2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

PROCEEDINGS of The 2nd Society for Indonesian Biodiversity INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE VOLUME 2 JULY 2013 ISSN 2252-617X

EDITORIAL BOARD:

Prof. M. Taufik Fauzi, Ph.D (University of ) Prof. I Komang Dmara Jaya, Ph.D (University of Mataram) Prof. Hoi Sen Yong (University of Malaya, Malaysia) Dr. Miko U.F. Krischbaum (Landcare, New Zealand) Prof. M. Sarjan, Ph.D (University of Mataram) Dr. Lestari Ujianto (University of Mataram) Aluh Nikmatullah, Ph.D (University of Mataram) Dr. I Wayan Suana (University of Mataram) Sitti Latifah, Ph.D (University of Mataram) Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

LAY OUT: Salahudin, S.Adm. Sukirman, SP.

PUBLISHER: Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

CO-PUBLISHER: Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

FIRST PUBLISHED: 2013

ADDRESS (FOR THIS ISSUE): Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram Jl. Majapahit Nomor 62 Mataram 83125. Telp. & Fax.: +62-0370-621435 & +62-0370-640189

ONLINE: http://fp.unram.ac.id

SUPPORTED BY:

Daerah Maju Visit Lombok Bappeda Provinsi Society for Mataram University, Bersaing Sumbawa NTB Biodiversity Indonesia

ii Lombok, , Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

PREFACE

Continuing The 1st International Conference on Biodiversity in 2011 that was held in Solo, The Society For Indonesian Biodiversity proudly held The 2nd International Conference on Biodiversity which was focus on issues related to “Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining The Globe. This conference has attracted significant numbers of participants from scientist, government agencies, NGO, and other experts from 5 different countries (Australia, New Zealand, United Sates of America, Malaysia, and Indonesia). This event was expected to promote innovations in the real research on biodiversity to tackle biodiversity loss that rapidly occured in our life.

The proceeding is the continuation of the 1st proceeding issued by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. The proceeding contain all oral and poster presented on the 2nd ICB 2012 in Lombok, Indonesia. Papers presented in this proceeding comprised wide ranges of issues regarding climate change impacts of agriculural and forestry biodiversity, fresh water, coastal and marine diversity, as well as economic and community biodiversity.

On behalf of The Society for Indonesian Biodiversity, we would like to thank to all authors, paper reviewers, editorial team, organizing commitee, local government, and sponsors for their contribution and involment in this conference.

Mataram, July 2013

Sutarno Chairman of the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 iii 2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

CONTENTS

Preface ...... iii Content ...... ivi

KEYNOTE SPEAKER : 1. Climate Change Science and Impacts (Miko U.F. Kirschbaum) 1 2. Biodiversity of Dacinae Fruit Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (Hoi Sen 15 Yong, I. Wayan Suana, Phaik Eem Lim, Ji Tan and Praphathip Eamsobhana)

3. Maintaining Biological Diversity By Reducing CO2 Emission (Sutarno) 21

4. Indonesian Biodiversity Under Climate Change Threaten (Bambang Hero 24 Saharjo)

ORAL : 5. Pangium edule Reinw as Traditional Foodstuff For Organic Food 33 Preservative (Anwar Kasim and Wahyudi David)

6. Meristogenys Yang, 1991 (Anura: Ranidae) From 38 : Conservation, Opportunities and Threats (Najmi Firdaus)

7. Monitoring of Phytoplankton to Asses Quality of Water in Cileduk Lake, 44 Ciputat, Indonesia (Lily Surayya Eka Putri) 8. Breaking Seed Physical Dormancy of Gleditsia assamica (Fabaceae): 50 Promising Introduced Tree For Reforestation (I Nyoman Peneng and Arief Priyadi)

9. Study of Containerized Gleditsia assamica Seedlings Growth By Using 54 Response-Surface Methodology (Arief Priyadi and I Nyoman Peneng) 10. Diversity and Potency of Dung Beetles as Bioindicators of Environmental 58 Changes of Tropical Land-Use in , Indonesia (Shahabuddin, Uswah Hasanah, Elijonnahdi)

11. Diversity of Birds at Batu Hijau, Sumbawa: a Summary of 1996-2011 65 Surveys (Muhamad Salamuddin Yusuf dan Pupung Firman Nurwatha)

iv Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

12. Morphological, Physiological and Genetic Diversity of Marine Agarolytic 79 Bacteria Isolated From Central Lombok Coastal (Faturrahman, Anja Meryandini, and Iman Rusmana)

