DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender, Status and Shellfish in Precontact Hawaii Robin Helene Connors San Jose State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender, Status and Shellfish in Precontact Hawaii Robin Helene Connors San Jose State University San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research 2009 Gender, status and shellfish in precontact Hawaii Robin Helene Connors San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Connors, Robin Helene, "Gender, status and shellfish in precontact Hawaii" (2009). Master's Theses. 3666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.wkvy-5wrk https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3666 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GENDER, STATUS AND SHELLFISH IN PRECONTACT HAWAII A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Robin Helene Connors May 2009 UMI Number: 1470975 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1470975 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © 2009 Robin Helene Connors ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY The Undersigned Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled GENDER, STATUS AND SHELLFISH IN PRECONTACT HAWAII By Robin Helene Connors APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Dr. Mark McCoy, Departmeniartment dfAnthropologofAnthropoloKy Date ^_ _^-^^ ^^^ ^ Aft~\\ LlOQ^ Dr CharlesDarrah, Department of Anthropology "TJate DuElizabeth Weiss, Department of Anthropology Date APPROVED FOR THE UNIVERSITY Associate Dean Office of Graduate Studies and Research Date ABSTRACT GENDER, STATUS AND SHELLFISH IN PRECONTACT HAWAII by Robin H. Connors This thesis addresses the topics of status and gender and the role of women in the political economy of Hawaii in pre-contact Hawaiian women using marine shell remains found in household middens occupied between the 15th through 19th centuries AD. Ethnohistoric literature describing gender roles within the kapu system, a system of traditional rules and beliefs that delineated behavioral roles, is compared with artifact assemblages found in coastal habitation sites occupied from 1400 to 1900 AD in the district of North Kohala, Hawai'i Island, Hawaii. The contributions of women to domestic, political and ritual components of Hawaiian society can be found in the archaeological record. As women were the principal gatherers of shellfish and echinoderms, marine invertebrates, shell midden analysis provides us with a clearer picture of the practices of women as they interacted with the natural environment and the complex cultural sphere of Hawaiian society. Three factors were determined to discern patterns in the female-linked activity of collecting shellfish and distributing the food source to various households: density of distribution, variability of taxa in the midden deposit, and relative size of individual specimens from five molluscan genera. Patterns of taxon selection and distribution were compared to architectural and male- linked artifact assemblages in household sites, associating shellfish to the status and gender of the pre-contact occupants of the study area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the people whose support and assistance made this work possible. First, to my Graduate Chair, Dr. Mark McCoy whose revisions and remarks spurred me on to completion, thank you. Second, to my friends and colleagues Dr. Julie Field and Dr. Kathy Kawelu with whom I surveyed, cleared, mapped, excavated, screened and sorted in the blazing Leeward sun, and who generously provided me with the encouragement, opportunities and resources I needed to continue my research, Aloha no, mahalo nui loa. Third, I was assisted by the efforts of my husband, Dennis Connors, who helped me to make sense of the endless strings of raw data that this project began with and to my children, who repaired hard drives and accompanied me on-line in convoluted investigations of text manipulation in Windows Vista. Without the sincere support from these people, and many others, this thesis would have been incomplete. Me kealoha pumehana. And lastly, to the common women of ancient Hawaii, whose strength, generosity and skill remain a legacy for all Hawaiians today. CONTENTS FRONT MATTER List of Figures ,, ix List of Tables xii CHAPTER 1: GENDER, STATUS AND SHELLFISH 1 Gender, Status and Shellfish 1 Research Design 5 Thesis Presentation 8 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY ...10 Part 1: Historic Sources 11 European Voyagers, Missionaries and Native Seminarians 11 