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T.C. Istanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Anabilim Dali T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE ANABİLİM DALI D. Z. PHILLIPS’İN WITTGENSTEINCI DİN DİLİ ANALİZİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi RESUL YÜKSEL HAZİRAN 2020 T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE ANABİLİM DALI D. Z. PHILLIPS’İN WITTGENSTEINCI DİN DİLİ ANALİZİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi RESUL YÜKSEL DANIŞMAN DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ FERHAT YÖNEY HAZİRAN 2020 İMZA SAYFASI Resul Yüksel tarafından hazırlanan “D. Z. Phillips’in Wittgensteincı Din Dili Analizi’ başlık1ı bu yüksek lisans tezi, Felsefe Anabilim Dalında hazırlanmış ve jürimiz tarafından kabul edilmiştir. JÜRİ ÜYELERİ İMZA Tez Danışmanı Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Ferhat Yöney Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Üyeler Doç. Dr., Yaylagül Ceran Karataş Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Prof. Dr.. Nebi Mehdiyev Kurumu: Trakya Üniversitesi Tez Savunma Tarihi: 08/07/2020 i BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığımı ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt ederim. İmza Resul Yüksel Danışmanlığını yaptığım işbu tezin tamamen öğrencinin çalışması olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığını taahhüt ederim. Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Ferhat Yöney ii ÖNSÖZ Bu tezin amacı, dinin Wittgensteincı analitik bir izahını, güncel tartışmalar eşliğinde eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla sunabilmektir. Hâlihazırda bu konuyla ilgili doğrudan yekpare bir çalışmanın olmaması, tezin zorlu bir hazırlama sürecinin yaşanmasına sebebiyet vermesinin yanı sıra özgün bir çalışma olmasına da olanak sağlamıştır. Benim konuyla ilgili Türkiye'deki çalışmalarda gördüğüm şey; D. Z. Phillips’inWittgensteincı din dili felsefesiyle ilgili paylaşılan birkaç satır bilginin, bir araştırmaya ya da bilgiye dayanmasından ziyade önyargıya dayanmasıdır. Bu yaklaşımlar da genellikle söz konusu olan, bu görüşün itidalli perspektifini din karşıtı bir pozisyona indirgeme eğiliminin bulunmasıdır. Örneğin dini hususlarda ontoloji tartışmalarında gerçek- dışıcı, epistemoloji tartışmalarında ise imancı bir perspektife indirgeme eğiliminin ağır basmasıdır. Fakat gözden kaçırılan nokta, Phillips’in tüm bu (-izm’leri ihtiva eden) sınıflamaları reddetmesidir. Çünkü tüm bu sınıflandırmalar, aşkın metafiziksel bir yaklaşımı gerektirir. Oysaki Phillips’in esas yöntemi, tüm bu temelci iddiaları ön varsayan ekol nitelemelerini reddederek en saf ve olağan haliyle olgusal durumlara yönelebilmektir. Bu yöntem ise, inananın yaşamına tarafsız bir bakışı gerektirir. Onların yaşamında vuku bulan dini pratiklerin, temelci her türlü dogmalardan arındırılmış bir tarzda tasvir edilmesi, dinin felsefi izahının otantikliğini sunar. Bu çalışmamda, kendisine her ihtiyacım olduğunda desteğini esirgemeyen, bu çalışmayı bitirmem de bana yol gösteren ve bilgi ve tecrübesini sürekli benimle paylaşan danışman hocam, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ferhat Yöney’e teşekkürleri bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca benden gerektiğinde her türlü yardımı esirgemeyen İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Felsefe bölümü hocalarına teşekkür ediyorum. Son olarak bu süreçte bana daima anlayışla yaklaşan, manevi desteklerini daima arkamda hissettiğim aileme şükranlarımı sunuyorum. iii ÖZET D. Z. PHILLIPS’İN WITTGENSTEINCI DİN DİLİ ANALİZİ Yüksel, Resul Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Felsefe Anabilim Dalı, Felsefe Tarihi ve Sistematik Felsefe Programı Danışman: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ferhat Yöney Haziran, 2020. 136 Sayfa. Bu çalışmanın amacı, özellikle Wittgenstein’ın son dönemlerine doğru geliştirmiş olduğu dil oyunları teorisinin, daha sonraki yıllarda D. Z. Phillips tarafından özelde, dini mevzuların felsefi analizinde nasıl kullanıldığını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Söz konusu çalışmayı zenginleştirmek adına klasik dönem felsefi ekoller ve düşünürler ile çağdaş din felsefesi tartışmalarına da değinilmiştir. Ayrıca söz konusu dini perspektifi daha da somutlaştırmak adına inananların pratik yaşamlarına ve pratiklerine gönderimde bulunulmuştur. Çalışmanın gidişatında izlediğim yöntem, bir felsefi meseleye farklı yaklaşımların genel özelliklerini vererek bunların karşıt görüşleri hangi esaslar üzerinde eleştirdiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu açıdan, D. Z. Phillips’in Wittgensteincı din dili analizinin herhangi bir mevzuyla ilgili yaklaşımını ortaya koymadan evvel, mevcut farklı düşüncelerin söz konusu mevzuya nasıl bir perspektifle yaklaştıklarını göstermeye çalıştım. Daha sonra ise bu farklı ekollerin Wittgenstein ile D. Z. Phillips’in teorisiyle hangi esas üzerinde birleştiğini ve ayrıştığını ortaya koymaya çalıştım. Buna