13. Endemic Plants of MT. Rinjani: an Outlook to the Conservation Strategy 87 (W. Wardani, A. Hidayat, E.F. Tihurua, A. Kartonegoro, L.D. Sulistyaningsih, E. S. Kuncari, E.B. Walujo)

14. Crop Diversity on Dryland as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change 93 (I Komang Damar Jaya, Rosmilawati, I Wayan Sudika, L. Juriadi Suriawan)

15. The Diversity of Insect Pests on a Mango Plantation at Denpasar City, 98 (Ni Luh Watiniasih, Ngurah Evan Malabi and Ni Made Suartini) 16. Genetic Diversity of Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Populations in West Bali 102 Based on Microsatellite Data (Made Pharmawati, I Ketut Junitha, Ni Luh Watiniasih)

17. Rapid Assessment on Macro Invertebrates at Nyangnyang Beach Jimbaran 107 Bali (Deny Suhernawan Yusup) 18. Spatial Distribution of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (Vam) Fungi at 110 Tasmanian Heath-Lands Australia (Meitini W. Proborini)

19. Diversity of Freshwater Fishes: Aquaculture For Community Welfare Atlake 115 Sentani, Papua (Ervina Indrayani, Suwarno Hadisusanto, Rustadi, Kamiso, H.N.)

20. Genetic Improvement of Vigna Germplasm Through Interspecific 120 Hybridization (Lestari Ujianto)

21. Prospect of Tambrauw as Conservation Regency in West Papua (A 126 Preliminary Analysis) (Gabriel Asem, Petrus Kahisiuw, Sepus Fatem, Yubelince Runtuboi, Jonni Marwa, And Devi Manuhua)

22. Diversity of Plants Used For Lo’i Praja, A Traditional Medicine For Mbojo 134 Ethnic In West Nusa Tenggara (Syaraswati, I Komang Damar Jaya, I Made Sudarma)

23. Bird Community of Coastal Areas (Ela’-Ela’ Beach) West Sekotong, West 141 Lombok, Indonesia (Immanuel Sanka, Muhammad Reza Ardhi, and Herawan Putra)

24. Growth of Peanut Lines Generated From Gamma Ray Iradiation Against 146 Polyethylene Glycol Solution Stress (Syarifinnur, Lestari Ujianto and A. Farid Hemon)

25. The Diversity of Genus Capparis Found in Mount Nglanggeran Gunung 151 Kidul Yogyakarta and Surrounding Formation (Widodo)

26. Birds at Three Forest Reserves of Pangkor Island, Perak (Rahmah Ilias and 157 Hamdon Tak)

27. Variation in Reproductive Structures of Some Red Algae From West 161 (Sukiman, Chikmawati T, Aryanti NS)

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 v 2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

28. Plant Regeneration Via Somatic Embryogenesis From Protoplast of 168 Clausena harmandiana (Engl.) 'Swing. & M. Kell (Hasan Basri Jumin and Faturrahman)

29. Preliminary Study of Her-2/Neureceptor Analysis in Indonesian Breast 175 Cancer Patients: Isolation of Her-2/Neureceptorgene (Desriani, Ramadhan, Wirsma Arief Harahap, Wiwit Amrinola, Neneng Hasanah)

30. Production and Nutrient Content of Calopo With Inorganic Fertilizer From 178 Different Sources (Dwi Retno Lukiwati, F.E. Syahputra and F. Kusmiyati)

31. Geographical Distribution of Salmonella typhi Isolates From Southwest 181 Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara Based on Biochemical Diversity and Its Public Health Implications (Charis Amarantini, Langkah Sembiring, Haripurnomo Kushadiwijaya, Widya Asmara)

