Weak Response of Oceanic Dimethylsulfide to Upper Mixing Shoaling Induced by Global Warming

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Weak Response of Oceanic Dimethylsulfide to Upper Mixing Shoaling Induced by Global Warming Weak response of oceanic dimethylsulfide to upper mixing shoaling induced by global warming S. M. Vallina†‡§, R. Simo´ †, and M. Manizza‡¶ʈ †Institut de Cie`ncies del Mar–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ‡School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; ¶Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Biogeochemie, 07745 Jena, Germany; and ʈDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Edited by Inez Y. Fung, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 26, 2007 (received for review February 1, 2007) The solar radiation dose in the oceanic upper mixed layer (SRD) has In this context, phytoplankton is a necessary, but not sufficient, recently been identified as the main climatic force driving global condition for the production of DMS. It is obvious that some dimethylsulfide (DMS) dynamics and seasonality. Because DMS is phytoplankton activity needs to be present, but phytoplankton suggested to exert a cooling effect on the earth radiative budget biomass proxies like chlorophyll-a (CHL) are not correlated with through its involvement in the formation and optical properties of DMS concentrations over large scales except for at high latitudes tropospheric clouds over the ocean, a positive relationship be- (13) and in highly productive near-coastal regions (3). In these tween DMS and the SRD supports the occurrence of a negative (usually nutrient-replete) regions, the solar radiation dose in the feedback between the oceanic biosphere and climate, as postu- upper mixed layer (UML) drives both phytoplankton biomass and lated 20 years ago. Such a natural feedback might partly counteract DMS concentrations. These have been postulated to be the ‘‘DMS anthropogenic global warming through a shoaling of the mixed bloom-regime’’ regions (7). However, in subtropical and low tem- layer depth (MLD) and a consequent increase of the SRD and DMS perate regions (which cover most of the ocean‘s surface), DMS is concentrations and emission. By applying two globally derived basically driven by the solar radiation dose, both increasing in DMS diagnostic models to global fields of MLD and chlorophyll summer despite CHL reduction due to nutrient depletion after simulated with an Ocean General Circulation Model coupled to a water column stratification. These have been postulated to be the biogeochemistry model for a 50% increase of atmospheric CO2 and ‘‘DMS stress-regime’’ regions (7). Therefore, with the exception of an unperturbed control run, we have estimated the response of the high levels of DMS resulting from some phytoplankton blooms, DMS-producing pelagic ocean to global warming. Our results show most of the DMS dynamics could be predicted based purely on a net global increase in surface DMS concentrations, especially in geophysical data (3, 7). In support of that, recent works have found summer. This increase, however, is so weak (globally 1.2%) that it that the daily averaged solar radiation dose received in the UML can hardly be relevant as compared with the radiative forcing of (hereafter SRD) seems to be the key factor governing DMS the increase of greenhouse gases. This contrasts with the seasonal dynamics at all spatial scales, from the local to the global (11, 12). variability of DMS (1000–2000% summer-to-winter ratio). We These results also explain why previous diagnostic models of DMS suggest that the ‘‘plankton–DMS–clouds–earth albedo feedback’’ concentrations, based basically (3) or exclusively (14) on the MLD, hypothesis is less strong a long-term thermostatic system than a work so well: the MLD might simply be a proxy of the SRD. seasonal mechanism that contributes to regulate the solar radia- Because MLD seasonality is related to surface irradiance (an tion doses reaching the earth’s biosphere. increase on surface irradiance is usually followed by a decrease in the MLD), a multiplicative (nonlinear) effect arises on the SRD. mixed layer depth ͉ solar radiation dose ͉ global modeling This leads to the observed nonlinearity of the relationship between DMS and MLD, whereas DMS is linearly related to SRD. MLD is predicted to be reduced by several meters in most regions cean-emitted dimethylsulfide (DMS) has been suggested to of the ocean as a consequence of GW, because the increase in air Oplay a climatic role by contributing to cloud droplet conden- temperature would increase the atmosphere-to-ocean heat flux sation and thereby to cloud albedo. As such a climate-active (then reinforcing water column stratification) (15). In this regard, compound, DMS was proposed as a candidate to partially coun- it has been speculated that, because of the links between MLD, teract human-induced global warming (GW) through