ISBN 978-979-19904-1-7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA FEDERATION OF SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETIES

Land for Sustaining Food and Energy Security

Editor-in-Chief

Suwardi

Associate Editors

M. Nurcholis Fahmudin Agus Syaiful Anwar Budi Indra Setiawan Didi Ardi

INDONESIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE Paper and posters presented at 11th International Conference of The East and Southeast Asia Federation of Soil Science Societies IPB International Convention Center, Botani Square Bogor, 21-24 October 2013

ISBN 978-979-19904-1-7

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Panel of Reviewers: Organized by: · Indonesian Society of Soil Prof. Supiandi Sabiham (Bogor Agricultural University) Science Prof. Sudarsono (Bogor Agricultural University) · East and Southeast Asia Prof. Santun R.P. Sitorus (Bogor Agricultural University) Federation of Soil Science Prof. Iswandi Anas (Bogor Agricultural University) Societies Dr. Suwardi (Bogor Agricultural University) Prof. Kukuh Murtilaksono (Bogor Agricultural University) Dr. Muhrizal Sarwani (IAARD, Ministry of Agriculture) Sponsored by: Prof. Irsal Las (IAARD, Ministry of Agriculture) Prof. Fahmuddin Agus (IAARD, Ministry of Agriculture) · Bogor Agricultural Dr. Deddy Nursyamsi (IAARD, Ministry of Agriculture) Dr. Markus Anda (IAARD, Minsitry of Agriculture) University (IPB) Prof. Vita R. Cahyani () · Indonesian Agency for Prof. Azwar Maas () Dr. Eko Hanudin (Gadjah Mada University) Agricultural Research and Dr. M. Nurcholis (UPN Yogyakarta) Development (IAARD) Prof. Muhajir Utomo (University of Lampung) Prof. Dermiyati (University of Lampung) · Food Agricultural Prof. Dian Fiantis () Organization (FAO) Dr. Sri Utami Rahayu (Brawijaya University) Prof. Cristianto Lopulisa () · International Union of Soil Prof. Priyono Prawito () Science (IUSS) Prof. Saeri Sagiman (University of Tanjungpura) Dr. Napoleon () · PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Dr. A. Kurnain (Lambung Mangkurat University) Paper Prof. Mahfud Arifin () Dr. Sartji Taberima (Papua University) · Sinarmas Forestry Dr. Nurwadjedi (Geospatial Information Agency) · PT. Adaro Indonesia Prof. Mansur Ma’shum (University of ) Prof. K. Inubushi (Chiba University, Japan) · PT. Astra Agro Lestari Prof. Ryusuke Hatano (Hokkaido University, Japan) Dr. Lulie Melling (Dep. of Agriculture Sarawak, Malaysia) · Pura Group Dr. Petrus Gunarso (Tropenbos International) · PT. Pupuk Kaltim

Country Presidents/ Representatives Soil science society of Bangladesh : Dr. S.M. Imamul Huq (President) Soil Science Society of China : Prof. Dr. Shen Renfang (President) Indonesian Society of Soil Science : Dr. Yuswanda A.Temengung CES. DEA (President) Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition : Prof. Dr. Takashi Kosaki (President) The Malaysian Society of Soil Science : Prof. Dr. Shamshuddin Jusop (Representative) Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer : Prof. Dr. Kim Jeong Gyu (President) Philippine Society of Soil Science and Technology, Inc : Nenita E De La Cruz (President) Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka : Prof. Dr. Priyantha Weerasinghe (Vice President) Chinese Society of Soil and Fertilizer Sciences (Taiwan) : Prof. Dr. Yuan Seng (President) Soil and Fertilizer Society of Thailand : Dr. Chawalit Hongprayoon (President) Vietnam Society of Soil Science : Prof. Dr. Le Thai Bat (Vice President) Organized by:

East and Southeast Asia Federation of Indonesian Society of Soil Science Soil Science Societies

Sponsored by:

IAARD, Ministry of Agriculture

O5D4. Ahmad Kurnain, Afiah Hayati, and Anna Maria Makalew BIO-CYCLE FARMING SYSTEMS ON SUB-OPTIMUM LANDS: OPTIMIZING INTERNAL NUTRIENT FLOWS IN AGRICULTURAL- ECOLOGICAL ON THE TIDAL LOWLAND SYSTEMS...... 103