32. The Recovery of Plant Species Diversity in 14 Year-Old Forest in 188 Rehabilitated Mined Land in Central Bengkulu (Wiryono and James Byekher Douni) 33. Conserving Indigenous Lombok Bees Through Community Empowerment 196 in Bee Queen Reproduction (Baiq Yulfia Elsadewi Yanuartati, Erwan) 34. Portunid Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) From Coastal Area of 202 Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Herawati, P., Nirwantono, R., Siwi, K. A. Y. K., Sanka, I., Amalia, R., Aulia, R., Ariyanto, I. A., and Aminjoyo, N.) 35. Anomura Crustaceans Community in Coastal Area of Sepanjang, 209 Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Rizqa Amalia, Kresti Ary Yani Kusumo Siwi, Pratya Herawati, Imanuel Sanka) 36. Diversity of Decapods (Crustacea) in Coastal Area of Nguyahan Beach, 213 Gunung Kidul, Indonesia (Siwi,K.A.Y.K., Putri,A.R., Herawati,P., Amalia.R., Sanka.I., Aulia.R. Aryanto.I., Aminjoyo.N.) 37. Comparison of Fish Abundance and Trophic Group Analysis, in Gili 220 Genting and Gili Layar Beach, Sekotong Peninsula, West Lombok Regency, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia (Ernisa Maranatha Nainggolan, Erly Sintya Dewi, Raden Aditya Aryandi, Muhammad Rafieiy, Rindra Aryandari, Khairunnisa Arumsari, Haikal Prima Fadholi, Ali Fikri, Durrotun Nasihah, Ikah Septiyani) 38. Molecular Identification of Indonesian Agarwood-Inducing Fungi (Yuda 226 Purwana Roswanjaya, Ahmad Saufi, Ahmad Suhendra, Henti Rosdayanti, and Arief Arianto) 39. Identification of Potential Phytoextraction Plant For Mercury in West Nusa 232 Tenggara Province (Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti, Zainal Arifin, Bustan, Sudirman, Ahmad Yani) 40. The Diversity and Potency of Understories Medicinal Plants in 236 Ranggawulung Urban Forest, Subang (Dina Anggraini, Lily Syrayya Eka Putri, Dasumiati, Ani Mulyani, Angga Restiadi) 41. Population Study of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Cots), Acanthaster 239 planci on the Tidung Island Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta (Hanum Isfaeni)

vi Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

42. Antioxidant Property of Gigantochloa Bamboo Leaves Extract (Supriyatin, 244 Sri Rahayu) 43. Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Isolated From Raw Cow’s Milk in 247 Yogyakarta Indonesia (Tri Yahya Budiarso, Charis Amarantini) 44. Physiological Responses of Black-Seeded Soybean Genotypes on Drought 254 Stress Based on Specific Characters (Kisman, Aluh Nikmatullah, M. Sarjan) 45. Economic Performance of Two Rice Types (A Case Study in East Lombok) 259 (Rusdi Hidayat N.) 46. Dominant Species of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Attacking Water Hyacinth in 262 Batujai Dam and Their Potency as Biological Control Agents of the Weed (M. Taufik Fauzi, Murdan, and Irwan Muthahanas) 47. Biodiversity of Indonesian Seaweed of Eucheuma/Kappaphycus spp (Aluh 271 Nikmatullah, Mursal Ghazali, Sunarpi)

48. Application of Technology of Mangos Off Season Atvarious Climate Types 279 in Lombok NTB, Indonesia (Muji Rahayu ,Ahmad Suriadi, Baiq Nurul Hidayah), Brian Thistleton, Sohail Qureshi and Ian Baker)

POSTER : 49. Irradiation and in Vitro Selection Induced in Vitro Mutagenesis of 288 Sugarcane Improvement (Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih, Ika Mariska, Endang Gati, Sri Hutami and Rossa Yunita) 50. Effect of Depth on Yield Carrageenan of Eucheuma cottonii Grown With 293 Vertical M ethod (Salnida Yuniarti, Paryono, and Dewi Setyowati) 51. Assessment of the Secondary Metabolites From Different Fungal Isolates to 296 Induce the Production of Agar Wood (“Gaharu”) on Sustainably Cultivated Gyrinops versteegii of Lombok Island (Mulat Isnaini, Herman Suheri, Aluh Nikmatullah, and Irwan Muthahanas) 52. Agronomical Characters of Four Lombok Island Indigenous Genotypes of 303 Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) (Bambang Budi Santoso and Nurrachman) 53. Potency of Red Algae As Sources of Phycocolloid In Coastal Area of West 306 Java (Chikmawati T , Sukiman, Aryanti NS) 54. Exploration on Endangered Herbal Plants in Central Lombok District, Nusa 311 Tenggara Barat Province (Karwati Zawani and Liana Suryaningsih) 55. Growth and Yield of Wheat Genotypes at Lowland Lombok (Dwi Ratna 314 Anugrahwati and Akhmad Zubaidi)

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 vii 2od International Confetence on Biodiversiqy'' Signifrcance ofClimate Change on Biodiversiqr in Sustaining t.he Globe"

THE RECOYERY OF PLANT SPECTES DIVERSITY IN 14 YEAR-OLD FOREST IN REHABILITATED MINED LAND IN CENTRAL BENGKULU

Wiryono and James Byel*rerDouni Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, [email protected]