a global SRD, and DMS, in a GW scenario, the shoaling of ocean stratifi- biogeochemical feedback between oceanic biosphere and climate, cation will imply an increase of DMS concentrations and its fluxes the so-called ‘‘CLAW hypothesis’’ (1). To quantitatively assess the to the atmosphere (3, 7), in support of the CLAW hypothesis. feasibility and magnitude of this potential long-term climate- Because DMS is believed to be the main contributor to cloud stabilizing response, it is important to understand which are the condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations over marine remote main factors that drive DMS dynamics: if we can estimate how they regions (12, 16–22) and CCN numbers are related to cloud forma- are changing due to GW, we should be able to predict the DMS tion, cloud optical properties, and lifetime [hence to the earth response. Early works pointed to the mutual interaction of several factors (i.e., phytoplankton community structure, zooplankton grazing, bacterial activity, etc.), over which the mixed layer depth Author contributions: S.M.V. and R.S. designed research; S.M.V. and M.M. performed (MLD) seems to have some kind of regulatory influence (2, 3). research; S.M.V. and M.M. analyzed data; and S.M.V. and R.S. wrote the paper. However, more recent studies have strongly suggested that solar The authors declare no conflict of interest. radiation is the key factor regarding DMS dynamics, notably This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. through its stress effects on phytoplankton and inhibitory effects on Abbreviations: DMS, dimethylsulfide; GW, global warming; GSS, Global Sea Surface (DMS heterotrophic bacterioplankton (4–8). One suggestion is that the database); UML, upper mixed layer; SRD, solar radiation dose in the UML; MLD, mixed layer depth; CHL, chlorophyll-a; CCN, cloud condensation nuclei. enzymatic cleavage of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) into §To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Institut de Cie`ncies del Mar de Barce- DMS in phytoplankton is part of an antioxidant system that protects lona (ICM-CSIC), P. Mar de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona. Spain. E-mail: the cell from endogenous, hazardous hydroxyl (OH) radicals under [email protected] or [email protected]. high-light stressing conditions (5). This hypothesis is supported by This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/ several laboratory studies (5, 6, 9, 10) as well as local and global time 0700843104/DC1. series analyses (7, 11, 12, 47). © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 16004–16009 ͉ PNAS ͉ October 9, 2007 ͉ vol. 104 ͉ no. 41 www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0700843104 Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 albedo (1)], the anticipated DMS increase might constitute a a DMS DMS natural negative feedback mechanism that could counteract the GSS b Kettle 80 >5.5 effects of GW on earth‘s climate (1, 23). The present study seeks to 60 5 estimate this (potential) DMS increase under GW conditions by 40 4 using the global relationship between DMS concentrations and the 20 3 SRD (11) as a diagnostic model, as well as the diagnostic model 0 −20 2 proposed by Simo´and Dachs (3), that relates DMS to the MLD and −40 1 CHL. Both diagnostic models are applied to global model outputs −60 of MLD (from which the SRD is calculated) and CHL for the year −80 0 2061, obtained under a 50% increase in CO2. A control with today’s c DMS deBoyer + SeaWiFS DMS deBoyer levels of CO2 is run as a reference. The results are discussed in the MLD−model d SRD−model context of the CLAW hypothesis. 80 >5.5 60 5 Results and Discussion 40 4 20 With the aim at quantifying the (potential) future ‘‘MLD reduc- 0 3 tion–SRD increase–DMS increase,’’ we applied the globally de- −20 2 −40 rived DMS diagnostic equations of Vallina and Simo´(11) (SRD- 1 −60 model; see Eq. 2 in Data and Methodology) and Simo´and Dachs (3) −80 0 (MLD-model; see Eqs. 3 and 4 in Data and Methodology)to modeled global fields of MLD and CHL obtained for 2061 (15) e DMS Control DMS Control MLD−model f SRD−model under two scenarios (GW vs. Control; see Control and Global 80 >5.5 Warming Scenarios in Data and Methodology). 60 5 40 4 Global Validity of the DMS Diagnostic Models. 20 To evaluate the 0 3 validity of the DMS diagnostic models used, we compared their −20 2 results against actual data. Fig. 1 shows the Hovmoller Diagrams −40 1 (Top and Middle) obtained both from data [Global Sea Surface −60 −80 0 (GSS)–DMS database and Kettle and Andreae (24)] as well as from JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND model results (see Fig. 1 legend), along with the global maps of seasonal correlations (13) between DMS modeled results from the g DMS Control vs. DMS h DMS Control vs. DMS MLD−model Kettle SRD−model Kettle control run against the Kettle and Andreae (24) climatology (Fig. +1 1 Bottom).
