A supplementary list of fish-related journals “publication landscape” of fish-related journals, in order to compile a rep- not included in Mather et al. (2008). Arrangement is resentative list of journals that publish scientific articles about fish, catego- alphabetical. rize journals with respect to subject matter coverage, and advise would-be authors on how to use journal coverage and other journal characteristics The American Naturalist to decide where to publish fish-related articles. Given recent growth in The American Midland Naturalist fish-related publications, we agree with the justification and timeliness of Acta Oecologica such an effort. However, after reading the article with intense interest, we Ambio identified several serious concerns with the article and concluded that an Animal Biodiversity & Conservation Animal Conservation alternative viewpoint might be useful to readers of Fisheries. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics First, we feel that Mather et al.’s (2008) publishing landscape (see their Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie Table 1) seriously under-represents both the number and variety of journals Biologia Ambientale in which studies of fish might be published. Omissions span a wide variety Biological Conservation of disciplines, including outstanding journals in zoology, general ecology, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology evolutionary biology and genetics, landscape ecology, conservation biol- Conservation ogy, and biological assessment and monitoring. Some omissions are clearly Conservation Genetics systematic with respect to discipline, and international journals are particu- Diversity & Distributions larly underrepresented in the list, though all such omissions are probably Functional Ecology intentional. From our personal libraries, without attempting to be exhaus- Ecography Ecological Indicators tive, we easily generated a rather long list of fish-related journals that were Ecological Modeling not included in Mather et al.’s (2008) publication landscape (Box 1). Ecological Monographs The authors acknowledge that their list of journals was “representa- Environmental Monitoring & Assessment tive but select.” However, they do not elaborate on how selections were Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry made. Likely, they were made based on the authors’ own areas of familiar- Evolution Evolutionary Ecology Research ity, but such a bias lies at cross-purposes with the authors’ very goal of Genetics raising awareness of the growing diversity of fish-related journals. More Global Ecology & Biogeography importantly, however, we are concerned that the list provided would mis- Heredity lead fisheries professionals and scientists who are not already familiar with Human & Ecological Risk Assessment the expanding scope and increasing specialization of biological sciences Integrative & Comparative Biology Journal of the American Water Resources Association journals. We feel that the authors imply that the list is comprehensive Journal of Biogeography by calling it a “landscape,” and suspect that such a compilation will be Journal of Theoretical Biology used as if it were a comprehensive reference, especially by new would-be Journal of the World Aquaculture Society authors. However, we argue that for such a compilation to be a useful Landscape Ecology reference for determining the fate of manuscripts, it must be comprehen- Molecular Ecology Resources Molecular Ecology sive, which it is not. Neotropical Ichthyology Second, among journals that are contained in Mather et al.’s (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of publication landscape, categorizations of journal content coverage are London often unduly narrow. For example, in addition to the stated focus on Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences “fish” and “fisheries,” the journal Fisheries publishes articles about “con- Proceedings of the Royal Society of London servation biology” (e.g., Jelks et al. 2008), “disease” (Grizzle and Brunner Public Library of Science (PLoS) Biology Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 2003), and “aquaculture” (e.g., Rumsey 1993), as well as articles on cat- Restoration Ecology egories not contained in Mather et al.’s scheme, like environmental plan- Revue Canadienne de Biologie ning (e.g., Angermeier et al. 2004), habitat restoration (Cooperman et al. Science of the Total Environment 2007), professional life (Angermeier 2007), and non-commercial non-fish Water Resources Research taxa (e.g., threatened crayfish; Taylor et al. 2007). We are therefore concerned that Mather et al.’s (2008) publication landscape artificially inflates

