Blind People’s Multiple Identity and Impression Management in Bandung, West ,

Kadri1, Deddy Mulyana2

1Faculty of Da’wah and Communication, State Islamic University of , Jalan Pendidikan No. 35, Mataram, , Indonesia 2Faculty of Communications Sciences, , Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract This research aims to uncover the multiple identities of 40 blind people and develop a model of their impression management that may be different from the impression management of nondisabled people. Blind people as subjects of this study are those who experience blindness in adulthood but were able-bodied before. Changes in physical conditions are followed by psychological changes that affect the way they communicate with their social environment, which is marked by impression management efforts. Using an interpretive perspective, more specifically a dramaturgical approach relying largely on observation as its method, the study reveals that the blind’s impression management is related to their self-confidence. The lower self-confidence they possess, the higher effort of impression management they make. The blind’s impression management is conducted in two strategies: first, by not using a personal front like black eyeglasses and a white stick; and secondly, by involving a performance team. These findings reinforce the distinction between the blind and the able-bodied people in their impression management. The nondisabled people usually use the personal front when managing the impression on the front stage. Based on finding that the blind’s impression management is distinctive in nature, this study has enriched Goffman's dramaturgical theory.

Keywords: Blind People, Dramaturgical Perspective, Impression Management, Multiple Identity, Physical Stigma

Introduction Mehrabian noted that 93% of all social Having a healthy body is a dream of meanings in face-to-face communication were all humans. Such desires and expectations obtained from nonverbal cues. are a natural tendency because biologically The communicative function of the the existence and survival of a person are human organs will be more salient in the also determined by the condition of his communication process if the organs have body, especially its parts that have a direct strategic functions and many benefits for role in communicating like the eyes. In the human life. The eye is one of the organs of the context of communication, body is one body that functions as the sense of sight. In source of nonverbal messages that is full of addition to having a vital biological function, symbolic cues. Nonverbal cues are important eye also has a strategic social and psychological in communication, especially face-to-face role. DeVito (2011:191) regards the eye as the communication. Mulyana (2017:351) cites most important nonverbal messaging system. several related opinions on this subject. Wenburg and Wilmot mention two functions Birdwhistell states that 65% of face-to-face of eye contact in interpersonal communication, communication is nonverbal, and our face namely; first, the regulatory function, to tell can create 250,000 different expressions. others whether or not we may relate to them;

129 130 Jurnal ASPIKOM, Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli 2019, hlm 129-140 second, the expressive function, to tell others blind performs certain impression management how you feel about them (Mulyana & Kadri, when communicating and interacting with 2019: 235). their social environment. The physical stigma Knapp (DeVito, 2011:191) mentions attributed to blind people is predicted to affect four functions of the eye as a nonverbal the way they perform impression management. communication media; (1) seeking feedback, As Kuswarno (2009:102) argues, a different (2) informing others to speak, (3) hinting the stigma attributed to a person will determine the nature of the relationship, and (4) compensating nature of dramaturgical interaction in which for the increased physical distance. In the the person is engaged. context of communication (especially face-to- Impression management consists of face communication), the eye is one of the five tactics used by the actors to cultivate certain senses that has a strategic function. Therefore, impressions in certain situations to achieve if one cannot see then many nonverbal cues certain goals. The impression management from his communication partners cannot be performed by the blind can be explained by interpreted, even though these cues are full of the dramaturgical theory of Erving Goffman meaning. With these functions, the eye has an (1959). Goffman views that when humans important role and contributes greatly to the interact with each other, he wants to manage ongoing human communication, let alone most the impression he expects to grow in others of messages interpreted by the brain-derived toward him, so that everyone is performing from visual stimuli. With its vital functions, for others (Mulyana, 2018:150). The arena of the eyes of people are very meaningful and life is according to Goffman like a stage play. valuable. Following this theatrical analogy, Goffman If the eye has a strategic role in human (1959: 109) speaks of the front region and the communication, then what about the back region. communication done by people who suffer from The front region refers to a social event blindness in adulthood. The old experiences that enables individuals to display their formal and values that they used to have must be role. They are like playing a role on the stage reconstructed according to the new physical in front of the audience. Meanwhile the back condition. The process of reconstructing this region is likened to a dressing room where new habit is coincided with the psychological the actors relax and prepare before playing a turmoil blind people have experienced. role on the front stage, which is usually more Their physical condition is against their natural (Goffman, 1959:109-140). The front psychological desires. Therefore, blind people or back region in the context of Goffman's in adulthood are faced with a dilemma where dramaturgical theory is not identical to a on the one hand their physical condition has particular location or situation, nor does it refer changed (from able-bodied to blind) but on the to a fixed physical place. The division of the other side they desire to mask the new physical stage in the dramaturgical theory is more fluid condition. In such a dilemmatic situation, the in the sense that the determination of the stage Kadri, Deddy. Blind's People Multiple... 