Recommended publications
  • Uts Marine Biology Fact Sheet
    UTS MARINE BIOLOGY FACT SHEET Topic: Phytoplankton and Cloud Formation 1.The CLAW Hypothesis Background: In 1987 four people (Charlson, Lovelock, Andrea, & Warren) introduced a theory that a natural gas called Dimethylsulfide (DMS), produced by microscopic plants in the ocean (phytoplankton), was a major contributor to the formation of clouds in the atmosphere. This theory was named the CLAW Hypothesis (from the first letter of each of their surnames). Fast facts: . Phytoplankton produce DMSP (dimethylsulphoniopropionate), an organic sulphur compound, which is converted to DMS in the ocean. The majority of this DMS is consumed by bacteria but around 10% escapes into the atmosphere. When DMS is released into the air, a chemical reaction takes place (called an oxidation reaction) and sulphate aerosols are formed – a gas which acts as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This means it combines with water droplets in the atmosphere to form clouds. As a result, more clouds increase the reflectivity of the sun’s rays (earth albedo) which decreases the amount of light reaching the earth’s surface, and contributes to cooling the overall climate. A decrease in light causes a decrease in phytoplankton productivity of DMS. (Phytoplankton are primary producers which rely on light to function). This sequence of events is called a Negative Feedback Loop, because phytoplankton increase DMS production but DMS forms clouds which lowers the amount of light reaching the earth, resulting in less phytoplankton and less DMS. DMS emissions are a key step in the global sulphur cycle, which circulates sulphur throughout the earth, oceans, and atmosphere. It is an essential component in the growth of all living things.
    [Show full text]
  • M1 Project: Climate - Biosphere Interactions Using ODE Models
    M1 Project: Climate - Biosphere interactions using ODE models Jan Rombouts Erasmus Mundus Master in Complex Systems Science Ecole´ Polytechnique, Paris Supervisors: Michael Ghil, Regis Ferri`ere Ecole´ Normal Sup´erieure,Paris June 30, 2014 Abstract There are many examples of the complex interactions of climate and vegetation through various feedback mechanisms. Climatic models have begun to take into ac- count vegetation as an important player in the evolution of the climate. Climate models range from complicated, large scale GCMs to simple conceptual models. It is this last type of modeling that I looked at in my project. Conceptual models usually use differential equations and techniques from dynamical systems theory to investi- gate basic mechanisms in the climate system. They have in particular been applied to investigate glacial-interglacial cycles. These models have not often included vege- tation as one of their variables, and this is what I've looked at in the project. First I investigate a simple, two equation model, and show that even in such a simple model, interesting oscillatory behaviour can be observed. Then I go on to study models with three equations, based on an existing model for temperature and ice sheet evolution. I extend this model in two ways: by adding a vegetation variable, and by adding a carbon dioxide variable. Again, oscillations are observed, but the existence depends on parameters that are linked to the vegetation. Finally I put it all together in a model with four equations. These models show that vegetation is an important factor, and can account for some specific features of glacial-interglacial cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Against Climate Regulation Via Oceanic Phytoplankton Sulphur Emissions P
    REVIEW doi:10.1038/nature10580 The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions P. K. Quinn1 & T. S. Bates1 More than twenty years ago, a biological regulation of climate was proposed whereby emissions of dimethyl sulphide from oceanic phytoplankton resulted in the formation of aerosol particles that acted as cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer. In this hypothesis—referred to as CLAW—the increase in cloud condensation nuclei led to an increase in cloud albedo with the resulting changes in temperature and radiation initiating a climate feedback altering dimethyl sulphide emissions from phytoplankton. Over the past two decades, observations in the marine boundary layer, laboratory studies and modelling efforts have been conducted seeking evidence for the CLAW hypothesis. The results indicate that a dimethyl sulphide biological control over cloud condensation nuclei probably does not exist and that sources of these nuclei to the marine boundary layer and the response of clouds to changes in aerosol are much more complex than was recognized twenty years ago. These results indicate that it is time to retire the CLAW hypothesis. loud condensation nuclei (CCN) can affect the amount of solar The CLAW hypothesis further postulated that an increase in DMS radiation reaching Earth’s surface by altering cloud droplet emissions from the ocean would result in an increase in CCN, cloud number concentration and size and, as a result, cloud reflectivity droplet concentrations, and cloud albedo, and a decrease in the amount C 1 or albedo . CCN are atmospheric particles that are sufficiently soluble of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Natural Sulfur Cycle to Slow Global Warming$