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 143 the apparent degree of specialization of fish-related journals, authors, and will exacerbate the degree of specialization of jour- and may unduly steer would-be authors toward specialized journals. Like habitats on real landscapes, differences among fish- nals when their work may appeal to a more general audience. related journals are nuanced, contextual, and dynamic. Between Mather et al. (2008) based their journal categorizations on the journal characteristics listed by the authors and those listed the declared “aims and scopes” of journals, rather than on in Box 1, we count at least 13 axes along which fish-related the actual content published in the journals. Therefore, one journals could be evaluated. Different authors, reviewers, and real revelation of Mather et al.’s (2008) study is the strong role editors will weight these axes differently based on qualities of of editors in shaping what actually gets published in journals, the manuscript, the nature of the journal, and pure chance. The despite journal aims and scope. Editors are the ultimate gate- multidimensionality of the situation thus ensures three things: keepers of the publication process, and it is evident that they are 1. There is, and likely will always be, room for “niche overlap” often willing to stretch the declared topical focus of a journal between journals, to accommodate diverse, yet relevant, contributions. Perhaps 2. Manuscript-journal matching cannot be reduced to a a more meaningful publication landscape would categorize deterministic process, and, perhaps fortunately, journals based on an analysis of the frequencies of publication 3. There often is no single right answer to the question of of topics within them. “where should I publish this manuscript?” Third, we are somewhat concerned with Mather et al.’s (2008) emphasis on manuscript acceptance rates as a metric by —James H. Roberts and which authors judge where to submit manuscripts. Though the Emmanuel A. Frimpong, authors do not describe how would-be authors should use this Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, information, presumably they are suggesting that higher accep- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, tance rates should weight favorably for a journal. We do not Blacksburg advise the perpetuation of this philosophy as a formula for good scientific communication or professional success. Though there References are exceptions to any rule, journals that are difficult to publish in are generally so because of a strong journal reputation and/ Angermeier, P. L. 2007. The role of fish biologists in helping soci- or wide readership, both being characteristics that should count ety build ecological sustainability. Fisheries 32(1):9-20. for, rather than against, a journal in most cases. Angermeier, P. L., A. P. Wheeler, and A. E. Rosenberger. 2004. Fourth, to the list of criteria upon which Mather et al. (2008) A conceptual framework for assessing impacts of roads on advise authors to base journal decisions (i.e., topical appro- aquatic biota. Fisheries 29(12):19-29. priateness, journal prestige and readership, acceptance rate, Cooperman, M. S., S. G. Hinch, S. Bennett, M. A. Branton, R. availability online, publishing cost), we would suggest three V. Galbraith, J. T. Quigley, and B. A. Heise. 2007. Streambank important additional criteria: manuscript turnaround time, restoration effectiveness: lessons learned from a comparative manuscript length, and an honest assessment of the impact of study. Fisheries 32(6):278-291. the study. The first two criteria should be self explanatory, but Grizzle, J. M., and C. J. Brunner. 2003. Review of largemouth the latter may not be to new would-be authors. Any study can bass virus. Fisheries 28(11):10-14. be scientifically robust, but not all are appropriate for Nature. Jelks, H. L., and 15 co-authors. 2008. Conservation status of Talking to a publishing-seasoned mentor or two is the best way imperiled North American freshwater and diadromous fishes. to make such distinctions. If in doubt that the right journal has Fisheries 33(8):372-407. been selected, a quick browse of recent issues should help to Mather, M. E., D. L. Parrish, and J. M. Dettmers. 2008. Mapping the changing landscape of fish-related journals: setting a course determine if a manuscript fits the conceptual domain of the for successful communication of scientific information. Fisheries journal. If still in doubt, contact the journal editor and ask! 33(9):444-453. Finally, we feel that Mather et al. (2008) missed an important Rumsey, G. L. 1993. Fish meal and alternative sources of protein in opportunity. The paper focuses solely on navigating authors fish feeds: update 1993. Fisheries 18(7):14-19. through the publication landscape, but does not attempt the Taylor, C. A., and 9 co-authors. 2007. A reassessment of the con- equally worthwhile objective of advising readers on how to use servation status of crayfishes of the United States and Canada journal characteristics, etc., to determine where best to seek after 10+ years of increased awareness. Fisheries 32(8):372-389. fish-related information and stay informed on the direction of their areas of specialization within the broader field of biology, management, and conservation of fishes. One could argue that The authors respond— if readers are informed about the publication landscape, the awareness of authors will follow automatically. We are gratified to know that our article stimulated Roberts We applaud Mather et al. (2008) for raising awareness and Frimpong to think about the complex landscape of fish- about the increasing complexity of the fish-related publication related publications. We agree that the array of fish-related landscape. However, we fear that, if used as a tool for matching journals available to would-be authors is a complex subject manuscripts to journals, it will mislead rather than aid would-be and deserves more discussion. Our goal was to provide a