ABSTRACT . Coal mining in Indonesia has not only caused cdrbon emission into the atmospbere, but also drastically changed forest ecosystems rich in biodiversity into degraded lands. The mining companies are required by the government to rehabilitate the degraded mined land. Most companies use fast growing species to revegetate the mined land, resulting in a single or few species forest stand. But if the rehabilitated land is left undisturbed, natural succession will finally return the vegetation into its original forest type. The objective of this study was to know the species composition of a l4-yen-old vegetation growing in mined land revegetated with Acacia ntangium. The results showed that after L4 years, the forest had 3 species of trees, 13 species of shrub and saplings, and 16 species of herbs and seedlings. The highest inrportant values were A. mangium for trees, Leea aequata for saplings dan shrub, and Wedelia trilobata for herbs and seedlings. No saplings and seedlings of A. mangium were found, indicating that A. mangiunt failed to regenerate. Sorensen Index of similarity in species composition of shrub and trees between thisl4-year old forest and natural forest was only 6.4o/o, but the index was higher between this forest and the secondary forest, namely 38.7%. The results indicate that although the land was planted with a single species, A. mangium, natural succession has increased the plant diversity, and in the future A. mangium will be replaced by diverse native species, which are now in the stages of saplings and seedlings.

Keywords: mined soil reclamation, biodiversity recovery, succession, Central Bengkulu.

INTRODUCTION The degraded forest ecosystem, theoretically, will return to its original condition

As or 2011, Indonesia ranks 7'h as the iH::n JHffi::i"f f.:fi.ffi rJffiJ:: biggest coal producer in the world, with a total speed up the recovery of the damaged production of L76 million tons (World Coal ecosystem. The more degraded an ecosystem, Association, 2Al2 ). While it is a source of the more extensive intervention is needed revenue to the nation, coal mining in Indonesia, (Hobbs and Cramer 2008). The ministry of however, has become an' important energy and mineral resources of Republic of environmental issue because it has converted a Indonesia has stipulated that mined lands must lot of forest areas into degraded ecosystems. be reclaimed so that they can function Mined soil generally has physical, chemical and adequately for the designated land use (Minister biological properties not suitable for plant of EnergyandMinerai Resources,2008). When growth (Bradshaw, 1997). Thp sulfur content in the mined land is in the foresr area, the coal may result in acidification of soil, whicfr ia companies nlust aljo.lfpflow the guidance from turn increases soluble Mn, Fe, A1, and Zn in soil the Ministry of Forristry on the reclamation of which are toxic to plants (Lottermosser,2010). disturbtjd forest (Minister of Forestry, 2011). The use of heavy equipments has caused soil The Minister of Forestry guide for forest compaction which results in decrease of soil reclamation states that the degraded forest ryust porosity, permeability, and water holding initially be planted with cover crops to prevent capacity (Bussler et al, 1984). Mined land needs erosion, followed by pioneer trees to improve to be rehabilitated before the land can be used soil nutrient. Finally, the forested land must be for end use (Bradshaw, 1997, Lottermosser, enriched with species of trees in accordance 2010). with the end use and the foresr area category-

188 Lombok, Wesr Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 16-8 November 2012 fd International Conference on Biodiversiry" Significauce of Climate Change on Biodivenity in Su5taining the Globe"