European Voyagers 11 Missionary Accounts 15 Gender Depictions by Hawaiian Scholars 17 Part 2: Gender and Status 19 Gender Relationships as Kapu and'Noa 19 Status 22 Food 25 Part 3: Archaeology and Women's Labor 26 Women as Fishers 26 Women as the Producers of Finished Goods 28 The Social Structure of Distribution 29 vi Part 4: The Archaeology of Household, Community and Social Structure 31 Material Culture 31 Considerations of Diet 33 Shell and Social Organization 35 The Architecture of Household Archaeology 37 Settlement Patterns 41 CHAPTER 3: STUDY AREA AND METHOD 45 Part 1: The Natural Environment of Leeward North Kohala 45 The Natural Environment of the Study Area 45 The Marine Environment of North Kohala 47 Experimental Archaeology 53 Part 2: Survey and Field Methods 54 Terrestrial Survey 54 Field Methods 56 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF SITES AND MIDDEN CONTENT 66 Part 1: Site Descriptions and Results of Excavation 66 KAL-10 Complex Feature Descriptions 66 KAL-23 Complex Feature Descriptions 67 KAL-30 A and B Complex Feature Descriptions 76 A Comparison of Male and Female Artifact Characteristics 81 Part 2: Analysis of the Shell Midden 85 Relative Concentration of the Midden 85 Midden Composition 86 Analysis of Composition Patterns 92 vii Unexpected Results for Conus spp. and Cellana spp 93 Gender Links and Taxon Distribution 94 Individual Size of Selected Taxa 95 Largest Sized Individuals 99 Smallest Sized Individuals 100 Factors Affecting Size of Individual Specimens 100 Summary of Relationships 101 CHAPTERS: DISCUSSION 103 Part I: Gender 103 Part 2: Status 106 Part 3: Political Economy 108 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 110 REFERENCES CITED 112 APPENDICES 119 Appendix A Tables of Excavated Materials 120 AMS Radiocarbon Dates from KAL-10B 124 Appendix B Tables of Invertebrate Quantities for Each Test Unit 125 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Hawaiian Islands. Source: National Atlas of the United States 6 Figure 2: Hawai'i Island. Source: Lansat Mosaic NOAA....... 6 Figure 3: Tax Map Key (TMK) Showing Kalala ahupua 'a in the North Kohala District (Field 2007)......,....,........................... ................................ 7 Figure 4: Pe'a thatching with ti. Photo by K. Emory 14 Figure 5: Separate Structures. Image Source: www.sacredtexts.com 38 Figure 6: Hawaiian House and Platform. Source:www.gutenberg.org/files/18450/18450- h/images/p210,jpg...... 39 Figure 7: Kohala Field System Walls. Photo by Author 44 Figure 8: Topographic Map of North Kohala and Area of Study. US. Geological Survey Map 45 Figure 9: Ridgeline Structures in Kalala Ahupua 'a. Photo by Author....... 47 Figure 10: Shoreline Below Pahinahina Point. Photo by Author 48 Figure 11: Cellana spp. Limpet (Opihi). Photos by Author...... 49 Figure 12: Thaididae spp. Drupes (Maka 'awa). Photos by Author 49 Figure 13: Nerita. Photos by Author 50 Figure 14: Cowries. C. caputserpentis (1); C. mauritiana (r). Photos by Author.... 50 Figure 15: Study Area: Makiloa and Kalala Ahupua 'a. Map from Julie Field,.............. 54 Figure 16: TMK Map of Pahinahina, Makiloa and Kalala Ahupua'a 59 Figure 17: TMK Map of Makeanehu and Kaiholena Ahupua'a...................................... 60 Figure 18: KAL 30A with Baulk Sample in Left Foreground. Photo by Author 61 ix Figure 19: Example of Sorted Shell and Echinoderm. Photo by Author 63 Figure 20: Field Sketch of KAL-23. Julie Field 67 Figure 21: KAL-23 and KAL-10 Complexes Circled on GIS Map. Map From Julie Field 68 Figure 22: Metal Fish Hook. Photo by Julie Field 71 Figure 23: Historic Ceramic Trade Beads. Photo by Julie Field 71 Figure 24: KAL-23B TU 2 Views fromNE. Photo by Julie Field. 72 Figure 25: KAL-30B View to the North. Photo by Author 76 Figure 26: Detail of KAL-30B Construction. Photo by Author 80 Figure 27: Comparative Range of Male Linked Artifacts 83 Figure 28: Material Assemblages in Stone, Bone and Shell Associated with Women's Activities 84 Figure 29: Relative Concentration Indices for All Sites 86 Figure 30: KAL-10A TU 1 Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 87 Figure 31: KAL-10ATU 2 Shell Distribution by Weight 88 Figure 32: KAL-10B TU 3 Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 88 Figure 33: KAL-10C TU 4 Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 89 Figure 34: KAL-10C TU 5 Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 89 Figure 35: KAL-10C TU 6 Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 90 Figure 36: KAL-23A Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 90 Figure 37: KAL-23B Shell Distribution by Weight (g). 91 Figure 38: KAL-30A Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 91 x Figure 39: KAL-30B Shell Distribution by Weight (g) 92 Figure 40: Median Weight (g) for All Cypraea spp. in All Test Units 96 Figure 41: Median Weight (g) for Cellana spp. in All Test Units..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History of Hula the Origins of Hula Are Contained in Many Legends. One Story Describes the Adventures of Hi'iaka, Who Danced To