144 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g model set of criteria for would-be authors that offer concrete the publication process to make the most informed decision ways to think about the change, diversity, and specialization about where to submit a manuscript. At certain times in one’s of fish-related journals. We believe we have provided such career (e.g., post-doc, pre-tenure professor), the rate of paper guidance. acceptance may be a very real consideration. Roberts and Frimpong discuss five issues stimulated by Fourth, in addition to the list of criteria upon which we our article. We view their comments as restatements of the advised authors to base journal decisions (i.e., topical appro- limitations and biases that we previously identified (Mather priateness, journal prestige and readership, acceptance rate, et al. 2008) or extensions of the discussion we initiated. availability online, publishing cost), Roberts and Frimpong Below we comment on each of the points they raise. First, suggested three more criteria: “manuscript turnaround time, Roberts and Frimpong express concern that we “seriously manuscript length, and an honest assessment of the impact under-represented both the number and variety of journals of the study.” These are good suggestions and we concur. in which studies of fish might be published” and that our list Relative to the latter criterion, they suggested talking to men- “would mislead fisheries professionals and scientists who are tors and journal editors. We agree and in fact we included this not already familiar with the expanding scope and increas- suggestion in our more detailed chapter in the new Writing for ing specialization of biological sciences journals.” Within the Natural Resources book soon to be published by the American many thousands of journals that exist, there are hundreds Fisheries Society. within the biological and environmental sciences, and likely Fifth, Roberts and Frimpong (2009) thought we “missed half of them publish papers that could contain some “fishy” an important opportunity by focusing solely on navigating content. Our goal was not to provide a comprehensive list of authors through the publication landscape” and not “attempt- journals that might publish studies about fish. Evaluating all ing the equally worthwhile objective of advising readers on possible journals is a daunting task made even more diffi- how to use journal characteristics…” This was simply not the cult by the recent name changes of many journals (e.g., the goal of our paper and is beyond the scope of what we could change from Regulated Rivers: Research & Management to address in a focused article. A thoughtful, novel article about River Research and Applications). Our decision to examine how readers can negotiate the fish literature would be a very 60 journals that were “representative but select” is consis- useful additional contribution, one that we encourage future tent with the approach of other publications that examined authors to undertake. changes in the scientific literature. For example, McCain We encourage would-be authors to read and think about (1994), Aarssen et al. (2008), and a manuscript in prepara- the ideas we presented, but doubt if many are making deci- tion by D. A. Hewitt, J. S. Link, D. H. Wahl, S. J. Cooke, and sions on the basis of our article alone. We believe our insights M. E. Mather summarize 43, 60, and 46 journals. In our about paradigmatic differences among fisheries, fish biology, view, it was more important to provide a framework for ecology, and conservation biology are real, but the separation guidance that could be adapted by most would-be authors is subtle, differences are nuanced, and substantial overlap than to attempt comprehensive coverage. exists. We look forward to future tests of this idea. With a Second, Roberts and Frimpong commented that our “cate- task as large and complex as understanding the changing gorizations of journal content coverage were often unduly nar- landscape of fisheries literature, we believe that the greatest row” and thought classifications should be based on “actual new insights will derive from objective review and quantitative content published in the journals” rather than aims and scope metrics. More analysis and discussion of journals will benefit as stated on the journal web page. We agree that there are professionals within and beyond AFS. We look forward to many ways to classify journals. We disagree, however, that participating in that discussion. another approach would have been more useful. Our goal was —Martha E. Mather, to use specific and objective criteria to provide an overview of Donna L. Parrish, and general relationships among fish-related journals. Using the John M. Dettmers stated emphases that a journal puts on its aims and scope is a simple objective criterion that is easily evaluated. We look References forward to seeing how future authors tackle the daunting task of journal classification in a way that provides new insights. Aarssen L.W., T. Tregenza, A.E. Budden, C.J. Lortie, J. Third, Roberts and Frimpong did not think manuscript Koricheva and R. Leimu. 2008. Bang for your buck: rejec- acceptance rates should be “a metric by which authors judge tion rates and impact factors in ecological journals. The Open where to submit manuscripts.” Although authors are unlikely Ecology Journal 1:14-19. to use only this metric, the reality is that many authors do McCain, K. W. 1994. Islands in the stream—mapping the fisher- consider this metric when deciding where to submit a manu- ies and aquatic sciences literatures . Fisheries 19(10):20-27. script. Over 55.5% of 1,250 ecologists surveyed rated the Mather, M. E., D. L. Parrish, and J. M. Dettmers. 2008. high likelihood of acceptance as important or very important Mapping the changing landscape of fish related journals: when selecting a journal (Aarssen et al. 2008). We included setting a course for successful communication of scientific this metric because authors need information on all aspects of information. Fisheries 33(9): 444-453.