Both the Minister of Forestry's and the mining company, in Taba Penanjung Village, Minister of Energy and Mineral Sources' Central Bengkulu District. The study site is regulations, however, do not give specific 300-315 m above sea level. The topography of criteria for the success of reclamation, the study area was gently sloping, less than especially from ecological point of view. 10%. The site has wet climate with an average Internationally, the Society of Ecological annual rainfall of 3,485 mm. The field work Restoration (SER) gives nine . ecosystem was done in January and February,20ll. attributes as the criterih ofrestoration success as Sampling method follow (Clewell and Aronson, 2007): (1) The Vegetation was classified into three restored ecosystem must have similar diversity levels or categories. Tree was defined as any and community structure in comparison with woody plant with diamerer at breast height (130 reference sites; (2) Indigenous species must be cm) > 10 cm, and height > 4m. Sapling and pfeseht in the area; (3) It must have functional shrub was any woody plant with a diameter at grdup$ necessafy for ldng-term stability; (4) It bfeast height frorn 2.5 cm to 9 crn, and height hust have the cdphclty of the physlcal from} to 4 m. Ground cover cousisted of heihs environment to sustain reproducing and seedlings with height < 2m. The si2es of populations; (5) It must be able to function quadrats for tree, shrub and groundcover were normally in accordance with its development; lOm x 10 rn, 4m x 4m and lm x lm (6) It must be integrated with the landscape, respectively. Eleven lines of transect were made enabling energy and nurrient flow with adjacent across contour lines. In each line two quadrats ecosysterns; (7) It must be free hom potential for trees were made, 20 m apart. Within each threats to the ecosystem health and integrity. tree quadrat, a 4mx4m was made, and within (8) It must have high resilience to natural this 4 m x 4 m quadrat, a I m x lm plot was disturbances; and (9) It must be self-sustaining. made. For tree and shrub categories, the names, Most studies on ecosyitem restoration, diameter of each plant were recorded. For however, did not measure all the nine criteria of groundcover category, the name of each plant the Society of Ecological Restoration (Ruiz- was recorded, and then every plant was cut Jaen, and Aide, 2005). Most studies included at separately for biomass measurement. The least one measure in each of three general samples of groundcover were oven dried at a categories of the ecosystem attributes : diversity, temperature of l05t for several days to get vegetation structure, and ecological processes. constant weight. Restoration ecologists have different Identification of plants was done at the opinions on the reference ecosystem toward Herbarium of University of Bengkulu. which ecological restoration has to be directed Unidentified species were sent to Indonesian (van Andel and Aronson,2006). The practical Science lnstirute (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan approach is to use adjacent natural communities Indonesia, LIPI) for species determination. as the reference ecosystem. Comparison of Secondary data of trees, saplings and shrubs of species composition of the rehabilitated mined natural forest were taken from Ritonga (2009), land and natural communities nearby can be while those of secondary forest were taken from done to evaluate the success of restoration Suhartoyo et al (2012). Secondary data of (Herath et al,20A9). groundcover of natural forests were taken from The objectives of this study were to Setiawan (1-998). know the diversity of 14 year- old forest'in From the study area tw-o composite rehabilitated mined land and to determine the samples of soil from the depth of 1-20 cm were similarity in species composition between the taken. The first sample *a's taken from the 14 year-old forest and natural forests. upper slope, and the seconU sample from the Iower slope. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data an4lyses Site . Plant data were analyzed to find the The study was conducted in l4-year old forest importance value index for each species, the growing in rehabilitated mined land under the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the management of PT Danau Mas Hitam, a coal community. and Sorensen similarity indexes

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, hdonesia 16-8 Noventber 2012 189 on Biodiversityia Sustaining the Globe" 2d Intemational Conference on Biodiversity" Signiticance of Climate Change

the study area, between the 15-year-old forest and natural species were also found in and Mallotus forest, and between the 75-yeat old forest and namely Acacaia auiculdormer not 'secondary forest. Formulae were taken from paniculatus. Acacia auriculiformis is species, so it might be accidentally Miieler-Dombois and Ellemberg (197 4)' indigenous to this area druing the plantation of A' Importance value index = relative frequency + brought panicalatus is shrub or relative density + relative dominance *angiu*. Mallotus 10 m tall. It is a pioneer species For tree and shrub categories, dominance was small tree, up to open disnubed sites determined using basal area, while for found mostly in or but it can also be groundcover dominance was determined from (http://www.asianplant.net/), primary forest (Becker and van den bi.omass. fouiid in Shannon-Wiener diversitY index: Brink, 1963). Thirteen species 666 nine families were found at shrubs or saplings level (fable 2)' (piXtoe pi) Four species with high importance values s=-I the other i=1 belong 1o Euphorbiaceae. Each of familiis had only one species- A1l species of Where, H =diversityindex shrubs or saplings grow naturally in the area' S = number of species They are the pioneer species- Leea aequata had pi = Proportion of sPecies i the highest importance value followed by of pi = niA{ = (number of individual Mallotis paniculatus- Leea aequara is a shrub of all species)' species/total individual or small tree which grows naturally in forest, Sorensen index of similaritY hedges or village groves @acker and van den The presence of indigenous 2, * roo oh Brink, 1965). A+B species of saplings and shrub which eventually riplace the A mangfirm species indicated that c = cornmon specres the second criterion of restoration success (found in community A and community B) according to SER (Clewell and Aronson,2007) A number of all species found in communityA = was met. B = number of all species found in B Sixteen species from seven families of Soil samples were analyzed for pH, N, P, K, C groundcover were found (Table 3). Asteraceae organic, particle density, porosity and texture' consisted of four species, Fabaceae three Poaceae also three species. Wedelia RESULTS AND DISCUSSION species and trilobata was the most dominant species of groundcover. Wedelia is an invasive alien Diversity of Plants distributed widely around the The species richness of plants was the highest at species. It is become weed' Other species of groundcover category, followed by shrub or world and has groundcover are pioneer species that have sapling category and finally the tree category' (Grime, 1979). These species At the tree category, only three species'from ruderal strategy of invading open area and growing two families were found (Table 1), and Acacia are capable fast. Prawito (2009) has found that mangiuru was the most dominant because the relatively Melastoma malabathricum mined land was deliberately planted with this Wedelia trilobata, increase soil fertility in mined land in species. A. mangium is one of the pioneer can species used in Indonesia for mined land Central Bengkulu' revegetation (Suhartoyo et a\ 2A12). Two other and the Table 1. The species comPosition af l4-year o19 forest in rehabilitated mined land importance value index (IV of each at tree category. Relative Relative Relative Species Family Dominance DensitY Frequenc M o/o (%\ y (%) 287.98 Acacia mangium'W1l7d. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 98.84 97.47 91.67 6.25 auri-culiformis Cunn. ex Benth. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 0'82 1.27 4.17 Acacia q'n s'tt ?iliii,ir-p"iilio',i,'' rliiji.i. e"pt',rai^""u' o'tt r'zt