O6D4. Mohd. Zulhilmy, Mariko Shimizu, Lulie Melling, Faustina E. Sangok, and Ryusuke Hatano PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION - EFFECT OF OIL PALM TRUNK CHIPS APPLICATION ON CARBON FLUX FROM TROPICAL PEAT SOIL...... 106

O7D4. Arifin Fahmi, Bostang Radjagukguk Benito H. Purwanto, and Eko Hanudin EFFECT OF PEAT LAYER ON REDOX POTENTIAL IN PEATLAND WITH SULPHIDIC MATERIAL SUBSTRATUM ...... 108

O8D4. Budi I. Setiawan, Satyanto K. Saptomo, Mustafril Bachtiar, Agus Halim, Toshihide Nagano and Kazutoshi Osawa PATTERNS OF CO2 FLUX IN A BARELAND TROPICAL PEATLAND ..... 110

O9D4. Bernas, S.M., A. Pohan, S.N.A. Fitri, L.M. Sirait, Fitriani and D. Ariadi THE POTENTIAL OF WILD PLANTS IN SWAMPLAND AS COMPOST AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER SOURCES AT SOUTH ...... 112

O10D4. Qurban Ali Panhwar, Shamshuddin Jusop, Radziah Othman, Umme Aminun Naher and Mohammad Razi Ismail IMPROVEMENT OF ACID SULFATE SOILS FOR SUSTAIANBLE RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA ...... 114

O11D4. Siti Nurzakiah, Nurwahid, Dedi Nursyamsi, and Haris Syahbuddin CARBON STOCK STRATIFICATION OF SWAMPY PEATLAND...... 116

Division 5. Hidrology and Water Managemet

O1D5. Kazuyuki Yagi, Masayuki Itoh, Shigeto Sudo, and Kazunori Minamikawa MONITORING AND MODELING MITIGATION OPTIONS OF METHENE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS BY WATER MANAGEMENT...... 119

O2D5. Budi Kartiwa and Hendri Sosiawan IMPROVING IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE THROUGH INTEGRATED AND PARTICIPATORY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN PUSUR WATERSHED, CENTRAL ...... 121

O3D5. Shah Moinur Rahman, Ken-Ichi Kakuda, Yuka Sasaki, and Ho Ando EFFECT OF WATER MANAGEMENT DURING EARLY GROWTH STAGE ON NITROGEN DYNAMICS OF PADDY FIELD ...... 123

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BIO-CYCLE FARMING SYSTEMS ON SUB-OPTIMUM LANDS: OPTIMIZING INTERNAL NUTRIENT FLOWS IN AGRICULTURAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ON THE TIDAL LOWLAND

Ahmad Kurnain*, Afiah Hayati, and Anna Maria Makalew Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru 70714, South , Indonesia *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The strategy of sub-optimum land uses including tidal swamp lands through a commodity based approach is difficult to be implemented instead of an agricultural-ecosystem based approach. In line with that is a strategy of fertilization also has to refer to the agricultural ecosystem based approach. To formulate the strategy of fertilization in the tidal swamp land it is necessary to carry out an observation of nutrient flow potentials in the agricultural ecosystem. This preliminary study was limited to the observation of N flows at a farm scale agro- aquaculture system in the tidal swamp land during rainy season at November 2011 - January 2012. The total N capacity of the system reached 167 kg ha-1. In the amount of 84 kg ha-1 of the total capacity was available for biomass production in the system, coming from river water, fishpond muds, and rainwater successively 55, 16, and 13 kg N ha-1. Optimizing N flows of the system related to the fertilization strategy could be reached through the development of farm lands into an agro-aquaculture system. With the ratio of land area of raised beds and fishpond of 3:7, the system supplies 31.5 and 36.7 kg N ha-1 in order to produce biomass on raised beds and fishpond respectively. Keywords: bio-cycle farming systems, internal N flows, N balances, raised beds, tidal lowlands.