göre, Wittgenstein’ın ilk döneminden sonra bazı fikirlerini değiştirerek ileri sürdüğü dil oyunları teorisi, D. Z. Phillips’in işlevsel din dili yaklaşımını ortaya koyabilmesinin imkânını barındırır. Bu teoriye göre din dili, Mantıksal Pozitivistlerin iddia ettikleri gibi anlamsız bir dil değildir. Din dilinin geniş topluluklar ve kültürler üzerinde tayin edici bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu işlevsel rol, din dilinin anlamlı olduğunun kanıtıdır. Din dilinin özgün dilbilgisel yapısı, onun doğrulama ölçütünün iv ortak bir zeminde değil de kendine has bir zeminde yer aldığını gösterir. Dolayısıyla dine yönelik gerek ontolojik iddialar gerekse epistemolojik iddialar, mevcut dil oyunu içerisinde bir anlama sahiptir. Bu açıdan herhangi bir dini önermenin evrensel bir doğruluğa sahip olup olmadığını ya da dil oyununa aşkın epistemolojik bir geçerliliğinin bulunup bulunmadığını sormak anlamsızdır. Dini iddiaların doğruluğu ve gerçekliği, metafiziksel analizle değil din dili oyununu paylaşan dindarların pratiklerinin analiz edilmesiyle ortaya çıkartılabilir. Bu itibarla kültür, burada belirleyicidir. Dolayısıyla dini inançların felsefi izahı, dindarların Tanrı düşüncesinin, dua ve ibadet pratiklerinin ve dini inançlarının işlevsel analiziyle mümkündür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tanrı, Din Dili, Dil Oyunları, İşlevsel Analiz, Dini İnanç, Dini Pratik, Metafizik, Dilbilgisel Yapı, Gerçekçilik, Temelcilik, Fideizm, İbadet, Dua. v ABSTRACT D. Z. PHILLIPS’S WITTGENSTEINIAN ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE Yüksel, Resul Master’s Thesis, Department of Philosophy, History of Philosophy and Systematic Philosophy Program Advisor: Asst. Prof. Ferhat Yöney June, 2020. 136 Pages. The aim of this study is to reveal how the theory of language game that developed by Wittgenstein in the last period was used especially in the philosophical analysis of religious matters by D. Z. Phillips in the following years. In order to enrich the study, also the philosophy and philosopher of the classical era and discussions on contemporary philosophy of religion were mentioned. In addition, references were made to the practical lives and practices of believers in order to embody demonstrably the religious perspective in question. The method I followed in the course of the study is to exhibit that the general characteristics of different approaches to a philosophical issue and basic principles they criticize the opposing views. In this respect before I put forward D. Z. Phillips’s Wittgensteinian religious language approach on any specific issue, I tried to show how different thoughts already exist approach the subject in question. Thereafter I tried to reveal on which basis these different views combined with and separated from Wittgenstein and D. Z. Phillips’s theory. Accordingly, Wittgenstein’s language games theory, which he present by means of changing his ideas after the first period, hold that the possibility of D. Z.Phillips’s ability to exhibit a functional religious language approach. According to this theory, the language of religion is not a meaningless language as Logical Positivists claim. The language of religion has a significant role in large communities and cultures. This functional role demonstrates that the language of religion is meaningful. The authentic grammatical structure of the religious language shows that its verification criterion is not on a common ground but on a unique ground. Therefore, both ontological claims and epistemological claims towards religion have a meaning in the present language vi game. In this respect, it is meaningless to ask whether any religious proposition has universal truth or whether it has validity which is transcendent to the language game. The truth and authenticity of religious claims can be revealed not by metaphysical analysis, but by analyzing the practices of religious people who share religious language game. In this respect, culture is decisive. So the philosophical explanation of religious beliefs is possible by the functional analysis of concept of God, of prayer and worship practices, and of religious beliefs of believers. KeyWords: God, Religious Language Games, Functional Analysis, Religious Belief, ReligiousPractice, Grammatical Structure, Realism, Foundationalism, Fideism, Worship, Prayer. vii İÇİNDEKİLER İMZA SAYFASI ............................................................................................................................ i BİLDİRİM ....................................................................................................................................ii ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ......................................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. vi İÇİNDEKİLER ..........................................................................................................................
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