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Fostering the Catholic Cultural Ties Between the Netherlands And Fostering the Catholic cultural ties between the Netherlands and Flanders A study on the reflections of the Dutch Catholic intellectuals involved in the periodical ‘De Beiaard’ regarding the First World War and its outcome Research Master Thesis in Historical Studies Supervised by Dr Jan Brabers Christoph van den Belt s4037146 Radboud University [email protected] 12th of August, 2016 Diese Masterarbeit ist meinen lieben Großeltern Ursula und Georg Hohmann aus Weimar gewidmet 1 ‘Ich wollte einfach alles wissen.’ (Professor Dr.-Ing. habil. Georg Hohmann – mein Großvater) ‘Ik heb aan ’t eind van een studie altijd angst, niet genoeg gedocumenteerd te zijn, een soort examenvrees om nog een en ander en alles tegelijk na te slaan.’ (Gerard Brom) 2 Table of contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 – Status Quaestionis ............................................................................................................ 8 The Dutch ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Dutch Catholics ................................................................................................................................. 10 Dutch intellectuals ............................................................................................................................. 12 Catholic intellectuals ......................................................................................................................... 13 The journal De Beiaard ..................................................................................................................... 15 The ideal of the Greater Netherlands ................................................................................................. 17 Research problem and terminology ................................................................................................... 20 Catholic intellectuals ..................................................................................................................... 21 Network ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Censorship ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Fitting in the sources ......................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2 – Reflections on the war .................................................................................................... 27 Theme I – Dutch politics ................................................................................................................... 27 1.1 Neutrality ................................................................................................................................. 28 1.2 Freedom ................................................................................................................................... 30 Theme II – International solidarity .................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Self-determination ................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 The Belgian government ......................................................................................................... 35 2.3 The Belgian Episcopate ........................................................................................................... 36 2.4 The Flemish Question.............................................................................................................. 38 2.5 The Polish Question ................................................................................................................ 39 Theme III – War ................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1 War, literature and architecture ............................................................................................... 41 3.2 War and science ....................................................................................................................... 43 3.3 The just war ............................................................................................................................. 44 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 3 – Reflections on the outcome of war ................................................................................ 48 Theme I – Literary relations .............................................................................................................. 48 1.1 War? ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Theme II – Belgian demands ............................................................................................................. 51 2.1 Historical context .................................................................................................................... 52 2.2 Correspondence ....................................................................................................................... 53 3 2.3 Willem Mulder SJ ................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 Joseph Schrijnen ...................................................................................................................... 55 2.5 Henricus Huijbers .................................................................................................................... 56 Theme III – Socialism and Catholics ................................................................................................ 58 3.1 Ambivalence? .......................................................................................................................... 59 Theme IV – Germany ........................................................................................................................ 60 4.1 The flight of the Emperor ........................................................................................................ 60 4.2 The future of Germany ............................................................................................................ 62 Theme V – Catholics and the future .................................................................................................. 63 5.1 Lack of articles ........................................................................................................................ 66 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Epilogue ................................................................................................................................................ 69 Archival sources .................................................................................................................................. 72 De Beiaard ......................................................................................................................................... 72 Archief G.B. Brom en W.J. Brom-Struick ........................................................................................ 72 Archief J.H.E.J. Hoogveld ................................................................................................................. 73 Archief Steenhoff, P.H.J. en Smulders, Albertine ............................................................................. 73 Knipselcollectie KDC ........................................................................................................................ 73 Internet sources ................................................................................................................................... 74 Cited works .......................................................................................................................................... 74 4 Introduction Why would anyone want to study the history of Dutch Catholics during the First World War? Historian James Kennedy, while writing about religion in Dutch society and culture, provides a possible answer, which lies at the basis of this research. According to him, Dutch society is characterised by discontinuity, in which it differs from the North American society. He provocatively argues that the pre-1940 Dutch society seems to him as far removed from the present as the Neolithic era. Perhaps, Kennedy continues, the rapidly succeeding societal developments of the twentieth century gave many Dutch people the impression that the past consists of worlds, convictions and ideas, which are interesting to the Dutch people, but are irrelevant to the modern world. They have simply not withstood the ravages of time. As a consequence, Kennedy claims, the Catholic world of one hundred years ago is almost completely forgotten by the majority of the Dutch people.1 Historian Peter Raedts also discusses where this ignorance regarding the confessional
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