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Suvremena Analitička Filozofija Religije Danijel Tolvajčić SUVREMENA ANALITIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE SUVREMENA ANALITIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE ANALITIČKA FILOZOFIJA SUVREMENA Glavni pravci i autori SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU KATOLIČKI BOGOSLOVNI FAKULTET Danijel Tolvajčić SUVREMENA ANALITIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE Glavni pravci i autori Posvećeno Evi, Martinu i Zrinki. Danijel Tolvajčić SUVREMENA ANALITIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE Glavni pravci i autori Zagreb, 2016. Katolički bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Danijel Tolvajčić, Suvremena analitička filozofija religije. Glavni pravci i autori Biblioteka: Monographia Knjiga 1. Izdavač: Katolički bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Suizdavač: Kršćanska sadašnjost d.o.o. Za izdavača: Prof. dr. sc. Tonči Matulić, dekan Katoličkoga bogoslovnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Nakladnici: Katolički bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Kršćanska sadašnjost d.o.o. Za nakladnike: Dr. sc. Stjepan Brebrić, direktor Kršćanske sadašnjosti d.o.o. Prof. dr. sc. Tonči Matulić, dekan Katoličkoga bogoslovnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Urednik: Prof. dr. sc. Tonči Matulić Recenzenti: Prof. dr. sc. Josip Oslić Doc. dr. sc. Aleksandra Golubović Dr. sc. Iva Mršić Felbar Mr. sc. Rusmir Šadić Korektura: Julija Prpić Lektura: Zrinka Krišković, prof. Prijelom i grafičko oblikovanje: Katolički bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Tisak: Grafički zavod Hrvatske d.o.o., Zagreb Naklada: 500 ISBN: 978-953-11-0990-1 Tiskano u lipnju 2016. CIP zapis je dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 000933422. Copyright © Katolički bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Kršćanska sadašnjost d.o.o. SADRŽAJ PREDGOVOR ..................................................................................................................... 9 0. FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE U KONTEKSTU ANALITIČKE FILOZOFIJE .................... 11 0. Uvod .................................................................................................................... 11 1. Pojašnjenje osnovnih pojmova: „analitička filozofija“ i „filozofija religije“ ........ 12 2. Etape razvoja analitičke filozofije religije ............................................................ 18 2.1. 1. etapa: Logički pozitivizam i pitanje smislenosti religijskog jezika ...... 18 2.2. 2. etapa: Pitanje racionalnosti i istinitosti religijskog vjerovanja ............ 21 2.3. 3. etapa: Novi (revizionistički) pristupi filozofiji religije .......................... 27 3. Zaključak ............................................................................................................. 32 I. REFORMIRANA EPISTEMOLOGIJA - ALVIN PLANTINGA ............................... 33 0. Uvod .................................................................................................................... 33 1. Alvin Plantinga i „renesansa“ kršćanske filozofije: ideja „reformirane epistemologije“ .................................................................... 34 2. „Reformirana epistemologija“ kao reakcija na evidencijalističke prigovore teizmu ................................................................................................. 37 3. Neodrživost evidencijalističkog prigovora? ....................................................... 40 4. Kriterij za „pravu temeljnost“ teizma.................................................................. 41 5. Središte Plantinginog argumenta: „Sensus divinitatis“ i A/C model .................. 43 6. Odbacivanje optužbi za dogmatizam i fideizam ................................................ 46 7. Kritički osvrt i zaključak ....................................................................................... 49 II. PROBABILISTIČKA NARAVNA TEOLOGIJA – RICHARD SWINBURNE ........ 55 0. Uvod .................................................................................................................... 55 1. Obnova interesa za naravnu teologiju: probabilistička obrana teizma .............. 56 2. Induktivni pristup „novog stila“ naravne teologije ............................................. 58 3. Priroda i opravdanje tumačenja sveukupne zbilje .............................................. 60 4. Bayesov teorem, intrinzična vjerojatnost i eksplanatorna snaga teizma ........... 61 5. Induktivna vrijednost pojedinih (skupina) argumenata .................................... 65 5 6. Zlo kao glavni protuargument teizmu ................................................................ 71 7. Balans vjerojatnosti: Je li moguć valjan P – induktivni argument? .................... 74 8. Kritički osvrt i zaključak ....................................................................................... 