    History of Hula The origins of hula are contained in many legends. One story describes the adventures of Hi'iaka, who danced to appease her fiery sister, the volcano goddess Pele and there she created Hula. This Hi'iaka story provides the basic foundation for many present-day dances. As late as the early twentieth century, ritual and prayer surrounded all aspects of hula training and practice. Teachers and students were dedicated to Laka, goddess of the hula, and appropriate offerings were made regularly. In ancient Hawaii, a time when a written language did not exist, hula and its chants played an important role in keeping history, genealogy, mythology and culture alive. With each movement – a hand gesture, step of foot, swaying of hips – a story would unfold. Through the hula, the Native Hawaiians were connected with their land and their gods. The hula was danced for protocol and social enjoyment. The songs and chants of the hula preserved Hawaii’s history and culture. When the missionaries arrived and brought Christianity, Queen Ka’ahumanu converted and deemed Hula a pagan ritual, banning it in 1830 and for many years with both Ōlelo Hawaiʻi, Hawaiian language, and Hula ​ ​ being suppressed or banned, the knowledge, tradition and culture of Hawai’i suffered greatly. It wasn’t until King David Kalakaua came to the throne in 1874 that Hawaiian cultural traditions were restored. Public performances of hula flourished and by the early 1900s, the hula had evolved and adapted to fit the desires of tourists and global expectations. With tourism, cabaret acts, Hollywood and the King himself, Elvis, Hula experienced a great transition to the Hula that many people imagine today.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History, Mating Behavior, and Multiple Paternity in Octopus
    LIFE HISTORY, MATING BEHAVIOR, AND MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN OCTOPUS OLIVERI (BERRY, 1914) (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI´I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DECEMBER 2014 By Heather Anne Ylitalo-Ward Dissertation Committee: Les Watling, Chairperson Rob Toonen James Wood Tom Oliver Jeff Drazen Chuck Birkeland Keywords: Cephalopod, Octopus, Sexual Selection, Multiple Paternity, Mating DEDICATION To my family, I would not have been able to do this without your unending support and love. Thank you for always believing in me. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who helped me collect the specimens for this study, braving the rocks and the waves in the middle of the night: Leigh Ann Boswell, Shannon Evers, and Steffiny Nelson, you were the hard core tako hunters. I am eternally grateful that you sacrificed your evenings to the octopus gods. Also, thank you to David Harrington (best bucket boy), Bert Tanigutchi, Melanie Hutchinson, Christine Ambrosino, Mark Royer, Chelsea Szydlowski, Ily Iglesias, Katherine Livins, James Wood, Seth Ylitalo-Ward, Jessica Watts, and Steven Zubler. This dissertation would not have happened without the support of my wonderful advisor, Dr. Les Watling. Even though I know he wanted me to study a different kind of “octo” (octocoral), I am so thankful he let me follow my foolish passion for cephalopod sexual selection. Also, he provided me with the opportunity to ride in a submersible, which was one of the most magical moments of my graduate career.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data to Measure The