131 will greatly depend on each actor. In fact, the stigma. Discredit stigma pertains to people same physical area can be interpreted as two who experience a real stigma that can be different stages by two people. In other words, known to the 'audience' (social environment) the back region for one person can be the front such as disability, paralysis, blindness, polio region for the other. and so forth. Discreditable stigma is a stigma This study elaborates the motives, ways, that is unknown to the audience members or and dynamics of blind people’s impression cannot be perceived by them, such as a stigma management in the front region contrasted attributed to a homosexual, an ex-murderer, an with what they do in the back region. In ex-robber, and so on. Indonesia this sort of study is scarce, otherwise The concept of stigma that Goffman nonexistent, since dramaturgical studies describes is related to the problem of are dominated by political communication impression management which becomes the studies, as conducted by Priyadi (2018) who main concept of dramaturgical theory. Each studied the dramaturgical performance of person who is stigmatized (both discredit Anies Baswedan in his political campaign stigma and discreditable stigma) has basic when running for the DKI governor in 2017, dramaturgical issues when dealing with his Fitri (2015) who studied the dramaturgical social environment, because in an attempt performance of Prabowo Subianto through to present himself, sometimes the actor Twitter prior to the presidential election in faces a gap between the self-image he wants 2014, and Arrianie (2011) who studied how others to see and his true identity. Following politicians utilized (mass) media as part of Goffman, for someone who has a physical their dramaturgical performance. The physical stigma, the dramaturgical problem is how stigma experienced by blind people makes to manage the tension that comes from the their dramaturgical performance unique and fact that others know the physical defects of different from the impression management the actor (Mulyana, 2018:159). Connecting performed by able-bodied people and from the concept of stigma to the dramaturgical people suffering from other kinds of disability perspective, this study aims to construct a such as oligodactily sufferers as investigated model of impression management of blind by Sulaeman (2018). people who have a physical stigma due to This study also relates the physical their eye dysfunction stigma experienced blind people to their Method of Research dramaturgical performance in the front region. This research is the result of research on Stigma is a more typical Goffman term that 40 blind people (9 females and 31 males), is more relevant to explain the phenomenon residents of the blind rehabilitation center of visual impairment or other kinds of “Wyata Guna” Bandung - West Java, impairment. In relation to stigma, Goffman Indonesia, who suffered from blindness (1968:57) puts forward two stigma models, in adulthood as research subjects. A larger namely discredit stigma and discreditable proportion of them (32 people) come from 132 Jurnal ASPIKOM, Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli 2019, hlm 129-140

West Java, the rest from other provinces: East Results and Discussion

Java, Jambi, East , West Sumatera, Permanent and Situational Identity in Blind and . The informants began to suffer from Impression Management blindness when they were young (the youngest Based on our observation of and was 18 and the oldest was 36 at the time of the interviews with all the informants, in their initial research) with the causal factors being interaction with others the blind have used two accident, chataract, and glucoma. Twenty one identities: permanent identity and situational informants were private company employees identity. Permanent identities are related to the and 19 were school and university students physical condition, while situational identity is when the tragedy took place. Four informants related to the psychological desire to be able- were widowers, one was a widow, two were bodied. Although physically they are labeled married, and 33 were single. blind, it does not mean they psychologically The study used a qualitative approach accept that identity. In certain situations and according to the interpretive perspective, based on certain motives blind people often particularly the dramaturgical approach. object to being nicknamed blind so they as Data were collected by interviews, much as possible hide their blindness and act observation, and documentation mainly in as if they are able-bodied. This effort is known the form of pictures of the blind’s impression as the representation of situational identity management in the public space. Although through the management of an impression much of the data is derived from larger amid permanent identity that continues to be research that took place years ago, more inherent in the blind’s life. recent research was conducted in January Blind people realize that their permanent and February 2018 to revisit the research identity is always embedded in them so that in site, to meet some of the old subjects, and