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 7373–7375 www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv New Directions: Enhancing the natural sulfur cycle to slow global warming$ Full scale ocean iron fertilization of the Southern The CLAW hypothesis further states that greater Ocean (SO) has been proposed previously as a DMS production would result in additional flux to means to help mitigate rising CO2 in the atmosphere the atmosphere, more cloud condensation nuclei (Martin et al., 1990, Nature 345, 156–158). Here we (CCN) and greater cloud reflectivity by decreasing describe a different, more leveraged approach to cloud droplet size. Thus, increased DMS would partially regulate climate using limited iron en- contribute to the homeostasis of the planet by hancement to stimulate the natural sulfur cycle, countering warming from increasing CO2. A cor- resulting in increased cloud reflectivity that could ollary to the CLAW hypothesis is that elevated CO2 cool large regions of our planet. Some regions of the itself increases DMS production which has been Earth’s oceans are high in nutrients but low in observed during a mesocosm scale CO2 enrichment primary productivity. The largest such region is the experiment (Wingenter et al., 2007, Geophysical SO followed by the equatorial Pacific. Several Research Letters 34, L05710). The CLAW hypoth- mesoscale (102 km2) experiments have shown that esis relies on the assumption that DMS sea-to-air the limiting nutrient to productivity is iron. Yet, the flux leads to new particles and not just the growth of effectiveness of iron fertilization for sequestering existing particles. If the CLAW hypothesis is significant amounts of atmospheric CO2 is still in correct, the danger is that enormous anthropogenic question.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Increased Pco2 and Temperature on the North Atlantic Spring Bloom. III. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
    Vol. 388: 41–49, 2009 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published August 19 doi: 10.3354/meps08135 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. III. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Peter A. Lee1,*, Jamie R. Rudisill1, Aimee R. Neeley1, 7, Jennifer M. Maucher2, David A. Hutchins3, 8, Yuanyuan Feng3, 8, Clinton E. Hare3, Karine Leblanc3, 9,10, Julie M. Rose3,11, Steven W. Wilhelm4, Janet M. Rowe4, 5, Giacomo R. DiTullio1, 6 1Hollings Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 2Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3College of Marine and Earth Studies, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, Delaware 19958, USA 4Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 West Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA 5Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Nebraska, 205 Morrison Center, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA 6Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 7Present address: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Calibration and Validation Office, 1450 S. Rolling Road, Suite 4.111, Halethorpe, Maryland 21227, USA 8Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA 9Present address: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS,
    [Show full text]
  • The CLAW Hypothesis Does Anyone Believe That This Feedback Loop
    The CLAW Hypothesis Does anyone believe that this feedback loop works as advertised? It is possible that it does, although most steps are too poorly quantified to be certain. CLAW Hypothesis Charlson, Lovelock, Andreae, and Warren, Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, 1987. The CLAW Hypothesis DMS fluxes probably control the growth of aerosols into the CCN size range. These CCN help control the radiative properties of stratocumulus clouds. Although CLAW has not been rigorously proven, it is extremely likely that biological processes are linked to cloud properties via sulfur-containing aerosols. Neither can be understood in CLAW Hypothesis isolation from the other. What role do aerosols play in creating these pockets of open cells, POCs? To improve models of this region, we need to quantify the factors controlling clouds and radiation. 2-300 Wm-2 Difference! This aerosol data from an EPIC cruise shows the loss of aerosols when a POC passes overhead. Tony Clarke observed this re-growth from freshly-nucleated particles in the Eastern Pacific MBL during PEM-Tropics. Drizzle Removal > Nucleation > DMS-Controlled Growth is one plausible explanation for several-day POC lifetimes. How much of the recovery is from entrainment vs growth? POC Data courtesy Fairall & Collins The upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep water creates gradients in biological productivity that should translate into gradients of DMS emissions and other . We can exploit these gradients to study the factors controlling fluxes, aerosol chemistry, and cloud properties. In the remote marine atmosphere the supply of DMS and its oxidation mechanisms limit the rates of new particle nucleation and growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Decreasing Particle Number Concentrations in a Warming Atmosphere and Implications F
