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A Biological Synopsis of Walleye (Sander Vitreus)

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A Biological Synopsis of Walleye (Sander vitreus) G.F. Hartman Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch, Pacific Region Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, B.C. V9T 6N7 2009 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2888 Fisheries and Oceans Peches ef Oceans 1+1 Canada Canada Canada Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribution is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. However, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies ofthe Department ofFisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Manuscript reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and indexed in the Department's annual index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-900 in this series were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board ofCanada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name ofthe Board was changed byAct of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 1426 - 1550 were issued as Department ofFisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 1551. Manuscript reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Out-of-stock reports will be supplied for a fee by commercial agents. Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halientiques et aquatiques Les rapports manuscrits contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques ques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui traitent de problemes nationaux ou regionaux. La distribution en est limitee aux orgauismes et aux personnes de regions particulieres du Canada. n n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la secie reflete la vaste gamme des interets et des politiques du minisrere des Peches et des Oceans, c'est-a-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports manuscrits peuvent etre cites comme des publications completes. Le titre exact parait au-dessus du resume de chaque rapport. Les rapports manuscrits sont resumes dans la revue Resumes des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques, et ils sont classes dans I'index annual des publications scientifiques et techniques du Ministere. Les numeros I a 900 de cette serie ont ete publies a titre de manuscrits (serle biologique) de I'Office de biologie du Canada, et apres Ie changement de la designation de cet organisme par decret du Parlement, en 1937, ont ete classes comme manuscrits (serie biologique) de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Les numeros 901 a 1425 ont 1516 publies a titre de rapports manuscrits de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Les numeros 1426 a 1550 sont parus a titre de rapports manuscrits du Service des peches et de la mer, minisrere des Peches et de I'Environnement. Le nom actuel de la serie a 6t6 etabli lors de la parution du numero 1551. Les rapports rnanuscrits sont produits a l'echelon regional, mais numerotes a l'echelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'etablissement auteur dont Ie nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les rapports epuises seront foumis contre retribution par des agents commerciaux. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2888 2009 A BIOLOGICAL SYNOPSIS OF WALLEYE (Sander vitreus) by G.F. Hartman' Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch, Pacific Region Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanairno, BC V9T6N7 1Fisheries Research and Education Services 1217 Rose Ann Drive, Nanaimo, B.C. V9T 3Z4 ii © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2009 Cat. No. Fs 97-4/ 2888E ISSN 0706-6473 Correct citation for this publication: Hartman, G.F. 2009. A biological synopsis of walleye (Sander vitreus). Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2888: v + 48 p. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... V 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1 1.1 NAME, CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFIERS...........................................1 1.2 DESCRIPTION............................................................................................1 2.0 DISTRIBUTION..............................................................................................3 2.1 GLOBAL NATIVE DISTRIBUTION .............................................................3 2.2 NATIVE DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA ........................................................4 2.3 NON-NATIVE DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA ...............................................4 2.3.1 Expansion of distribution in British Columbia........................................5 2.4 MODES OF INVASION...............................................................................5 3.0 BIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY............................................................6 3.1 AGE AND GROWTH...................................................................................6 3.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL TOLERANCES .............................................................7 3.2.1 Temperature ........................................................................................8 3.2.2 Oxygen ................................................................................................8 3.2.3 pH ........................................................................................................8 3.2.4 Pollution ...............................................................................................9 3.3 REPRODUCTION .....................................................................................10 3.3.1 Maturation...........................................................................................10 3.3.2 Fecundity............................................................................................10 3.3.3 Spawning habitat................................................................................11 3.3.4 Pre-spawning movements and spawning behavior ...........................11 3.3.5 Spawning time and behavior .............................................................12 3.3.6 Hatching and larval growth ................................................................12 3.4 FEEDING AND DIET.................................................................................13 3.4.1 First diets and feeding ontogeny ........................................................13 3.4.2 Cannibalism........................................................................................14 3.4.3 Diet in a natural habitat.......................................................................14 3.4.4 Special attributes-sight and feeding....................................................15 3.5 HABITAT ...................................................................................................15 3.5.1 Adult habitat........................................................................................16 3.5.2 Young-of-the-year (YOY) habitat........................................................16 3.6 BEHAVIOR AND MOVEMENTS ..............................................................17 3.6.1 Movement of fry and juveniles............................................................17 3.6.2 Diel movements .................................................................................17 3.6.3 Non-spawning movements.................................................................18 3.6.4 Spawning movements........................................................................18 iv 3.6.5 Swimming speed and capacity to pass barriers .................................19 3.7 DISEASES AND PARASITES ...................................................................21 3.7.1 Viral disease........................................................................................21 3.7.2 Fungal disease ...................................................................................21 3.7.3 Bacterial disease.................................................................................21 3.7.4 Parasites............................................................................................22 4.0 USE BY HUMANS .......................................................................................22 4.1 RECREATIONAL FISHERY......................................................................22 4.2 STOCKING................................................................................................23 4.2.1 Stocking in Canada.............................................................................23 4.2.2 Evaluation of stocking.........................................................................24 4.3 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES......................................................................25 4.4 AQUACULTURE.......................................................................................26 5.0 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRODUCTIONS ...................................27 5.1 IMPACTS ON ZOOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC
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