certain moments they cannot avoid that identity to “renegotiate” the findings of the research. from the knowledge of others. The permanent To some extent the study utilizes identity that a blind person is aware of in this the five stages of data analysis as put article is closer to the term of an objective forward by Creswell (2016:277), namely: identity as defined by Berger and Luckmann preparing data, reading data, coding data, (Romli, 2015:10), that is, as an identity derived developing themes, and interpreting the from the legitimacy of social structure and has themes emerging from the data. However, become a common knowledge of the majority to a larger degree the study relies on the of society. dramaturgical tradition of data analysis In general, blind people have been aware of based on three main concepts: impression their permanent identity since there is medical management, the front region and the back certainty that their eyes cannot be cured again. region. The model represented in this article The awareness continues to be believed in constitutes the researchers’ interpretation of line with the legitimacy that is continuously the research findings. given by the environment, including the Kadri, Deddy. Blind's People Multiple... 133 willingness to enter rehabilitation. Awareness done especially when the blind is not ready of the permanent identity is what makes them psychologically to accept blindness as an sometimes no longer question the identity, objective identity. so in a certain context, they can interact with The existence of a personal front in the Im- others by displaying themselves as they are pression Management of Blind and without any burden. The way the blind people under this study Blind people usually present themselves communicate on the front stage in a particular as they are in front of their community. They context is different from the way they do when do not have any psychological burden when they are on the back stage. The impression interacting in a community that suffers from the management of these visually impaired people same ailment, or in front of able-bodied people can be seen when they communicate with who can see (such as their mentor) who have others in the public sphere or which Goffman understood their condition. This phenomenon (1959:109-110) calls the front region. One of is a manifestation of the presence of self or the strategies of impression management is objective identity in their interaction with have done by the disabled when they interpret others. No specific strategies were found to be the existence of a personal front. conducted by the blind when communicating Goffman (1959:34) divides the front with their fellows in their community. Some region into two parts: setting and personal of the blind encountered by the researchers at front. Setting is a physical situation that must Bina Netra Social Home (PSBN) Wyata Guna, exist when the actor has to perform. While a Bandung - West Java, acknowledge that they personal front consists of tools or equipment considered it like a home where they lived brought by the actor into the setting, the actor's with their own family. verbal language and body language can be also Situational identity is identical with categorized as a personal front. the subjective identity; it is an identity that Goffman does associate a personal front in is presented or constructed by blind people the context of the front region with nondisabled in a situation and with certain motives. The people such as actors who are known for their emergence of situational identity is motivated professions and distinctive attributes, such by the desire of the blind to cover their as a doctor in his white coat. However, the permanent identity. Therefore, the emergence researchers argue, the meaning of personal of situational identity is characterized by their front proposed by Goffman can be used also in efforts to construct certain realities, which, the context of physical stigma performance of among others, by managing the impression disabled people such as those who are visually that their communication partners are confident impaired. Blind people have a physical stigma that they are not blind. These communication related to the distinctive personal front, such partners may include strangers or even old as rods and sunglasses, tools usually identified friends who do not know his new identity as with blind people. Nevertheless, each blind blind. This impression management is have person has a different way of managing the 134 Jurnal ASPIKOM, Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli 2019, hlm 129-140 impression through those two personal tools. who see a blind person with a good eye shape Blind people who experience a physical are often fooled by thinking and treating him stigma, tend to manage the impression that is as a person who can see. The decision not to different from what is done by a nondisabled wear sunglasses by some blind people who person who has a certain profession. In the have a good shape of the eye is not without a front region, blind people do not use personal motive. Such an impression management is an fronts like sunglasses. This is different from attempt to present self in the front region in the doctors for example who generally wear a hope that his communication partner considers white coat in the practice room setting. Not him a nondisabled person. wearing sunglasses by certain blind people can In addition to managing the impression be considered as a form of their impression of not wearing sunglasses in public, some management so as not to be identified as blind. blind people who have a 'normal' eye shape In other words, they want to build a self-image sometimes wear clear glasses, which seem in the presence of others in the hope that to look like spectacles. The use of these clear everyone who sees them does not judge them glasses also has certain purposes, in which the as blind (see figure -1). blind want to build the impression that his eyes The impression by not wearing sunglasses are not 'blind' but only nearsighted and so he (as a personal front) is usually done by blind wears eyeglasses. people who have the shape (performance) Some blind people avoid wearing eyes that still look good like the eyes of a sunglasses in order to give the impression to nondisabled person, such as eyes that are not others that they are not blind. But other blind watery, or who have intact eyeballs. People people wear sunglasses as a personal front

