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Universidad De Ciencias Y Artes De Chiapas UNIVERSIDAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE CHIAPAS INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TESIS HERBIVORÍA Y ESTRUCTURA GENETICA DE Rhizophora mangle EN LA COSTA DE CHIAPAS. QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PRESENTA MARTÍN HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ DIRECTOR: CO-DIRECTOR: Dr. Sergio López Mendoza Dr. Alejandro Nettel Hernanz UNICACH UNICACH ASESORES Dra. Tamara M. Rioja Paradela Dr. Cristian Tovilla Hernández UNICACH ECOSUR Dr. Rodolfo Dirzo Professor, Stanford University Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas Junio de 2017 DEDICATORIA A mi Padre Celestial por su inmesurable amor sobrenatural, manifestado por el derramamiento del Espiritu Santo en mi familia y a nuestro único salvador Jesús de Nazareth. A mis padres espirituales: Carlos Cesar Burguete y Lupita Galindo, pastores de la Iglesia cristiana Ministerio Internacional el Rey de Gloria. De igual forma, esta tesis va dedicada con profundo cariño a mis padres biológicos: Profra. Zoila Beatriz López Pivaral (q.e.p.d.) y Sr. Erolfo Hernández Santizo, quienes me han instruido en el camino de la honestidad, dedicación y perseverancia. A mi amada esposa Claudia Marissa y mi pequeña hija Yarita Alejandra, porque son Princesas y Guerreras de Dios, declarando e intercediendo en sus oraciones por nuestras metas y própositos. A mis hermanos: Margarita, Edith, Arsenio, Graciela y Odilia, por guiarme y orientarme con sus consejos y a la nueva integrante de la familia: mi sobrinita Alexa Beatríz. A mis abuelitas: Inesita y Tashita, sobrinos, amigos, a los tíos: Rosemberg, Ruben, Martín, Mario, Roberto, Hermain y Oscar, por exhortarme a continuar con mi preparación profesional. Martín Hernández López y de conocer el amor de Cristo, que excede a todo conocimiento, para que seáis llenos de toda la plenitud de Dios. Efesios 3: 19 i AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi comité tutorial integrado por el Dr. Sergio López Mendoza, Dr. Alejandro Nettel Hernanz, Dra. Tamara Rioja Paradela, Dr. Cristian Tovilla Hernández y Dr. Rodolfo Dirzo. Al personal de Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva de la UNICACH A los docentes que impartieron las diferentes materias en el Programa de la Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas de la UNICACH. A los estudiantes de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez y a la Universidad de Occidente por su valioso apoyo en las técnicas de extracción, amplificación y visualización de DNA. Al Laboratorio de Ecología y Manejo Integral de Ecosistemas Costeros, Ecosur unidad Tapachula. A Margarita Hernández López encargada de la Biblioteca de Ecosur, SIBE, Unidad- Tapachula. Al Sr. Erolfo Hernández Santizo por su apoyo financiero en las salidas de campo de este proyecto. ii ÍNDICE RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………………….ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………xi I. INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 1 II. MARCO TEÓRICO ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Historia Natural de Rhizophora mangle. ................................................................ 4 2.2 Interacciones Bióticas. ........................................................................................... 5 2.3 Depredación. .......................................................................................................... 6 2.4. Herbivoría. ............................................................................................................ 7 2.4.1 Resistencia y tolerancia. .................................................................................. 8 2.5. Importancia de la herbivoría dentro de la genética, ecología y evolución. ............ 9 2.5.1. Genético. ........................................................................................................ 9 2.5.2. Ecológico. ..................................................................................................... 10 2.5.3. Evolutivo. ...................................................................................................... 11 2.6 Herbivoría en ecosistemas de manglar. ............................................................... 12 2.6.1 Insectos herbívoros de manglar. ................................................................... 14 2.6.1.1 Tipos de daño foliar. ............................................................................. 15 2.6.2 Crustáceos herbívoros de manglar. ............................................................... 17 2.7 Diversidad genética en manglares ....................................................................... 19 2.7.1 Marcadores Moleculares. .............................................................................. 21 III. ANTECEDENTES .................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Estudios de herbivoría en mangles. ..................................................................... 24 3.2 Estudios de diversidad genética en mangles. ...................................................... 27 IV. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Objetivo General .................................................................................................. 29 4.2 Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................... 29 V. HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................... 30 VI.- MÉTODO. ............................................................................................................... 31 6.1.- Área de estudio. ................................................................................................. 31 iii 6.2- Programas de Manejo de las Zonas Sujetas a.Conservación.Ecológica: “El Cabildo Amatal” y “Gancho Murillo”. .......................................................................... 31 6.3 Colecta de material foliar. .................................................................................... 34 6.4. Índice de herbivoría. ............................................................................................ 36 6.5 Diversidad genética.............................................................................................. 37 6.5.1 Extracción y visualización de ADN. ............................................................... 37 6.5.2 Amplificación de ADN. ................................................................................... 39 6.5.3 Análisis de geles de acrilamida. .................................................................... 40 6.6 Análisis estadístico............................................................................................... 42 6.6.1 Indice de herbivoría en relación a los estadíos de R. mangle. ...................... 42 6.6.2 Diversidad genética en relación a los estadíos de R. mangle. ...................... 42 6.6.3 La herbivoría y su relación con la diversidad genética. ................................. 43 VII. RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................ 44 7.1 Herbivoría ............................................................................................................ 44 7.1.1 Distribución de frecuencias por categoría de daño en estadíos de R. mangle. ............................................................................................................................... 44 7.1.2 Herbivoría de R. mangle en relación al estadío. ............................................ 46 7.2 Diversidad genética de R. mangle. ...................................................................... 48 7.2.1 Diversidad genética de R. mangle en relación al estadío. ............................. 49 7.3 Herbivoría y Diversidad Genética ........................................................................ 51 7.3.1 Herbivoría de R. mangle en relación al número de Heterocigotos. ............... 51 7.3.2 Herbivoría de R. mangle en relación al % Loci polimórfico. .......................... 51 7.3.3 Herbivoría en estadíos de R. mangle y su relación con el %loci polimórfico. 54 7.3.4 Relación Herbivoría – Heterocigosidad promedio. ........................................ 55 7.3.5 Relación Herbivoría – Heterocigosidad promedio cuadrática. ....................... 57 7.3.6 Relación Herbivoría – Alelos Promedio. ........................................................ 58 VIII. DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................................................... 60 8.1 Herbivoría de R. mangle en relación al estadío. .................................................. 60 8.2 Genética de R. mangle en relación al estadío. .................................................... 63 8.3 Relación Herbivoría – Diversidad genética .......................................................... 65 iv IX. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................... 67 X LITERATURA CITADA ............................................................................................... 69 XI. ANEXOS ................................................................................................................ 101 v ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 1. Familias y especies de lepidópteros capturados en Pozuelos y Cabildo, Chiapas. (Niño, 2002)………………………………………………………………….27 Cuadro 2. Caracterización de 10 loci microsatélites de
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