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 145 Obituary: Susan B. Martin

AFS Idaho Chapter President

Susan B. Martin, 57, the first female president and a long- of her 20 years as a member of the U.S Fish and Wildlife time member of the Idaho Chapter AFS, passed away on 15 Service family. She was a respected, but respectful, negotia- September 2008, in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, after a two-year tor on behalf of the conservation and recovery of bull trout, battle with cancer. She was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Kootenai River white sturgeon, Canada lynx, grizzly bears, spent most of her younger years in Blackfoot, Idaho, where woodland caribou, and pygmy rabbits. she graduated from Blackfoot High School. She initially In the early 1980s, she served for several years as the attended the University of Oregon, and later graduated from Idaho Chapter’s newsletter editor and has been credited the University of Idaho with a B.S. in biology in 1973 and a with leading the Chapter’s efforts to request funding from M.S. in microbiology in 1976. the Idaho Congressional delegation in support of the Idaho Martin spent her initial years with the U.S. Forest Service Cooperative Fishery Research Unit. These efforts were and the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, but ultimately successful. In 1982, in recognition of her efforts, joined the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1988. Her most the Chapter awarded Martin the first Award of Special recent assignment was as the field supervisor of the Upper Recognition. In 1986 she was elected Chapter president. Columbia Fish and Wildlife Office in Spokane, Washington. Martin was committed to the idea that AFS should provide Martin was dedicated to the conservation and protection of members with professional development opportunities. fish, wildlife, and plants, and consistently emphasized the As president, she organized a special session on “how to need for more discussion by all interested parties in order to become a more effective biologist in this highly political reach resolution on highlighted issues. Martin was proud field.” Martin influenced a number of professionals during their career development. During her two-year battle with cancer, she and her family were pleasantly surprised at the number of cards and letters of support expressing gratitude for her role developing the careers of others. Martin influenced careers as a mentor, a role model, and a leader. She respected and believed in hard-working, dedicated scientists who deliver science in a manner that other stakehold- ers understand and, therefore, ultimately agree with. Her leadership involved letting people know she believed in and supported them. She married Donald Martin in 1975, and they lived in Star, Idaho, for 25 years before moving to Coeur d’Alene in 2000. She loved to be with family and friends in the outdoors camping, fly fishing, whitewater rafting, backcountry skiing, and creating delicious dinners; she was also an avid reader. O. S. Systems Martin’s family and friends fondly remember her grace, composure, patience, kindness, loyalty, organizational skills, endurance, honesty, steadfastness, and tenacity, as well as her sparkling eyes and skinny long legs. The family has worked with the Idaho Chapter of the American Fisheries Society to establish the Susan B. Martin Memorial Scholarship award for Idaho graduate students in aquatic sciences and fisheries. This scholarship is intended to continue doing in her name what she did best in her career—help other scientists to be successful. Tax deduct- ible donations to this scholarship fund can be sent to: Idaho Chapter AFS, Attn: Christine Kozfkay, 1800 Trout Road, Eagle, ID 83616 —Don Martin and Jim Fredericks

146 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Obituary: Robert “Bob” Hanten