Figure-1: Double Existence of glasses in impression management of blind people Source: Research Findings, 2018 Kadri, Deddy. Blind's People Multiple... 135 when dealing with others. In one observation for the blind is a tool used to help walk. that the researchers once did, the blind The stick is so important for the visually wearing sunglasses were those who had impaired, that PSBN Wyata Guna Bandung visible unhealthy eyes, such as persistent as one of the blind rehabilitation institutions aquatic eyes, eyes with no eyeballs, or has distributed one stick to each blind person eyeballs that stick out, and various other there, and teach them techniques to use the forms of the eye that are not normal. stick. Sunglasses were not used at all times In addition to finding direction, the use by the blind. When they are in a dormitory of the stick by the blind can be a reference with their friends, sunglasses are not worn for people without disability to determine and they do not feel they have any burden that a person is blind. For example, vehicle despite interacting with watery eyes, or users may be cautious when someone is without eyeballs. The dormitory and their crossing the street with a stick, or a cautious presence among their blind fellows are the person gives priority and special treatment backstage settings for them. They can present to a person using a stick in a public place. themselves as they are, with no engineered The existence of a white stick is treated impression management elements, since differently from sunglasses by the blind. they know that their friends are unlikely to The blind often avoids using the white stick know their physical appearance due to the when wanting to manage the impression latter’s blindness. that he is not blind. Based on the results The blind’s appearance immediately of the study, the researchers found at least changes when they are in the presence of two blind mobility strategies outside the others outside the blind community (PSBN rehabilitation complex without using a Wyata Guna – Bandung), both in the complex stick; first, by utilizing people or other blind area of PSBN Wyata Guna - Bandung and people who have low vision in order to be other locations outside the complex area free from the use of sticks and can walk which have become the front region. In daily while holding on to people as if they were life in the dormitory, some blind people who nondisabled people; second, by hiding the never wear sunglasses, immediately wear stick behind the waist or in the bag, but use them when attending an event involving it at a critical moment like when they need outsiders, in order to hide the weak shape to cross the road. After that they put it back. of their eyeballs. In addition to this motive Both strategies of managing the impression of wearing sunglasses, they hope that others management are intended to make others will see them as wary people who wear not to perceive them as blind people often sunglasses. associated with the white stick. In addition to sunglasses, objects or Most of blind people in this research other tools commonly identified with the utilize the first strategy by taking advantage blind are white sticks. Basically, the stick of nondisabled people when they have 136 Jurnal ASPIKOM, Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli 2019, hlm 129-140 activities out of the rehabilitation area. If life. Moreover, they can work together as they want to take a vacation or just come a team to build certain impressions in the home on the weekend, one of their family front region with specific goals. The use members picks up and drives them back to of teams in impression management has the dorm. They never use a stick while among become one of the focuses of dramaturgical nondisabled people. This reality shows that studies. Goffman (1959:85) mentions a team the management of the impression by not that dramatizes an activity. In the context of using the white stick is often simultaneously this study, among the significant others who coincides with the utilization of the become the performance team in the show people who are their significant others. In (impression management) are especially Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective, these blind people’s family members and lovers. people belong to the team of impression Each team with different relationships with management. the blind has different and similar scenarios The Use of Teams in Blind People’s Impres- in a 'dramatic' show with the main player sion Management being the blind. Blind people are social beings who The family is the first impression have a community and always build management team to join in the show. A relationships with others. Such relationships drama is acted by the blind and his family may be familial, formal, or emotional. Since which is different from the other dramas childhood, they have gathered in families. played by the people in general. While the Family members will even be important show acted by able-bodied people tries to partners for them after blindness afflict display the impression based on the status and them in adulthood. These partners are not role understood by the audience, the show just chatting companions, but partners