DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evolution of the U.S. Immigration Policy and Its Impact on American

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Evolution of the U.S. Immigration Policy and Its Impact on American University of Oran 2 Faculty of Foreign Languages Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages Section of English THESIS The Evolution of the U.S. Immigration Policy and its Impact on American Society (1820-2002) A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate Es-Science in American Civilization Submitted by: Supervised by: Mr. Farouk BEGHDADI Prof. Belkacem BELMEKKI Board of Examiners: Ghenim Neema Prof. University of Oran 2 President Belmekki Belkacem Prof. University of Oran 2 Supervisor Dani Fatiha Prof. University of Oran 1 Examiner Senouci Meberbeche Faiza Prof. University of Tlemcen Examiner Benabdi Farouk MCA University of Mascara Examiner Bessedik Fatima Zahra MCA University of Oran 2 Examiner Defended on January 25, 2021 To my beloved mother, wife, and children. II Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Belkacem Belmekki, my advisor, who I was privileged to work with and from whom I have learnt a lot. Special thanks go to my mother for her constant support, inspiration, and prayers. My heartfelt gratitude to my life partner, Dr. Dahou Fatima Nor El Houda, who encouraged me, and who has always been there when I needed her. I would also like to thank Prof. Andrew Breeze (University of Navarra-Spain) and Lori Maguire (University of Paris 8- France) for their unconditional help, support, and sympathy. Last but not least, I thank all those who have supported me to accomplish this work: my brothers and sisters, my friends, and my colleagues of the department of English language and literature at the University of Mascara. III Abstract Since its establishment, the United States has welcomed big numbers of immigrants from all parts of the globe. The U.S. immigration strategy evolved throughout the history of the country and fluctuated between liberal and obstructive. It has been responsible for the racial, ethnic, and cultural transformation of the society for more than four centuries. Besides measuring its impact on American society, which is the main focus of major researches on this subject, the goal of this work is to identify the foremost factors that molded the shaping of the U.S. immigration policy. This thesis applied qualitative and quantitative methods, and examined a wide range of primary sources, government and official documents, and recent books and articles of authors and researchers of great renown working on the issue. The results revealed that the economic developments of the country and society were the driving force that shaped the U.S. immigration policy, both liberal and restrictive. The thesis came to the conclusion that the economic factor determined the evolution of the immigration process in general and the immigration policy of the United States in particular. IV ملخص V Résumé Les États-Unis a toujours accueilli un grand nombre d'immigrants de toutes les régions du monde. La stratégie d'immigration américaine a évolué tout au long de l'histoire du pays et a fluctué entre libérale et obstructive. Elle est responsable de la transformation raciale, ethnique et culturelle de la société depuis plus de quatre siècles. Outre la mesure de son impact sur la société américaine, qui est le principal objectif des recherches majeures sur ce sujet, l'objectif de ce travail est d'identifier les principaux facteurs qui ont façonné l'élaboration de la politique d'immigration américaine. Cette thèse a appliqué des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives et a examiné un large éventail de sources primaires, de documents gouvernementaux et officiels, ainsi que de livres et d'articles récents d'auteurs et de chercheurs de grande renommée travaillant sur la thématique. Les résultats ont révélé que les développements économiques du pays et de la société étaient la force motrice qui a façonné la politique d'immigration américaine, à la fois libérale et restrictive. La thèse est arrivée à la conclusion que le facteur économique a déterminé l'évolution du processus d'immigration en général et de la politique d'immigration des États-Unis en particulier. VI Table of Contents Dedication …………………………………………………………………………………...…II Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………….III Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………...IV V....………………………………………………………………………………………… ملخص Résumé …………………………………………………………………………………………VI Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………VII List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………….X List of Figures and Maps ………………………………………………………………………XII List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ………………………………………………………..XIII Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter One: Colonial Immigration and Immigration Policy up to Independence 1.