South Dakota Chief of Fisheries

Robert “Bob” Lee Hanten, 73, passed away in Pierre, felt that everyone had a right to have water running in the South Dakota, in November 2008. He was born in Sioux City, streams of their state. Hanten also spent many years of his Iowa, and grew up in Watertown, South Dakota, where he life working to clean up mining impacts to Whitewood Creek graduated from high school. He then attended South Dakota as well as other creeks in South Dakota. In addition to his State University (SDSU) in Brookings. Following graduate more visible duties, Hanten was instrumental in develop- school, he went to work for the South Dakota Department ing a cooperative research program with the Department of Game, Fish and Parks as a fisheries biologist in 1961 and of Wildlife and Fisheries Science at SDSU and the Biology soon became chief of fisheries. He retired as the chief of Department at the University of South Dakota. fisheries in 1997. Hanten always approached his job and conducted himself Hanten served the people and fisheries resources of South in a most professional manner. He led by example, supervised Dakota for more than 35 years. He guided the growth of and mentored nearly all the South Dakota fisheries staff, the department’s fish culture capability from one old antique and was involved in fisheries management in every county in hatchery at Pickeral Lake to three modern fish culture facili- South Dakota. Hanten was recognized by his colleagues in ties, and he was intimately involved in the Missouri River surrounding states as a fisheries leader who fostered positive Development plan that modernized recreational access to co-management fisheries management on surrounding bor- the Missouri River. Through his leadership, South Dakota has become noted for its quality fishing, attracting three million der waters. Most importantly, Hanten was a friend to anglers angler visits each year. that fish in South Dakota as well as to the South Dakota Hanten co-authored a book, Managing South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. For these and a host Ponds for Fish and Wildlife, which is now a popular and of other projects, Hanten was inducted into the American much used book in South Dakota. In addition, he and his Fisheries Society Fisheries Management Hall of Fame in 1997. son wrote a chapter on commercial fishing and the baitfish His efforts will be enjoyed by anglers for generations to Industry in the book, History of Fisheries and Fishing in South come. Dakota. Memorials may be directed to the SDSU Foundation in Hanten fought for and attained the water rights for an memory of Robert L. Hanten Memorial Scholarship Fund at allocated number of cubic feet per second of water flow P.O. Box 525, Brookings, SD, 57007. in streams in the name of all people of South Dakota. He —Robert P. Hanten

Lotek

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 147 To submit upcoming events for inclusion on the AFS Web site Calendar, send CALeNDAr: event name, dates, city, state/province, web address, and contact information FISHERIES EVENTS to cworth@fi sheries.org. (if space is available, events will also be printed in Fisheries magazine.)

More events listed at www.ﬁ sheries.org.

Mar 27-29 Midwest Ecology and Evolution Conference Lincoln, Nebraska midwesteec.org

Mar 30-Apr 3 improving the Ecological Status of Fish Communities in inland Waters: international Symposium and EFi+ Workshop, Hull, United Kingdom www.hull.ac.uk/hifi /events/index.html

Apr 17-19 Sixth Annual graduate Student Conference Crescent Beach, British Columbia www.fameconference.org

Apr 26-29 65th Annual Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference and AFS Northeastern Division Annual Meeting Lancaster, Pennsylvania www.neafwa.org

May 3-7 Western Division Annual Meeting—Evolution of the Western Landscape: Balancing Habitat, Land, and Water Management for Fish Albuquerque, New Mexico www.aznmfi shsoup.org/wdafs09/index.htm

May 22-26 Third and Last gLOBEC Open Science Meeting Victoria, British Columbia, Canada www.globec.org

May 25-29 World Aquaculture 2009 Veracruz, Mexico www.was.org

Jun 1-11 indo Pacifi c Fish Conference and Australian Society for Fish Biology Fremantle, Western Australia www.asfb.org.au/events

Jun 14-19 Seventh international Conference on Molluscan Shellfi sh Safety Nantes, France www.icmss09.com

Jun 16-17 World Ocean Council—Sustainable Ocean Summit Belfast, Ireland www.oceancouncil.org

Jun 23-26 international Paleolimnology Symposium Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico www.paleolim.org

Jul 20-24 Sixth international Fisheries Observer and Monitoring Conference Portland, Maine www.fi sheriesobserverconference.com

Jul 22-27 Early Life History Section's 33rd Annual Larval Fish Conference and American Society of ichthyologists and Herpetologists Conference Portland, Oregon www.dce.k-state.edu/conf/jointmeeting

Aug 14-17 Aquaculture Europe 2009 Trondheim, Norway www.easonline.org

Aug 24-27 Sixth international Conference on Marine Bioinvasions Portland, Oregon www.clr.pdx.edu/mbic

Aug 30-Sep 3 American Fisheries Society 139th Annual Meeting Nashville, Tennessee www.fi sheries.org

Sep 16-19 World Fishing Exhibition 2009 vigo , Spain www.worldfi shingexhibition.com

148 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Sep 21-25 international Council for the Exploration of the Sea Annual Science Conference Berlin, Germany www.ices.dk

Dec 9-12 Fourth Shanghai international Fiseries and Seafood Expo Shanghai, China www.gehuaexpo.com 2010

Sep 12-16 American Fisheries Society 140th Annual Meeting Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania www.fi sheries.org