    25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data To Measure The Effectiveness Of Restoration Actions For Australia's Woodland Birds Michelle Gibson1, Jessica Walsh1,2, Nicki Taws5, Martine Maron1 1Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia, 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Victoria, Australia, 3Greening Australia, Aranda, Canberra, 2614 Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 4BirdLife Australia, Carlton, Melbourne, 3053, Victoria, Australia, 5Greening Australia, PO Box 538 Jamison Centre, Macquarie, Australian Capital Territory 2614, Australia Before conservation actions are implemented, they should be evaluated for their effectiveness to ensure the best possible outcomes. However, many conservation actions are not implemented under an experimental framework, making it difficult to measure their effectiveness. Ecological monitoring datasets provide useful opportunities for measuring the effect of conservation actions and a baseline upon which adaptive management can be built. We measure the effect of conservation actions on Australian woodland ecosystems using two community group-led bird monitoring datasets. Australia’s temperate woodlands have been largely cleared for agricultural production and their bird communities are in decline. To reverse these declines, a suite of conservation actions has been implemented by government and non- government agencies, and private landholders. We analysed the response of total woodland bird abundance, species richness, and community condition, to two widely-used actions — grazing exclusion and replanting. We recorded 139 species from 134 sites and 1,389 surveys over a 20-year period. Grazing exclusion and replanting combined had strong positive effects on all three bird community metrics over time relative to control sites, where no actions had occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • La Lei Hulu Study Guide.Indd
    1906 Centennial Season 2006 05/06 Study Guide Na Lei Hulu I Ka Wekiu Friday, March 17, 2006, at 11:00 a.m. Zellerbach Hall SchoolTime Welcome March 3, 2006 Dear Educator and Students, Welcome to SchoolTime! On Friday, March 17, 2006, at 11:00 a.m., you will attend the SchoolTime performance by the dance company Na Lei Hulu I Ka Wekiu at Zellerbach Hall on the UC Berkeley campus. This San Francisco-based dance company thrills audiences with its blend of traditional and contemporary Hawaiian dance, honoring tradition while bringing hula into the modern realm. Na Lei Hulu I Ka Wekiu features a wonderful variety of hula dances from traditional to contemporary. This study guide will prepare your students for their fi eld trip to Zellerbach Hall. Your students can actively participate at the performance by: • OBSERVING how the dancers use their bodies • LISTENING to the songs and instruments that accompany the dances • THINKING ABOUT how culture is expressed through dance • REFLECTING on their experience in the theater We look forward to seeing you at Zellerbach Hall! Sincerely, Laura Abrams Rachel Davidman Director Education Programs Administrator Education & Community Programs About Cal Performances and SchoolTime The mission of Cal Performances is to inspire, nurture and sustain a lifelong appreciation for the performing arts. Cal Performances, the performing arts presenter of the University of California, Berkeley, fulfi lls this mission by presenting, producing and commissioning outstanding artists, both renowned and emerging, to serve the University and the broader public through performances and education and community programs. In 2005/06 Cal Performances celebrates 100 years on the UC Berkeley Campus.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Hawaiian Culture August 15, 2011
    Annex C – The History of the Hawaiian Culture August 15, 2011 Origins of the Ancient Hawaiians and Their Culture The first major Hawaiian island, Kauai emerged from the Pacific only six million years ago. This was millions of years before modern man walked out of Africa, but a blip in time compared to the 4.5 billion year history of our ancient planet. The Hawaiian Islands were formed above a 40 million year old volcano creating a hot spot under the Pacific Plate. As the pacific plate moves to the Northwest, the static hotspot continues to create islands. The effect of this is an island chain, one of which, the big Island, became the 5th highest island in the world. The next island in the chain, the seamount of Loihi is building and will surface in 10,000 years. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics, has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. Hawaii has more endangered species per square mile than anywhere else. Ancient tribal Polynesians arrived on this virgin scene after long, amazing sea voyages in their double-hulled canoes. The early Polynesians were an adventurous seafaring people with highly developed navigational skills. They used the sun, stars and wave patterns to find their directions. Ancient Polynesians even created incredible maps of wave patterns by binding sticks together. Bird flight paths and cloud patterns were used to discern where islands were located.