Introduction Biomass production on sub optimum lands such as acidic dry lands and submerged lands is hampered by many constraints mainly related with hydrological and soil factors (Kurnain et al., 2008). Application of fertilizers on such lands is usually ineffective in which most of fertilizers applied is not available for crop production due to leaching, volatilization, and immobilization. Considering this reversed condition, management of biomass production on sub optimum lands should be approached by agricultural-ecological systems including nutrient management (de Jager et al., 2001). Studies of nutrient management for biomass production on the tidal lowland have been carried out for the last two years. Nutrient management on the tidal lowland has to consider hydrological and soil factors. Local farmers usually designed their farm lands into two parts of land surfaces, one is being raised beds usually planted with vegetable and horticultural crops and the other is the lower part usually used as rice fields or fish ponds. There are potentially many internal nutrient flows between a sub system of raised beds and a sub system of lower parts. Such internal flows could be optimized for nutrient availability for biomass production.

Materials and Method The study was emphasized on describing internal N flows of agro-aquacultural systems on the tidal lowland of Barito Kuala District. The preliminary study was focused on observation of inorganic-N contents in relevant components of the input – output system including its internal flows during rainy season. The input components comprise of rainfall (IN1), river water (IN2), fertilizer (IN3), and fish feed (IN4). The output components comprise of crop yield (OUT1), fish yield (OUT2), and drained water (OUT3). The internal flows comprise of fish pond muds (IF1) and crop residues (IF2).

11th International Conference The East and Southeast Asia Federation of Soil Science Societies 103 IPB ICC, Botani Square, 21-24 October 2013, Bogor, Indonesia O5D4

Results and Discussion Previous study had been carried out to measure N balances of rice fields on the tidal lowland (Kurnain and Hayati, 2012). The rice field was treated with local organic matter sources such as rice straw, purun tikus, and kayuapu, as well as Urea fertilizer. Capacity of inorganic N of the rice field during planting season of April - July 2011 reached 62.1, 64.9, and 64.3 kg N ha-1 respectively for the rice field which is treated with only 75 kg Urea ha-1, and also is added with combination of rice straw + kayuapu (1:1) 5 ton ha-1 and combination of rice straw + purun tikus (1:1) 5 ton ha-1. The rice field treated with combination of rice straw + kayuapu as well as 75 kg Urea ha-1 showed a more well N balance compared to the other. The rice field which only is treated with 75 kg Urea ha-1 showed a negative N balance indicating declining of soil N quality. On the contrary, N balance of the rice field added also with combination of rice straw + purun tikus (1:1) 5 ton ha-1 showed an enrichment of soil N. In line with the sustainability of agricultural system, there is necessary to incorporate the use of rice straws in rice production in lowlands.

Figure 1. Capacity of inorganic N in agro-aquaculture system on the tidal lowland of Barito Kuala District during rainy season of November 2011 – January 2012.

Present study on internal N flows on the agro-aquaculture system showed that there are potentially many internal N flows. The total N capacity of the system reached 167 kg ha-1. In the amount of 84 kg ha-1 of the total capacity was available for biomass production in the system, coming from river water, fishpond muds, and rainwater successively 55, 16, and 13 kg N ha-1.

Conclussion Optimizing internal N flows of the system related to the nutrient management could be reached through the development of farm lands into agro-ecological systems. If this system integrated with the rice field, there is necessary to incorporate use of rice straws in rice production in tidal lowlands. However, there is required to further studies for getting an insight and developing bio-cycle farming systems on the tidal lowland.

References De Jager, A., D. Onduru, M.S. van Wijk, J. Vlaming and G.N. Gachini. 2001. Assessing sustainability of low-external-input farm management systems with the nutrient monitoring approach: a case study in Kenya. Agricultural Systems 69: 99-118. Kurnain, A., B.J. Priatmadi, R. Chandrawidjaja, T. Hidayat and M. Agus. 2008. Concepts of development of tidal lowlands for agriculture. In Proceedings of National Seminar on Lowlands: Techniques of Development of Lowland Resources, Revitalization of Lowland

104 11th International Conference The East and Southeast Asia Federation of Soil Science Societies IPB ICC, Botani Square, 21-24 October 2013, Bogor, Indonesia O5D4

Management and Development. Held on 4 August 2008 at Banjarmasin. University of Lambung Mangkurat, p: 51-66. (in Indonesian). Kurnain, A. and A. Hayati. 2012. Nutrient balances as an indicator of sustainability of rice production on tidal lowlands. Paper presented on the International Seminar held on Banjarmasin in 2012.

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