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..5 1.2. Historical Background (before 1607) ………………………………………………..6 1.3. The Establishment of the Thirteen English Colonies in North America 1607-1732 ...7 1.4. Colonial immigration policy ……………………………………………………….18 1.5. Who Came? The Impact of the Colonial Policy on Immigration ………………….31 1.5.1. New Source of Labor: Non-English European Immigrants …………….31 1.5.2. No More Servants: the Rise of Black African Forced Migration and the Establishment of Slavery ……………………………………………….36 1.6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….46 Chapter Two: Post-Independence Immigrants: Who Came and Why They Came? (1790-1920) 2.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….48 2.2. Who is an American? Young Nation’s Early Legislations (1790- 1819) ………….49 2.3. A Century of European Immigration to the United States (1820-1920) …………...55 2.3.1. More Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe …………………..58 2.3.1.1. Migration of the Irish Paupers ………………………………60 VII 2.3.1.2. Huddled Masses from Germany …………………………….65 2.3.1.3. More Influx from Britain ……………………………………69 2.3.1.4. Other Immigrants from Western Europe ……………………73 2.3.2. They Come from the Other Side of the Continent: Eastern and Southern European Immigrants ……………………………………………………..78 2.3.2.1. Italian Contadini …………………………………………….78 2.3.2.2. Helpless Austro-Hungarians ………………………………...84 2.3.2.3. Escaping the Tsarist Oppression …………………………….88 2.4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….97 Chapter Three: The Door Closes: the Shift of U.S. Immigration Policy from Liberal to Restrictive 1820-1965 3.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………98 3.2. Factors Shaping the Nineteenth Century U.S. Immigration Policy ………………..98 3.2.1. Evolution of the Transatlantic Transportation …………………………..99 3.2.2. Growing Knowledge about the Migratory Destinations ……………….104 3.2.3. Free Land and Free Home, in the West ………………………………..110 3.2.4. Industrial Growth and Economic Opportunities ………………………..118 3.2.5. Immigrants to Fuel the Second American Industrial Revolution ………122 3.3. Federal Immigration Control: From Regulation to Restriction (1875-1965) ……127 3.3.1. Rise of Nativism, Early States’ Policies, and The Shift of Immigration Control from Local to Federal (1830s-1870s) ………………………….127 3.3.2. “The Chinese Must Go” and the Early Federal Restrictive Policy 1882-1917 ……………………………………………………………………………133 3.3.3. The Door Closes: No More Immigrants… Eastern and Southern Immigrants 1917-1965 ………………………………………………………………137 3.4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………146 Chapter Four: New Immigration and Immigration Policy 1965-2002 4.1.Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………147 4.2. First Steps towards a New Immigration Policy ………………………………………147 VIII 4.2.1. Economic Impact of Restriction on Native-born and Immigrant Labor ...148 4.2.2. Land of Asylum Vs Land of Restriction ………………………………..152 4.2.3. Temporary Mexican Braceros to Cover the Labor Shortage 1942-1964 ..160 4.3. New Immigrants and New Policy 1965-2002 …………………………………….167 4.3.1. 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act and the Repeal of the National Origins Quota System …………………………………………………..167 4.3.2. Post-1965 Immigration Legislations …………………………………….175 4.4. The Impact of the New Policy on American Society ……………………………..182 4.4.1. The Ethnic Shift of the U.S. Society …………………………………….182 4.4.2. The Rise of Undocumented Immigration ……………………………….188 4.4.3. The Economic Implication of the New Immigration Policy …………….194 4.5. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………198 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….199 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………….204 IX List of Tables Table 1.1. Estimates of Colonial Population 1640 – 1688………………………………………17 Table 1.2. Proprietary, Charter, and Royal Colonies ……………………………………………19 Table 1.3. The evolution of the white population in the thirteen colonies 1688-1775 ………….21 Table 1.4. The distribution of the white population in 1775 ……………………………………29 Table 1.5. Estimated Population of the Thirteen Colonies, 1620–1760 ……………………..39-40 Table 1.6. Slaves imported from overseas to the thirteen colonies, 1700-1775 ………………...43 Table 1.7. Estimated immigration to Thirteen Colonies, 1700-1775 …………………………..44 Table 1.8. Black slaves’ population in the thirteen colonies 1700-1760 ……………………….45 Table 2.1. The 1790, 1795, 1798, and 1802 Naturalization Acts ……………………………50-51 Table 2.2. 1820-1924 immigration to the United States ………………………………………...57 Table 2.3. Immigration to the United States from Northern and Western Europe, Southern and Eastern Europe, and other countries, 1820-1910, by decade ……………………………………59 Table 2.4. Immigration to America from Ireland 1820-1930 …………………………………...60 Table 2.5. Population by Province in 1841 and 1861 (in thousands) …………………………...65 Table 2.6. German Immigration to the United States 1820-1920 ……………………………….68 Table 2.7. The population of England in 1801-1871(in millions) ………………………………71 Table