2011 Quantitative Fisheries Center

Sep 4-8 American Fisheries Society 141th Annual Meeting Seattle, Washington www.fi sheries.org

National Conservation Leadership Institute

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 149 AFS Annual Mee ting: Enjoy a Great Hotel in Downtown Nashville

Team AFS is served by three interstate highways. The Bridge Bistro at the conference hotel 2009 has chosen Getting to an AFS Annual Meeting has a place for the never been easier! All you need to know 139th Annual to arrange for transportation can be Meeting that will found at the Lodging/Transportation link provide everyone on our webpage; if you are driving, ask excellent access Google or Mapquest to get you to “611 to all of the Commerce Street, Nashville, TN,” the meeting activities conference hotel address. and amenities As noted in our Calls for Papers, there that Nashville will be lots to do before, during, and has to offer. after the meeting in Music City USA. The host hotel for the 2009 Awaiting history buffs are antebellum Nashville meeting mansions, presidential plantation homes, Nashville skyline from across the is the Renaissance and Civil War battlefields within short Cumberland River Nashville Hotel (part of the Marriott drives of downtown Nashville. A list of chain of hotels; 1-800/327-6618), which local fishing guides catering to clients adjoins the spacious, modern Nashville interested in pursuing world-class fish- Convention Center; all of the talks, ing for striped bass, smallmouth bass, posters, workshops, the trade show, catfish, and trout is available on the con- and several socials will be held at this ference website (get to the “Tennessee complex (which is easily navigated). The Fishing Opportunities” webpage by Renaissance Nashville Hotel was recently clicking on the “Tours and Sightseeing” renovated and is one of Nashville’s finest link on the meeting webpage). Of luxury hotels—at $139 night (double- course, a big draw for visitors to down- occupancy), it’s a heck of a bargain! The town Nashville is music and conference Organizing Committee requests that you attendees will have fun choosing among book rooms at this hotel first because many music venues near the conference Tootsies Orchid Lounge is one of several filling our 625-room block is essential site (some are right next door); check out famous honky-tonk bars a mere block to obtaining free meeting space; don’t these websites before you arrive: www. away from the conference site. forget to mention that you are attending nashvilledowntown.com/play/night- the AFS meeting to secure the confer- life.php; www.nowplayingnashville. ence rate. In the event they are needed, com/event/cat/music. Others are listed two overflow hotels with negotiated conference rates (Sheraton Nashville on our “Tours and Sightseeing/What to Downtown and Holiday Inn Express) are See and Do” webpage. Don’t forget, a located within easy walking distance; visit to the Country Music Hall of Fame all three hotels are within five blocks of is de rigueur for first-time visitors to each other and all offer great access to Nashville. This gorgeous shrine to the downtown Nashville nightlife. Please visit history of the country music industry is the Nashville ‘09 Annual Meeting web- only three blocks from the conference site at www.fisheries.org/afs09/ and hotel and the walk will take you past click on the “Lodging/Transportation” the historic Ryman Auditorium, the site link for complete information on where of one of our socials. It’s never too early A 5-minute walk from the conference to stay, how to make your reservations, to book your room and make travel site will take you to 2nd Avenue and and how to get here. arrangements for the busy, late-summer Broadway, one of Nashville’s favorite places to wine and dine and listen to Speaking of “getting here,” Nashville travel season, so make your plans now great music. International Airport is less than 10 miles to attend the Nashville AFS’09 meeting. from the conference site and Nashville Travel safely—we’ll see you there!

150 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 151 EMPLOYERS: To list a job opening on the AFS Online Job Center submit a position Announcements: description, job title, agency/company, city, state, responsibilities, qualifications, salary, closing date, and contact information (maximum 150 words) to jobs@fisheries. Job Center org. Online job announcements will be billed at $350 for 150 word increments. Please send billing information. Listings are free (150 words or less) for organizations with Associate, Official, and Sustaining memberships, and forI ndividual members, who are faculty members, hiring graduate assistants. If space is available, jobs may also be printed in Fisheries magazine, free of additional charge.