played by the blind and his family intends who can be guides, patrons, and other to cover up the actual role, by displaying the roles that contribute to their relationships. old activities of the blind when he still could Family members become companions and see, such as how to walk and how to guide protectors during the treatment process. him in order not to be visible as blind. Community instructors, counselors, social The involvement of the family in workers and institutional workers become managing the impression is not just how to their partners and educators during the organize appearances such as how to walk orphanage. So do their lovers (especially and how to guide the blind, but also how to nondisabled girlfriends) who become loving, use attributes or personal fronts (like sticks) compassionate and motivating partners. by the visually impaired. One of the blind The close and togetherness of blind people recounted that his wife and children people with their communication partners forbade him to use a stick when he was enable them to understand each other, invited to go out in the recreation area with including understanding the problems of the family. Kadri, Deddy. Blind's People Multiple... 137

The impression management team of the a physical stigma. Therefore, these findings blind not only comes from their family but justify Goffman's assumption which says also consists of their lovers or close friends. that for someone who has a physical stigma; The impression management by the blind the dramaturgical problem is to manage with a lover or with a friend is not different the tension that comes from the fact that from the way and strategy done at the time others know the physical defect of the actor with his family. Usually, an impression (Mulyana, 2018: 159). management involving lovers and friends as The impression management of the a team takes place when they visit a single blind always begins with the problem of place or public facility. In case the blind is presenting themselves as well as their self- a man, her lover can maximally cover the image in front of others who have already identity of the blind partner by continuing to stigmatized them. So, the impression hold her while she is in the public sphere. management of a blind person cannot be In dating the able-bodied person, the separated from others’ judgment of him able-bodied is usually more agile, especially that he understands. Mead’s theory of self- in guiding the mobility of his or her blind concept which forms the core of the theory lover. One moment of togetherness that of symbolic interaction as well as the guide researchers saw was when the blind were of Goffman's dramaturgical theory applies in escorted home by their lovers in the complex this respect. According to Mead (Mulyana, PSBN Wyata Guna Bandung after a walk 2018: 111), self concept is a process derived or a trip from somewhere outside of the from the individual's social interaction complex. Sometimes researchers found with others, while according to Cooley's changing facial expressions and different Looking-glass-self concept, the individual's ways of touching by the couple, one of which self-concept is significantly determined by was a nondisabled person, when they met what he thinks of other people's thoughts other people on the street. They managed about him. the impression by letting the blind walk in a The concept of self and the impression usual way, without a serious touch. management are strongly related when The overall impression management explaining the reality of the impression of the blind after blindness takes place in management of the blind. The impression adulthood is illustrated diagrammatically management arises when a blind person in figure-2. As previously described, has poor self-assessment or a negative self- impression management is one of the typical concept. When a blind person is not ready communication realities that can be found and will not accept his blind identity, then in blind people’s communication, especially at the same time he performs an impression with outsiders or strangers. In this study the management by displaying a situational impression management by blind people is identity, by managing certain impressions so merely due to the blindness associated with that other people consider him as a respected 138 Jurnal ASPIKOM, Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli 2019, hlm 129-140

Figure-2: Model of blind people’s impression management Source: Research Findings, 2018 person. Our proposition is that there is a personal fronts suit the needs of a blind relationship between the self-confidence and person. For example, sunglasses are not all the impression management made by the blind. worn by the blind, but are only worn by blind The less the blind’s self-confidence, the more people who have unhealthy eye shapes and often they manage the impression. Conversely, unhealthy eyeballs, such as watery eyes and the higher the blind’s self-confidence, the less eyeballs that no longer exist. So the blind likely they manage the impression. wear sunglasses as a tactic to conceal the As described earlier, this study found weakness of the eyes. Blind people usually at least two techniques or strategies of do not want to be seen as blind by others, so impression management by blind people to that they may alienate themselves from the build a good self-image in the front of their two personal fronts attributed to them such communication partners. as sunglasses and white sticks. This kind First, the impression management of impression management by the blind is through the use and the negligence of different from the impression management Kadri, Deddy. Blind's People Multiple... 