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Immigration Act of 1924 from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Immigration Act of 1924 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson–Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, and Asian Exclusion Act (Pub.L. 68-139, 43 Stat. 153, enacted May 26, 1924), was a United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. The law was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, mainly Jews fleeing persecution in Poland and Russia, who were immigrating in large numbers starting in the 1890s, as well as prohibiting the immigration President Coolidge signs the of Middle Easterners, East Asians and Indians. According to the U.S. immigration act on the White House Department of State Office of the Historian, "In all its parts, the most basic South Lawn along with appropriation purpose of the 1924 Immigration Act was to preserve the ideal of American bills for the Veterans Bureau. John J. homogeneity."[1] Congressional opposition was minimal. Pershing is on the President's right. Contents 1 Provisions 2 History 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Provisions The Immigration Act made permanent the basic limitations on immigration into the United States established in 1921 and modified the National Origins Formula established then. In conjunction with the Immigration Act of 1917, it governed American immigration policy until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which revised it completely.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Experiment Discussion
    HANDOUT A Immigration Experiment Discussion Fill in the graphic organizer in your assigned groups with the answers to your Directions: questions into the two categories of economic and social. Economic Social DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Why did you choose to move or to stay put? 2. Were your motivations to sit closer to your friends? 3. Were you worried about your performance in class? 4. Was it frustrating to be separated from your friends without a good reason? 5. What happened when I took a few seats away? 6. Why did some of you want to move upfront when I offered an incentive? 7. How did you feel having students from another class come into our classroom? If you found it awkward or strange, why was this? 8. How you think the choices you made compare to the decisions made by immigrants around the world? How are these decisions similar and/or different? 9. How is it that we adapt to change within a community? The Gilded Age and Progressive Era Unit 2, Lesson 2: Immigration in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era © Bill of Rights Institute HANDOUT B Immigration in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era Directions: Read the essay and answer the questions that follow. It is impossible to understand the American Coming to America experience without understanding the impact of Migration is the movement of a person from one immigration. The millions of immigrants who geographic location to another. The immigrants came to the United States settled across the of the late nineteenth century came primarily nation, named its cities, helped build its canals, from southeastern and northwestern Europe, roads, and railroads, mined its ore, and shaped Asia, and from Mexico and Canada in North its culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Immigration Reform Symposium Report
    City and County of San Francisco IMMIGRANT RIGHTS COMMISSION Are We a Nation of Immigrants? Summary Report on Comprehensive Immigration Reform: San Francisco’s Role in Shaping National Immigration Policy June 2010 Since 1997, the San Francisco Immigrant Rights Commission (IRC) has been focused on improving the quality of life and civic participation of immigrants in the City and County of San Francisco. A third of all San Francisco residents are immigrants and nearly half of all residents speak a language other than English at home. The IRC recognizes the voice of these important contributors to San Francisco’s success. On November 9, 2009, the IRC, in partnership with the Office of Assemblyman Tom Ammiano, the American Immigration Lawyers Association- Northern California Chapter, and the San Francisco Office of Civic Engagement & Immigrant Affairs, presented a symposium on Comprehensive Immigration Reform: San Francisco’s Role in Shaping National Policy. The purpose of the Symposium was to hear from a panel of national experts on the role of local communities and jurisdictions in shaping policy and preparing for comprehensive reform. The following report includes the statements, perspectives and advice of immigration policy experts and the invited testimony of several individuals who have experienced numerous challenges with the U.S. immigration system. As our nation’s leaders begin the dialogue on comprehensive immigration reform, it is the IRC’s hope that they remember the human faces and stories of millions of residents who have risked their lives seeking freedom and opportunity in America. This should be the basis for developing a fair and humane immigration system that works for all.