Resource Specialist, Montana Fish, Contact: Crystal LouAllen, http:// necessary to complete specific projects Wildlife, and Parks fisherieslab.disl.org/intern.htm, being conducted by field station. Field Salary: $30,624–38,280 depending [email protected]. trips range from day trips to ten-day on qualifications, internal equity, the trips in remote locations. Work is labor market supply-demand, and the M.S. or Ph.D. Graduate performed regularly during extreme program’s ability to pay. Assistantships, University of Florida. heat and adverse weather. Closing: 27 March 2009. Salary: $17,000–22,000 per year plus Qualifications: MUST be agreeable Responsibilities: Coordinate and tuition waiver, health insurance, and to mechanical removal and disposition conduct fish population surveys and field housing. of nonnative fish species using lab studies to assess the characteristics Closing: 30 March 2009. various approaches. Degree in and dynamics of fish populations and Responsibilities: Participate in biological sciences, ecology, zoology, angler use. a large project assessing survival, wildlife or fisheries management, Qualifications: B.S. in fish wildlife growth, habitat use, and natal source or a closely related field required. management, four years progressively of juvenile fish in the Grand Canyon Willingness to travel and camp while responsible experience. reach of the Colorado River. conducting fieldwork and work a Contact: See online application at Qualifications: Earned degree in flexible schedule under harsh and http://fwp.mt.gov. fisheries and wildlife science, ecology, adverse field conditions. Willingness zoology, biology, or similar field. and capabality to perform physically Fisheries Ecology Lab Internships, Contact: For more information see taxing tasks and be outdoors in hot, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Alabama. http://floridarivers.ifas.ufl.edu or rainy, and cold weather. Must be Salary: $1,200 per month. Housing, contact Bill Pine, [email protected] over 18 years of age. Ability to work including utilities, available at the well with others. Motor and row Dauphin Island Sea Lab for $325 per Native Fisheries Technician boating experience, electrofishing month. (Temporary 4–8 months), experience, demonstrated ability to Closing: For summer—30 March Department of Natural Resources, work independently, and mechanical 2009. For fall—1 June 2009. Moab, Utah. aptitude prefered. Responsibilities: Participation Salary: B.S. $10.99 or M.S. $12.58. Start date: March through in ongoing research. Assist with Meals, tent, and dry bags are supplied approximately October of 2009. groundbreaking studies in fisheries during fieldwork. Housing is NOT Consideration for alternate begin/ ecology in the northern Gulf of provided. end dates will be given if applicant is Mexico that involve a variety of bony Closing: 30 March 2009. actively pursuing a degree. fishes, sharks and rays, and shellfish Responsibilities: Project technicians Contact: Paul Badame, 435/259- from both offshore and inshore will assist with various field projects 3780. Apply by mailing resume, locales. For a full description of current involving native and endangered transcript, and cover letter to Project projects, see http://fisherieslab.disl.org/ species of fish on the Green, Colorado, Leader Paul Badame, Utah Division of projects.htm. Work closely with Sean and San Juan rivers. Primary duties Wildlife Resources, Moab Field Station, Powers and a variety of lab personnel, include monitoring of native and 1165 South Highway 191, Suite 4, including principal investigators, nonnative fish populations, using fish Moab, Utah 84532 or paulbadame@ current graduate students, and lab collection techniques such as seining, utah.gov. technicians. electrofishing, and trammel-netting, Qualifications: Undergraduate juniors and various other related tasks. Marine Fisheries Observers, AIS, and seniors enrolled in a marine Following field trips, take responsibilty Inc.—National Marine Fisheries Service science or related field programs, or for ensuring the field crew cleans and contractor out of ports from Maine to graduating seniors. Marine experience maintains equipment, and prepares for North Carolina, includes three-week, preferred. Interest in marine science future trips. Take responsibilty for data paid training course in Woods Hole, and/or fisheries a career preferred. collection, organization, and input Massachusetts.

152 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Salary: Based on an average of 12 Contact: Send resume, references, list Project. Transport fish downstream sea days a month. Starting rates are of biology courses, and cover letter of the project to continue their $200 per sea day and $12 per land detailing sea and fish experience to: seaward migration. Supplement hour. Health and dental insurance, [email protected]. the ongoing work at Cowlitz Falls vacation, sick, and holiday benefits. See www.aisobservers.com and www. Dam, where Tacoma Power and Closing: 1 April 2009. nefsc.noaa.gov/femad/fsb. Lewis County Public Utility District Responsibilities: Work at sea are working to improve the dam's collecting and recording fish catch/ Fisheries Technician 1 (seasonal downstream fish collection system. discard and biological samples aboard 6 months), Pacific States Marine Operate and maintain several fish commercial fishing vessels, which Fisheries Commission, Washington. collection gears, including beach range from 40’ to 100’. Trips are 1 to Salary: To be determined. seines, Merwin traps, and inclined 14 days, begins 14 April 2009. Closing: 1 April 2009. plane traps. Transport fish to the Qualifications: B.S. in marine Responsibilities: Work on a Cowlitz Salmon Hatchery. Assist biology or biology required. Own three-person crew collecting with evaluations of the downstream transportation. U.S. or Canadian juvenile salmon migrating within transport program and other studies citizenship. the Cowlitz River Hydroelectric will be required as they arise.