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 16-8 November 2012 2ud [nternational Conference on Biodiversity'' Significance ofClimate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe"

Table 4. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) (Normhn, et al., 2006). In South Sumatera, the of l4-year old forest in rehabilitated tree composition of the 16-year old forest in land at tree, sapling/shrub and ground rehabilitated coal mined land was not similar to cover categories. the secondary forest nearby (Suhartoyo et al, Category Diversity 2012). index (H) How long the rehabilitated mined land Tree 0.06 will return to its original species composition Sapling or shrub 1.01 depends on the soil conditions, which vary from Ground cover 1.1 one mined land to another. If the mined land is seterely degraded and the surface soil materials Species composition similarit7- with the consist of overburden brought from material reference sites and succession. The first ofnine deep under the ground without any propagule in criteria for the success ofrestoration by SER is it, then succession in this extreme site is similarity in species composition between the categorized as primary successi.on (Wali and restored site and the reference site (Clewell and Freeman, 1973), which proceeds very slowly. Aronson, 2007). Compared with natural old The prinnary succession pattern follows the forest nearby, the similarity indexes were still Relay Floristic model of Egler (1954) or the very low (<10%) both for groundcover as well Facilitation Model of Connel and Slatyer as for shrub and tree category (Table 5). (1977). But, if the surface soil materials contain However the indexes increased when topsoil, are seeded and fertilized, then the comparison was made between the study area succession in this less extreme site is and the secondary forest. At shrub and tree categorized as secondaqr zuccession (Wali, category, the index was 38.7%o, meaning that 1987) which proceeds relatively faster. The almost 40% of the species composition between secondary succession pattern follows the Initial the two forests was the same. The similarity Floristic Composition model of Egler (1954) or index shows that natural succession in this Tolerance model of Connel and Slatyer (1977). rehabilitated mined land has brought the In rehabilitated bauxite mined land in Australia, originally single-species plantation forest closer the succession followed the Initial Floristic to young secondary forest consisting of many Composisiton model (Norman et d, 2006). In species. Texas, US, natural succession in coal mine spoils: followed all models of succession Table 5. Sprensen index of similarity (ISs) (Skousen et a1,,1988). between l4-year-old forest in Because the conditions of mined land rehabilitated land and natural old vary, the types of intervention do too. At the forest. extreme site, fundamental human intervention is Catesory ISs (%) required, but at the less extreme site, only minor Tree and saplinglshrub 6,45 intervention is needed. Hobbs and Cramer Ground cover ?.78 (2008) and Prach aqd Hobbs (2008) suggested that, whepever possiblp, ecological restoration At this time, the frst success criteria of should rely on natural succession with little SER (similarity in species composition with human intervention,.-because it is the cheapest reference site) has not been met by the 14-year method of restoration. old forest stand, but as natural succession is still continuing, in the future, the frst criteria will Table 6.'Sgrensen index. of similarity between likely be met. Fourteen years old is too short . l4-year-old forest in rehabilitated land for the mined land to return to its original and young secondary forest. species composition. In Western Australia, the species composition of vegetation after l4 years Catesory ISs (9ir) of rehabilitated bauxite mined site was still Tree and sapling/shrub 38,71 different from that of the unmined forest Ground cover 20