76 III. FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE NA TRAGU WITTGENSTEINA - D. Z. PHILLIPS ........ 81 0. Uvod .................................................................................................................... 81 1. Wittgenstein i „wittgensteinijanska filozofija religije“ ........................................ 82 2. Phillipsova interpretacija Wittgensteina i pitanje artikulacije filozofijskog pristupa religiji ................................................................................ 85 3. Filozofija religije kao „gramatika religijskog vjerovanja“ .................................... 87 4. „Sudjelovanje“ kao „izvor“ znanja o Bogu .......................................................... 92 5. Božja (vječna) ljubav kao ključan religijsko-filozofijski koncept ......................... 94 6. Kritički osvrt i zaključak ....................................................................................... 96 IV. PLURALISTIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE - JOHN HICK .................................... 103 0. Uvod .................................................................................................................. 103 1. Intencija Hickove „pluralističke hipoteze“ ........................................................ 104 2. Dolazak „post-osovinskih religijâ“ i promjena religijske paradigme ................ 105 3. Epistemologijski značaj „religijske višeznačnosti“ svemira ............................. 108 4. Religija na način “iskušavanja kao” ................................................................... 111 5. Božanski noumenon: „Zbiljsko“ kao postulat i cilj religijske ije G interpretacije religije ......................................................................................... 113 eli R 6. „Spasenje“ i „oslobođenje“ kao radikalna transformacija čovjeka .................. 119 IJA F 7. Kritički osvrt i zaključak ..................................................................................... 121 o Z ILO F a V. NE-REALISTIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE - DON CUPITT................................. 127 K ič T 0. Uvod ................................................................................................................. 127 anali 1. Teologijski ne-realizam i Don Cupitt ................................................................. 128 ena 2. Rođenje čovjekove autonomije kao početak „teologijskog ne-realizma“ ........ 130 M e R 3. Neuspjeh filozofijske obrane „objektivnog teizma“ ........................................ 132 v 4. Internalizacija religije kao alternativa teologijskom realizmu .......................... 134 - SU - 5. Post-teizam: Bog kao „personificirana religijska potreba“ ............................... 137 6. „Sea of Faith Network“ i nastavljači teologijskog ne-realizma ......................... 140 7. Kritički osvrt i zaključak ..................................................................................... 143 Danijel Tolvajčić Danijel 6 VI. FEMINISTIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE - PAMELA SUE ANDERSON .......... 147 0. Uvod .................................................................................................................. 147 SADRŽAJ 1. Kritika analitičke filozofije religije: ponovno promišljanje koncepta „racionalnosti religijskog vjerovanja“................................................................ 148 2. Novi epistemološki okvir: „jaka objektivnost“ i „ženska žudnja“ ..................... 151 3. „Mimetičko ponovno oblikovanje mitova“ ....................................................... 154 4. Ponovno oblikovanje religijskih vjerovanja i ključni feministički koncept – „čežnja“ ............................................................................................ 158 5. Feministička interpretacija I. Kanta: Bog kao regulativni i praktični princip ... 161 6. Daljnji razvoj feminističke filozofije religije ....................................................... 163 7. Kritički osvrt i zaključak ..................................................................................... 166 VII. UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA - ANALITIČKA FILOZOFIJA RELIGIJE S OBZIROM NA VJERNIČKU PRAKSU I KRŠĆANSKU TEOLOGIJU ........... 171 KORIŠTENA LITERATURA 1. Izvori .................................................................................................................. 179 2. Sekundarna literatura ....................................................................................... 183 SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................195 PODACI O TEKSTOVIMA ............................................................................................199 7 PREDGOVOR U analitičkoj se filozofiji „filozofija religije“ zadnjih pedesetak godina eta- blirala kao vrlo dinamično područje kojim se bave podjednako religiozni i nereligiozni filozofi. Njezine teme, problemi, i općeniti utjecaj, u velikoj
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