3 MARCH

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 153 Qualifications: See www.psmfc. Closing: 1 May 2009. Experience identifying fish org/Employment_Careers. Responsibilities: Manage 15–20 preferred Contact: Apply at www.psmfc.org/ staff members. Manage workload Contact: Send cover letter, resume, Employment_Careers. and resource allocation, and and three references from previous discretionary spending budget. employment to Leonard Machut, Post-doctorial Researcher, Ensure performance. Set goals [email protected]. See www. Oregon State University, College of and professional development fisheries.vims.edu/trawlseine/ Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences. requirements. Ensure QMS and H\S sbmain.htm. Salary: $45,000-47,000 per year. processes are followed. Coordinate Closing: 30 April 2009. business development efforts with Ph.D. Assistantship in Mapping Responsibilities: Work with an other managers. Responsible for Ecosystem Services, Virginia interdisciplinary team of researchers price and resource commitment Polytechnic Institute. studying the trophic interactions, for proposals. Responsible for Salary: $22,000–24,000 per year distribution, and abundance client satisfaction. Ensure group plus tuition. changes of commercial groundfish profitability. Closing: 31 July 2009. populations in the eastern Qualifications: B.S. or M.S. in Responsibilities: Participate in a Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska in marine or related discipline plus multidisciplinary effort to examine relation to changing oceanic and 8–10 years consulting experience. where/when biological conservation demographic conditions. Perform Excellent client relationship and enhances delivery of aquatic advanced statistical analyses of ecosystem services. Participate in problem solving skills. groundfish distribution and trophic conceptual-model development for Contact: See www. interactions. Opportunities exist to and spatial analyses of relations jacqueswhitford.com/en/home/ participate in research cruises. among conservation practices, careers/default.aspx, job 2008-338. Qualifications: Ph.D. in biological biodiversity, delivery of ecosystem

oceanography, fisheries, ecology, services, and human well being in Student Field Assisants (2 biostatistics, or related disciplines, a U.S. river basin. Perform project positions), Virginia Institute of preferably with interests in data analysis and report writing, Marine Science. population ecology. Experience while completing Ph.D. coursework. with or a desire to learn advanced Salary: $10–12 per hour Qualifications: M.S. in statistical analysis, such as depending on experience. landscape ecology, ecological Generalized Additive Models and Closing: 15 May 2009. Work economics, conservation biology, geostatsistics is required. July–September 2009. geography, or related discipline. Contact: See application Responsibilities: Work on Commitment to multidisciplinary instructions at http://oregonstate. seine survey and assist with field research, demonstrated scientific edu/jobs, posting 0003756 and operations in southeastern Virginia. productivity, including peer- for the position announcement, Help deploy a 100-ft seine through reviewed publications, strong see www.coas.oregonstate.edu/ or waist- or chest-deep water. Aid in statistical skills experience with contact Lorenzo Ciannelli, 541/737- fish identification, measurements, large geo-spatial datasets, excellent 3142, [email protected]. and data recording. writing skills. edu. AA/EOE. See http://bsierp. Qualifications: Ability to swim, Contact: Send letter of interest, nprb.org/index.htm. pull seine, and help to move resume, GRE scores, names of three equipment up to weighing 50 references to Paul Angermeier, Group Leader, Marine Sciences, pounds. Ability to resist motion Department of Fisheries and Jacques Whitford, British Columbia, sickness while work is performed Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, Canada. rain or shine for 8–12 hours Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0321; Salary: To be determined. outdoors onboard 18-foot vessels. 540/231-4501; [email protected].

154 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Advanced Telemetry Systems

Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 155 Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc. 156 Fisheries • v o l 34 n o 3 • m a r c h 2009 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g