L92 Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 16-8 November 2012 2'd Intemational conrbreace oo Biodivenity" significance of climate change ou Biodivenity;&

Tex C 20.14 15.77 I 17.955 1

Soil properties ground cover levels. Indigenous species ; The success of terrestrial ha' ecosystem restoration invaded the forest through natural-succ"rriffi,.,ij is based on the plant-soil interaction. Soil As the Acacia mangiumfail to regenerate, in conditions affect plant performance til, and future the forest will likely to returu,rts id community species composition, while species original species composition provided rha it is composition can influence many aspects of soil not disturbed. structure and function (Eviner and Hawkis, 2008). Based on the results of soil tests (Table ACKNOWLDEGMENT 7), the soil in the l4-year old forest was categorized as very acidic and had low We thank PI Danau Mas Hitam phosphorus, which garc eo medium nitrogen, medium to high permission to study in its rnining carbon, and medium potassium to high area. The help from Dr Ali Munawar "oonn s"omii .r*rmq (Landon, 1984). The site'was nor Lxtremely interpretation is gratefully acknowledged. poor in term of chemical properties. Some mine soils are extremely acidic and need to be ameliorated with lime before revegetation LITERATURES CITED (Vogel, 1981; Bradshavt) t997). The soil texture was sandy loam and the Backer, C.A. and van Der parricle Brink R.C.B. 1g6i density and bulk density (Table 7) werc Flora of Java. Volumes considered I. N\? normal (Landon, l9g4), meaning Noordhoff, Groningen. that the soil was not highly compacted. In some Backer, C.A.and van Der Brink rehabilitated R.C.B. 1965- mine soils, the use of heavy Flora of Java. Volumes machinery II. I\i\rp during the grading of soil to Noordhoff, Groningen. approximate original contour has caused Bradshaw, A.D. 1997. What compaction we mean br of soil which impedes the restorbrion. pages g-14 in Urbanski penetration of roots into the soil (Bussler et al, K.M. , N. R. 1984; Powell et al, 1986; Bradshaw,1997). Webb. And P.J. Edwards. 1997. Restoration The result of soil tests for mine soil, however, Ecology and Sustainable Developmenr. must interpreted be cautiously. By definition, Cambridge University press. soil consist of decomposed rock material Bussler, B.H., Byrnes, 'W.R., pope, p.8., particles and < 2.0 mm in diameter, whereas the Chaney, W.R. 1994. properties land of surface material in mine land consist of a minesoil great fraction of particles larger than 2.0 mm in reclaimed for forest land use. Soil Science diameter. The particles that do not pass the 2.0, American Journal 48:l7g_1g4. flrm sieve are not tested. The soil tests, Clewel, A.F. and Aronson, J.2007. therefore, Ecological only reveals the soil properties of a Restoration. principles, portion Values and of plant growth medium in mined land. Structure_of an Emerging Profession. Island press. CONCLUSION Washington, D.C. Connel, l. H. And R. O. Slatyer. 1977. After 14 years, the originally Mechanisms of Successicin in Natural homogenous Acacia mangium plantatLn in Communities' an their rehabilitated mined Role in land has turned into Communiry Stability. American heterogeneous forest composed of moderately Naturalist I 1 1:l I 19-1144. diverse species especially at shrub, sapling and

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indongsia 16-g November 2012 193 the Globe" 2od International Conference on Biodiversity" Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining

Courtney, R., G. Mullen and Harrington, T. Powel, J.L., Gray, R.B., Ellis, J.B. Williamson, 2008. An Evaluation of Revegetation D and Barnishel, R.I. 1986. Successful Succession reforestation by use of large sized and Bauxite Residue. Restoration Ecology Vol. 17, high-quality native hardwood planting No.3:35G-358. stocks. Pages 169-172 rnProceeding of Egler, F. E. 1954. Vegetation Science Concept. 1986 National Meeting American I. Initial Florostic Composition. A Society for Surface Mining and Factor in Old Field Vegetation Reclamation. American Society for Development. Vegetatio 4:412-417 . Surface Mining and Reclamation- Eviner, V.T. and Hawkes, C.V. 2008. Jackson, Mssissippi, Embracing variability in the application .Prach, K.J. and Hobbs, R.J. 2008. Spontaneous of plant-soil interactions to the Succession versus Technical restoration of communities and Reclamation in the Restoration of ecosystems. Restoration Ecology Vol' Disturbed Sites ard J. Hobbs4. 16, No. 4:713-:129 Restoration Ecology Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. Grime, J. P- 1979. Plant Strategies and 363-366 Vegetation Prosesses. John Wiley and Prawito, P. 2009. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan Sons. New York. perintis dalam proses rehabilitasi lahan Herath, D.N., Lamont, 8.B., Enright, N.J. and paska tambang Miller, 8.P. 2009. Comparison of post- di Bengkuiu. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan mine rehabilitated and natural shrubland Lingkungan Vol. 9 No. 1: 7-12 communities in Southwestem Australia. Ritonga, A. H. 2009. Analisis Vegetasi Pada Restoration EcologY. Vol. 17' No 5: Tingkat Pohon dan Tirng Di Hutan Bukit Sembayam Hutan Lindung Bukit Hobbs, R.J. and Cramer, V.A. 2008. Daun Kabupaten Kepahiang. Skripsi Restoration Ecology: Interventionist Jurusan Kehutanan Universitas Approaches for Bengkulu. Bengkulu (tidak Restoring and Maintaining Ecosystem Function dipublikasikan). in the Face of Rapld Environmental Ruiz-Jaen, M. C.and T. M. Aide. 200,5. Change. Annual Review of Restoration Success: How Is It Being Environment and Resource.Vol. 33:39- Measured? 61. Restoration Ecology Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 569- Landon, JR (Ed.), 1984. Booker Tropical s77 Soil Manual, A Handbook Setiawan, I. 1998. Analisis Vegetasi Tumbuhan for Soil Survey and Bawah Di Kawasan Hutan Taman Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Nasional Kerinci Sebelat Daerah Tes Subtropics. Booker Agriculture Lebong Selatan. Skripsi Jurusan International T.imited. Longman. New Kehutarlan Universitas Bengkulu York.. (Tidak dipublikasikan). Bengkulu. Lottermoser, B.G. 2010. Mine Wastps. Skousen, J.G., Call, C.A., and Knight, R.W. Characterization, treatment and 1988. A'chronosequence of vegetation environmental impacts. and minesoil 3rd Ed. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. development on Texas lignite surface. Pages Mueller-Dombois, D &, H. Ellenberg, 1974. 79-88 in USDI Bureau of Mines. 1988. Aims and Methods in Vegetation .Mine Drainige in Surface Mine Ecology. John WilleY & Sons. New Reclamation Voll tr. York. Suhartoyo, H., Muna'isar, A and Wiryono.2012. Norman, M- A., J. M. Koch, C. D. Grant, T- K. Returning biodiversity of rehabilitated Morald, and S. C. Ward. 2A06. forest on Vegetation Succession After Bauxite a coal mined site at Tanjung Enim, South Mining in Western Australia. . Proc Soc Indon Biodiv Intl Restoration Ecology 14:27 8-288. Confl vol. I I pp. 126-130

L94 Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 16-8 November 2012 2od Intemationel Conference on Biodiversity" sigaificance ofClimate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining rhe Globe,,

Van Andel, J and Aronson, J (editors). 2006. Restoration ecology: the new frontier. BI ackwell Science.Oxford . Vogel, W.G. 1981. A Guide for Revegetating Coal Mine Soils in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Berea, Ky. Wali, M.K. and Freeman, p.G. 1973. Ecology of some syrface mined areas in North Dakota. Pages 2745 in \t'ali, M.K. (ed) i973. Some. Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Education Series 5. Grand Forks, ND. Wali, M.K. 1987, The structure, dynamics, and rehabilitation of drasticaily damaged ecosysterns. Pages 163-187 in Kosho, . T.N. lgg7. Perspective in Environmental management. Oxford and IBh Publishing Co. New Delhi.

Literatures From The Internet World Coal Association (2008). Coal mining. http : //www. worldco al. or gl c o al/ c o al- mi"ing/ downloaded on July 26,20L2. Plants of South East Asia. http://www. asianplant.net/. Downloaded on September 4,2012.

Government Regulati ons

The Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Min€ral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia number 18, 2008 regarding Mine Reclamation and Closure. @eraturan Menteri Energi ean Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor: 18 Tahun2OOg Tentang Reklamasi Dan penutupan Tambang). The Regulation of The Minister of Forestry' of the Republic of Indonesia number 4, 20ll regarding Guide for Forest Reclamation. (Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia nomor 4 tahun 20ll Tentang pedoman Reklamasi Hutan)

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