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Family Unity in U.S. Immigration Policy, 1921-1978 Yuki Oda Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Yuki Oda All rights reserved ABSTRACT Family Unity in U.S. Immigration Policy, 1921-1978 Yuki Oda “Family unity” is often upheld as the principle of U.S. immigration policy, central to the making and self-understanding of the U.S. as a “nation of immigrants.” However, family-based immigration system was only born of struggles of immigrant families against the regime of restriction. As the era of open immigration ended in the U.S. in 1921, there emerged a fundamental tension between claims of immigrant families and the regime of immigration restriction. Much of what current immigration law recognizes as family, or how it matters, originated in the post-1921 era, born out of struggles by immigrant families. This dissertation examines the period between 1921 and 1978 from two perspectives. One is as an era of the three-tiered regulatory system created in the 1920s that lasted until the 1960s to the 1970s: 1) quotas restriction applied to European immigrants 2) exclusion of Asian immigrants, and 3) administrative regulation of immigration from Mexico without a firm ceiling. Another is as the formative years of contemporary immigration control that lasts today. The three-tiered system marked by explicit ethno-racial hierarchization closed first in 1965 by abolition of the quotas system in the Eastern Hemisphere, and finally in 1978 when Congress placed all countries including the Western Hemisphere under a worldwide ceiling.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Immigration Policy in the United States1
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE wbhr 02|2013 provided by DSpace at University of West Bohemia A Brief History of Immigration Policy in the United States1 PÁL KOUDELA Introduction The modern economic history of the US can be divided into four cycles. All cycles begun with a dominant presidency and finished by a fallen one and each of them had a well-developed economic movement and a special effect in immigration. The first era was characterized by the founders and pioneers determining migration since 1776. All belonged to one ethnic group: they were English and Scotch but behind those leaders a mass group of uneducated, poor Scotch and Irish workers made role.2 The growing tensions mostly in economy led to the presidency of Andrew Jackson and later to the last figure of the founder generation the decayed John Quincy Adams. During Jackson’s period pioneer farmers became most successful settling down in the middle parts of the country. Their political influence was strengthened gradually partly because of their growing demographical weight. They were moving to the frontiers of the west. The period ended by the Civil War but farmers accumulated capital far enough by employing cheap immigrating labor force. Their sons were not in such fortunate situation even because of the growing supply in labor market by immigrants. Third period can be characterized by the growing cities and the millions of immigrants working in mines and factories. Most of them were Irish but still more Italian and Eastern-European.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Implications of the Hart-Celler Act
    Understanding the Implications of the Hart-Celler Act By Paul Manuel Lazarescu Submitted to Central European University Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Zoltan Miklosi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary June 4, 2020 Abstract The Hart-Celler Act, formally known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, has had a thought-provokingly stellar impact on U.S. immigration. This act eliminated discrimination against certain ethnic groups that had persisted since the Immigration Act of 1924 which established the National Origins Formula. Under the National Origins Formula, immigration quotas were put into place in order to limit the number of immigrants from regions of the world that would negatively alter the ethnic distribution of the United States. The era within which the Hart-Celler Act was passed was one of a great change in the psyche of the U.S. demos towards a more liberal, global way of thinking by removing these quotas and creating a better system through which residency could be acquired. The changing of times and inability to address it since, however, has led to immigration becoming a forefront of political debate in the United States today. This has culminated in the presidential campaign and subsequent election of Donald J. Trump, whose primary campaign issue revolved around racially charged sentiments and the problems of immigration. My aim here is to assess, from relevant data and evidence, the impact of the Hart-Celler Act by examining a) how it improved or faulted as legislation upon its predecessor – via reallocation of immigration slots from Northern Europe to 3rd world inhabitants or the creation of chain migration – and b) the economic and social consequences that have occurred in the fifty years following.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liberian Diaspora's Civic Engagement in the United States and in Homeland Peacebuilding