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 27913–27936, 2011 Atmospheric www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/27913/2011/ Chemistry doi:10.5194/acpd-11-27913-2011 and Physics © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in ACP if available. Decreasing particle number concentrations in a warming atmosphere and implications F. Yu1, G. Luo1, R. P. Turco2, J. A. Ogren3, and R. M. Yantosca4 1Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, USA 2Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, USA 3Global Monitoring Division (GMD), Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), NOAA, USA 4School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA Received: 22 August 2011 – Accepted: 29 September 2011 – Published: 14 October 2011 Correspondence to: F. Yu ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 27913 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract New particle formation contributes significantly to the number concentration of conden- sation nuclei (CN) as well as cloud CN (CCN), a key factor determining aerosol indirect radiative forcing of the climate system. Using a physics-based nucleation mechanism 5 that is consistent with a range of field observations of aerosol formation, it is shown that projected increases in global temperatures could significantly inhibit new particle, and CCN, formation rates worldwide. An analysis of CN concentrations observed at four NOAA ESRL/GMD baseline stations since the 1970s and two other sites since 1990s reveals long-term decreasing trends consistent with these predictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents in Context Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4(6)
    Contents in Context Environmental Chemistry,Vol. 4(6), 2007 Investigating the current thinking on the CLAW Hypothesis Jill M. Cainey Environ. Chem. 2007, 4, 365 This issue of Environmental Chemistry focuses on the research arising from the publication of the ‘CLAW Hypothesis’, a paper published over 20 years ago in Nature. This paper suggested a potential role for sulfur emissions from phytoplankton in modifying cloud albedo and hence climate. The CLAW hypothesis: a review of the major developments Greg P.Ayers and Jill M. Cainey Environ. Chem. 2007, 4, 366 Understanding the role of clouds in the warming and the cooling of the planet and how that role alters in a warming world is one of the biggest uncertainties climate change researchers face. Important in this regard is the influence on cloud properties of cloud condensation nuclei, the tiny atmospheric particles necessary for the nucleation of every single cloud droplet. The anthropogenic contribution to cloud condensation nuclei is known to be large in some regions through knowledge of pollutant emissions; however, the natural processes that regulate cloud condensation nuclei over large parts of the globe are less well understood. The CLAW hypothesis provides a mechanism by which plankton may modify climate through the atmospheric sulfur cycle via the provision of sulfate cloud condensation nuclei. The CLAW hypothesis was published over 20 years ago and has stimulated a great deal of research. Do I believe in CLAW? Barry Huebert Environ. Chem. 2007, 4, 375 In 1987 Charlson, Lovelock, Andreae and Warren revolutionised the way we think about the Earth when they argued that marine algae, atmospheric particulate matter and clouds might be linked in such a way that they could work like a planetary thermostat.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulphate-Climate Coupling Over the Past 300,000 Years in Inland Antarctica
    Title Sulphate-climate coupling over the past 300,000 years in inland Antarctica Iizuka, Yoshinori; Uemura, Ryu; Motoyama, Hideaki; Suzuki, Toshitaka; Miyake, Takayuki; Hirabayashi, Motohiro; Author(s) Hondoh, Takeo Nature, 490(7418), 81-84 Citation https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11359 Issue Date 2012-10-04 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52663 Type article (author version) Additional Information There are other files related to this item in HUSCAP. Check the above URL. File Information Nat490-7418_81-84.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Nature manuscript 2012-01-01306C Sulphate-climate coupling over the past 300,000 years in inland Antarctica Yoshinori Iizuka1, Ryu Uemura2, Hideaki Motoyama3, Toshitaka Suzuki4, Takayuki Miyake3,5, Motohiro Hirabayashi3 and Takeo Hondoh1 1 Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan 2 Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan 3 National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan 4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan 5 now at: School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan 1 Nature manuscript 2012-01-01306C Sulphate aerosols, particularly micron-sized particles of sulphate salt and sulphate-adhered dust, can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), leading to increased solar scattering that cools Earth's climate1-2. Global climate, according to the "CLAW" hypothesis3, may be regulated by marine phytoplankton in a negative feedback loop composed of temperature, cloud albedo, and sulphate production.