139 by general people. Personal fronts for able- impression that the actor is blind. bodied people become a weapon for them to Impression management strategies present themselves (managing impressions) implemented by the blind are conducted in in front of others. In contrast, the blind with front of outsiders who do not belong to their a physical stigma manage the impression family or community. Based on this reality a by avoiding the use of personal fronts proposition can be formulated that the blind’s in front of others or in the public space. impression management takes place only in These findings are different from Goffman's front of people outside their community, but assumptions related to the role of personal not in front of their blind fellows and able- fronts in impression management. Goffman bodied insiders with whom they regularly as quoted by Mulyana (2018:152) called the communicate. Referring to the meaning of use of personal front as part of someone’s the region proposed by Goffman (1959:109), impression management in the front region. it can be said that in front of general On the contrary, this study indicates that the people, the blind use their front region as personal front is a tool or artifact avoided by their impression management, while their the blind in the front region. In other words, presence among of the blind community or Goffman’s impression management model their family members are their back region. that uses a personal front is not “suitable” Conclusion for a disabled group such as the blind. Impression management by the 40 blind Second, the blind sometimes use the team people as subjects of this study begins when (in collaboration with others) in managing blindness befalls. The blind people begin to the impression. Family members and lovers think about their new identity and imagine or close friends are the two communities used the response of others. As social beings to be collaborators of the blind’s impression they must interact in their social world management team. Referring to the function even though psychologically they are not of the team that Goffman (1959:85) calls confident with their new status. It is in this the performance team, it is a team that dilemmatic condition that a blind person dramatizes an activity; the roles of the blind’s uses a double identity that is a permanent impression management team are like a identity as a blind person and situational drama team featuring certain plays to get identity constructed subjectively based on certain impressions in front of the audience. his motive to show himself as a perfectly Family members such as the blind’s parents normal, non-blind human being. sometimes help the blind’s mystification to Impression management by the subjects avoid being monitored by others. Even if the of the study is taking place when they present blind actor must be present in public, other themselves with a situational identity. The team members such as family members and impression management is conducted in lovers make efforts to help and guide him the front region in the public space and in with certain techniques so as not to make an front of strangers. The back region is used 140 Jurnal ASPIKOM, Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli 2019, hlm 129-140 in front of their family members and in the DeVito, J.A. (2011), Komunikasi rehabilitation center where blind people Antarmanusia. 5th.ed. Terjemahan; present themselves as they are. Impression Agus Maulana (et.al.). Jakarta: Karisma Publishing management is accomplished in two strategies by utilizing personal fronts such Fitri, A. (2015), “Dramaturgi Pencitraan Prabowo Subianto di Media Sosial as sunglasses and white sticks used flexibly Twitter Menjelang Pemilihan Presiden according to their subjective motives and 2014.” Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu desires to prevent strangers to see them as Komunikasi, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 101-108. blind. The use of personal front is supported Goffman, E. (1968). Stigma. Great Britain: by the second impression management Cox & Wyman. strategy, that is, the use of a team such as Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self family members and close friends. in Everyday Life. Great Britain: Cox & This study has found a distinctive Wyman. dramaturgical performance managed by Kuswarno, E. (2009). Metode Penelitian blind people under this study which is Komunikasi: Fenomenologi, Konsepsi, different from the dramaturgical performance Pedoman, dan Contoh Penelitian. managed by nondisabled communities. Bandung: Widya Padjadjaran. Therefore, it is not exaggerated to say that Mulyana, D. & Kadri, (2019), “Identity this study has contributed to Goffman’s Transformation of Blind People with dramaturgical theory. However, this study Blindness in Adulthood in Bandung”, is not meant to be generalized into other MIMBAR, Vol. 32 No. 1st. pp. 235-244 communities of blind people in Indonesia. Mulyana, D. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian It is for this reason that other studies based Kualitatif: Paradigma Baru Ilmu Komunikasi dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. the same theoretical perspective are worth Bandung: Rosda. conducting to examine other tactics of impression management performed by other Mulyana, D. (2017). Ilmu Komunikasi: Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Rosda. communities of blind people in the country which might be more appealing. Priyadi, C. (2018), “Analisis Dramaturgi Penampilan Anies Baswedan dalam References Kampanye Pilgub 2017.” Jurnal Pustaka Arrianie, L. (2011), “Media Darling dan Komunikasi, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 339 - 348 Impression Management Politik Romli, K., (2015), “Akulturasi dan Asimilasi Politisi.” Media Kom: Jurnal Ilmiah, dalam Konteks Interaksi Antar Etnik”, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 67-80. Ijtimaiyya, Vol. 8. No. 1. Pebruari. 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