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2014 Becoming Transnational Citizens: The Liberian Diaspora's Civic Engagement in the United States and in Homeland Peacebuilding Janet Elizabeth Reilly Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/98 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] BECOMING TRANSNATIONAL CITIZENS: THE LIBERIAN DIASPORA’S CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN HOMELAND PEACEBUILDING by JANET E. REILLY A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The City University of New York 2014 i © 2014 Janet E. Reilly All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Susan L. Woodward _________________ _______________________________________ Date Chair of the Examining Committee Alyson Cole _________________ _______________________________________ Date Executive Officer John H. Mollenkopf Thomas G. Weiss Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract BECOMING TRANSNATIONAL CITIZENS: THE LIBERIAN DIASPORA’S CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN HOMELAND PEACEBUILDING by Janet E. Reilly Adviser: Professor Susan L. Woodward This study examines the relationship between civic participation in homeland peacebuilding and immigrants’ political incorporation and integration in their local communities in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Diaspora in the United States: Brain Drain Or Gain?
    INDIAN DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES INDIAN DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES Brain Drain or Gain? Anjali Sahay LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, MD 20706 Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Lexington Books All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sahay, Anjali, 1976– Indian diaspora in the United States : brain drain or gain? / Anjali Sahay. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7391-2106-1 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7391-3549-5 (electronic) 1. East Indians—United States. 2. Immigrants—United States. 3. East Indians— Migrations. 4. Brain drain—India. 5. India—Emigration and immigration—Political as- pects. 6. United States—Emigration and immigration—Political aspects. 7. India—Emi- gration and immigration—Economic aspects. 8. United States—Emigration and immi- gration—Economic aspects. 9. India—Relations—United States. 10. United States—Relations—India. I. Title. E184.E2S24 2009 304.8089'91411—dc22 2008052229 Printed in the United States of America ϱ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Immigration Policy - Where We Are and How We Arrived: an Immigration Lawyer's Perspective Howard S
    Mitchell Hamline Law Review Volume 44 | Issue 3 Article 1 2018 America's Immigration Policy - Where We Are and How We Arrived: An Immigration Lawyer's Perspective Howard S. Myers III Follow this and additional works at: https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/mhlr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, and the Immigration Law Commons Recommended Citation Myers, Howard S. III (2018) "America's Immigration Policy - Where We Are and How We Arrived: An Immigration Lawyer's Perspective," Mitchell Hamline Law Review: Vol. 44 : Iss. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/mhlr/vol44/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mitchell Hamline Law Review by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Myers: America's Immigration Policy - Where We Are and How We Arrived: A AMERICA’S IMMIGRATION POLICY—WHERE WE ARE AND HOW WE ARRIVED: AN IMMIGRATION LAWYER’S PERSPECTIVE Howard S. Myers, III† I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 744 II.HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION LAW ............................................ 745 A. Early Immigration to the United States ............................. 745 B. The United States Implements Its First Numerical Quotas ... 748 C. Factors Influencing U.S. Immigration in the 1930s and 1940s ......................................................................... 749 III. MODERN IMMIGRATION LAW ................................................. 750 A. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 .................. 750 B. U.S. Immigration Policy in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s ... 752 1. Anti-Communism and Immigration Policy During the 1950s ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Laws, Bills, and Related Actions from 1789 to 2018 (Comprehensive Sample of Major Changes)1