    [Show full text]
  • Lovejoy, S. , 2015
    A voyage through scales, a missing quadrillion and why the climate is not what you expect S. Lovejoy Climate Dynamics Observational, Theoretical and Computational Research on the Climate System ISSN 0930-7575 Volume 44 Combined 11-12 Clim Dyn (2015) 44:3187-3210 DOI 10.1007/s00382-014-2324-0 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Clim Dyn (2015) 44:3187–3210 DOI 10.1007/s00382-014-2324-0 A voyage through scales, a missing quadrillion and why the climate is not what you expect S. Lovejoy Received: 7 February 2014 / Accepted: 3 September 2014 / Published online: 11 October 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract Using modern climate data and paleodata, we with the help of the new, pedagogical “H model”. Both voyage through 17 orders of magnitude in scale explic- deterministic General Circulation Models (GCM’s) with itly displaying the astounding temporal variability of the fixed forcings (“control runs”) and stochastic turbulence- atmosphere from fractions of a second to hundreds of mil- based models reproduce weather and macroweather, but lions of years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Ocean Acidification and Warming on DMSP & DMS in New Zealand Coastal Water
    atmosphere Article The Influence of Ocean Acidification and Warming on DMSP & DMS in New Zealand Coastal Water Alexia D. Saint-Macary 1,2,* , Neill Barr 1, Evelyn Armstrong 1,3 , Karl Safi 4, Andrew Marriner 1, Mark Gall 1, Kiri McComb 5, Peter W. Dillingham 6 and Cliff S. Law 1,2 1 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand; [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (C.S.L.) 2 Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Otago Centre for Oceanography, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 4 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand; karl.safi@niwa.co.nz 5 Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; [email protected] 6 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The cycling of the trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfonio- propionate (DMSP) may be affected by future ocean acidification and warming. DMSP and DMS concentrations were monitored over 20-days in four mesocosm experiments in which the temperature and pH of coastal water were manipulated to projected values for the year 2100 and 2150. This had no effect on DMSP in the two-initial nutrient-depleted experiments; however, in the two nutrient- amended experiments, warmer temperature combined with lower pH had a more significant effect Citation: Saint-Macary, A.D.; Barr, on DMSP & DMS concentrations than lower pH alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles Ply of Nutrients to the Ocean, and the Albedo of Snow and on Ice and Snow Impacts the Surface Albedo and Absorption Ice
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1701–1737, 2010 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/1701/2010/ Atmospheric © Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under Chemistry the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system K. S. Carslaw1, O. Boucher2, D. V. Spracklen1, G. W. Mann1, J. G. L. Rae2, S. Woodward2, and M. Kulmala3 1School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 2Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, UK 3University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Division of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics, Helsinki, Finland Received: 7 April 2009 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 5 May 2009 Revised: 11 December 2009 – Accepted: 18 January 2010 – Published: 15 February 2010 Abstract. The natural environment is a major source of at- 1 Introduction mospheric aerosols, including dust, secondary organic ma- terial from terrestrial biogenic emissions, carbonaceous par- Aerosols are important components of most parts of the Earth ticles from wildfires, and sulphate from marine phytoplank- system. In the atmosphere, they affect the radiative balance ton dimethyl sulphide emissions. These aerosols also have by scattering and absorbing radiation and affecting the prop- a significant effect on many components of the Earth sys- erties of clouds (Haywood and Boucher, 2000; Lohmann and tem such as the atmospheric radiative balance and photosyn- Feichter, 2005; Forster et al., 2007). In the cryosphere, de- thetically available radiation entering the biosphere, the sup- position of light absorbing carbonaceous and dust particles ply of nutrients to the ocean, and the albedo of snow and on ice and snow impacts the surface albedo and absorption ice.
    [Show full text]