    Immigration Laws, Bills, and Related Actions from 1789 to 2018 (Comprehensive Sample of Major Changes)1 Part I (Late XVIII Century to 2013) Author: Dr. Margarita Rodríguez (with the collaboration of Melanie Goergmaier) __________________________________________ Late XVIII Century 1789 The U.S. Constitution becomes effective. The Constitution establishes that the President must be a citizen of the United States by birth (or a citizen at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) and resident of the United States for at least 14 years. It grants Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization. 1790*2 Alien Naturalization Act of 1790: It confers the right to become naturalized to "free white persons" who reside in the United States for two years and one year in the state where the petition is made, have “good moral character” and renounce their allegiance to their former country. The law does not include indentured servants, slaves or women. The jus sanguinis principle for the acquisition of citizenship was legally framed by extending citizenship to any individual under the age of 21, regardless of their birthplace, based on the parent’s citizenship. Foreigners deemed to be dangerous were allowed to be deported. 1791 The Bill of Rights introduces the first ten constitutional amendments. 1 1795 Naturalization Act of 1795: Expands the residence requirement from two to five years and establishes the “first papers” (the declaration of intention to become a citizen) as a requirement. 1798 The Aliens Sedition Acts of 1798: Extends the residence requirement for naturalization to fourteen years. The principle of deportation is ruled by investing the President with the power to detain or deport individuals deemed “dangerous to the peace and safety” of the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Racialization and Exploitation of Foreign Workers by the Law
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2017 The Racialization and Exploitation of Foreign Workers by the Law Seiko Ishikawa The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2318 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE RACIALIZATION AND EXPLOITATION OF FOREIGN WORKERS BY THE LAW by SEIKO ISHIKAWA A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2017 © 2017 Seiko Ishikawa All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Date Monica W. Varsanyi Thesis Advisor Date Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract THE RACIALIZATION AND EXPLOITATION OF FOREIGN WORKERS BY THE LAW by Seiko Ishikawa Advisor: Professor Monica W. Varsanyi Intense demand for cheap labor in the United States has resulted in a widespread effect of employing high skilled immigrants in STEM fields. Examining how companies use high-skilled visa categories to create a flexible cheaper immigrant workforce, this paper demonstrates that skilled immigrants from Asia are being exploited through neutral skills-based criteria that are de facto racially biased.
    [Show full text]
  • Americans All! the Role of Advertising in Re-Imaging Ethnicity in America: the Case of the War Advertising Council, 1939-1945
    AMERICANS ALL! THE ROLE OF ADVERTISING IN RE-IMAGING ETHNICITY IN AMERICA: THE CASE OF THE WAR ADVERTISING COUNCIL, 1939-1945 by Jacqueline S. May A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida May 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank several people who were instrumental in the completion of my dissertation. First, Dr. Fred Fejes, my committee chair, for his encouragement and for always being available (in the most interesting of places). I also thank my committee members: Dr. Henry M. Abramson for his sincere interest in my scholarship, for motivating me, and for many meaningful collaborations and opportunities over the years; Dr. Michael Harris provided valuable insight into my research and helped keep me on track and; I thank Dr. Clevis Headley for inspiring me to expand my exploration of diversity and for always having an open door. For their varied roles in my academic pursuits I thank Dr. Kenneth Keaton for being my guide to the academy; Dr. Anthony Julian Tamburri for his support and humor; Dr. Sandra Norman for always expressing an interest and keeping me going; Stefanie Gapinski for her knowledge, patience and kindness; My Comparative Studies colleagues for being a wonderful (and entertaining) source of support. For their enthusiasm and providing access to their respective collections I thank Kim Bergen, Marianne Lamonaca and Dr. Francis X. Luca of the Wolfsonian-Florida International University; Barbara Natanson of the Library of Congress Prints and, Photographs Division; and Lindsay Gilroy of the Advertising Council Archives.
    [Show full text]