    [Show full text]
  • Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space John Grayzel
    Masthead Logo Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 80 Article 3 Number 80 Spring 2019 4-2019 Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space John Grayzel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Grayzel, John (2019) "Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 80 : No. 80 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol80/iss80/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Grayzel: Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space Comparative Civilizations Review 7 Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space John Grayzel Abstract Polynesian civilization was configured — prior to Western colonization — in ways similar to that sometimes described as necessary for humanity's interstellar migration into space. Over thousands of years and miles, across open ocean, a core population expanded to settle on hundreds of scattered islands, while maintaining shared identity, continued awareness and repetitive contact with each other. Key to their expansion was their development of robust ocean-going vessels and their extraordinary abilities to navigate across vast expanses of open water. The first half of the 1800s saw a surge in contacts between Polynesia and western missionaries and whalers, followed by significant depopulation due to disease and, after 1850, the imposition of Western political control.
    [Show full text]
  • Opihi Cellana Talcosa (Ko`Ele)
    Aquaculture of the giant opihi Cellana talcosa (ko`ele). Development of an artificial diet. Harry Ako with technical assistance of Nhan Hua Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Agricultural Sciences and Human Resources University of Hawaii, Manoa Introduction and Background Honolulu Advertiser, Wed, June 1, 2005 •Scientists fear that the largest and most prized species of the hardy 'opihi a uniquely Hawaiian delicacy may be essentially extinct on O'ahu, and the population of other limpets statewide is also on the decline. •“Pupu” in Hawaiian means “snail” and in modern times it is used to mean hors d’oeuvres. Opihi were the most favored pupu traditionally. Opihi • High value potential aquacultured product in Hawaii, $150/gallon with shell on. A century ago, 'opihi pickers were selling 140,000 pounds of the limpets annually. In recent years the number has been less than 10 percent of that, around 13,000 pounds. • They dubbed ‘opihi “the fish of death” because so many people were swept away while prying it off the rocks. www.nature.org Three main species of opihi in Hawaii • Cellana sandwicensis - opihi alinalina – yellow foot – most common – preferred • Cellana exarata - opihi makaiauli – black foot – not preferred • Cellana talcosa - opihi ko`ele – giant opihi – grows fast –lives in calm, deep water – we targeted this http://www2.hawaii.edu/~cbird/Opihi/frames.htm Other views Cellana exarata (opihi makaiauli) Cellana sandwicensis (opihi alinalina) Cellana talcosa (opihi ko`ele) Outline of this talk • To talk story about optimization of capture and holding strategies. Problem: 75% mortality in early days of holding and transferring.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 WSN Short Program
    SCHEDULE OF EVENTS THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 2010 1800 WSN STUDENT WORKSHOP (Salon ABC) BECOMING A BETTER BIOLOGICAL BLOGGER: USING THE WEB TO COMMUNICATE SCIENCE TO THE PUBLIC Speakers include: Carol Blanchette, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara Miriam Goldstein, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD Kristen Marhaver, CARMABI, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD 2030 WSN STUDENT MIXER Point Loma Sports Grill and Pub (2750 Dewey Rd, San Diego, CA) Open to all graduate and undergraduate students; no ticket required. See the student desk for directions. FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2010 0855-1200 STUDENT SYMPOSIUM (Salon ABC) HUMAN IMPACTS ON COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 1200-1300 LUNCH 1300-1745 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 1830-2030 WSN POSTER SESSION (Salon ABC) 1930-2230 ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT HOUR (AAH) (Salon ABC) SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 2010 0800-1115 PRESIDENTIAL SYMPOSIUM (Salon ABC) CREATIVITY, CONTROVERSY, AND ECOLOGICAL CANON: A SYMPOSIUM HONORING PETER F. SALE 1115 AWARDING OF LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD (by Phil Levin) 1130 AWARDING OF NATURALIST OF THE YEAR (by Phil Levin) 1135 WSN NATURALIST OF THE YEAR (Shara Fisler) 1200-1300 LUNCH 1300-1800 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 1800-1900 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING (Roosevelt Room) 1900-2100 PRESIDENTIAL BANQUET (Salon ABC) 2100-0100 WSN AUCTION followed by DANCE (Salon ABC) SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2010 0830-1230 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 1230-1330 LUNCH 1330-1445 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 1 FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2010 STUDENT SYMPOSIUM (0855-1200) SALON ABC HUMAN IMPACTS ON COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 0855 INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Section 3.4 Invertebrates
    Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Final EIS/OEIS October 2018 Final Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.4 Invertebrates .......................................................................................................... 3.4-1 3.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3.4-3 3.4.2 Affected Environment ......................................................................................... 3.4-3 3.4.2.1 General Background ........................................................................... 3.4-3 3.4.2.2 Endangered Species Act-Listed Species ............................................ 3.4-15 3.4.2.3 Species Not Listed Under the Endangered Species Act .................... 3.4-20 3.4.3 Environmental Consequences .......................................................................... 3.4-29 3.4.3.1 Acoustic Stressors ............................................................................. 3.4-30 3.4.3.2 Explosive Stressors ............................................................................ 3.4-51 3.4.3.3 Energy Stressors ................................................................................ 3.4-59 3.4.3.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ........................................ 3.4-64 3.4.3.5 Entanglement Stressors .................................................................... 3.4-85 3.4.3.6
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Culture
    HAWAIIAN CULTURE LOCATION: Hawaii consists of a number of tropical islands about 3000 kilometers from the west coast of the United States, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Today, of the more than one million Hawaiians, about 200,000 claim some native Hawaiian roots. About 8,000 people are of full Hawaiian descent. HISTORY: All of the Hawaiian islands were created by the kind of volcanic activity that continues today. Until two thousand years ago there were no human inhabitants on these islands. The first people to arrive and stay were Polynesians who came from Marquesas between the 4th and the 8th century. A few hundred years later other people came from Tahiti. The Tahitians enslaved the people they found and created a new Hawaiian culture. Although the Spanish navigator Gaetano visited the islands briefly in 1555, it was not until 1778 that Europeans started to have a real influence on Hawaii. In this year Captain Cook arrived on the island of Kauai (he was killed in Hawaii the next year). His sailors estimated that there were up to 1 million native Hawaiians. At first the Hawaiians thought the white men were gods, also because of their guns and mirrors. Soon they realized that the white men could experience pain and could die, so they could not be gods after all. The use of guns led to a major change in the Hawaiian political system. The first king of Hawaii, King Kamehameha, took the throne (in 1795) after he used the guns given to him from the Westerners to conquer most of the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Community Ecology on Wave-Exposed
    ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY ECOLOGY ON WAVE-EXPOSED ROCKY HAWAI‘IAN COASTS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) DECEMBER 2006 By Christopher Everett Bird Dissertation Committee: Celia M. Smith, Chairperson Kent W. Bridges David C. Duffy Leonard A. Freed E. Alison Kay Halina M. Zaleski We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany (Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology). DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ________________________________ Chairperson ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ii Copyright 2006 Christopher Everett Bird All Rights Reserved iii DEDICATION This one goes out to my mom Betsy Bird; my dad George Bird; my grandmother Ethel Bird; my sisters and their families Gwendolyn, Scott, Alex, Mitchell, and Nicholas Bottomley, Evelyn, Mike, Andrew, and Ian Kirner; my best friend John Swistak; my boyz in NL1; my girlz in tha 808; and all the rest of my friends. You are the people who stood by my side, no matter what. Thank you for the good times, the support, and the love. I owe it all to you. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College (this is publication XD- 02-02), University of Hawaii Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Program, National Parks Service, and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument for funding the research presented in this dissertation. This dissertation would not have happened without the inspiration of a few special people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Color of Nationality: Continuities and Discontinuities of Citizenship in Hawaiʻi
    The Color of Nationality: Continuities and Discontinuities of Citizenship in Hawaiʻi A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DECEMBER 2014 By WILLY DANIEL KAIPO KAUAI Dissertation Committee: Neal Milner, Chairperson David Keanu Sai Deborah Halbert Charles Lawrence III Melody MacKenzie Puakea Nogelmeier Copyright ii iii Acknowledgements The year before I began my doctoral program there were less than fifty PhD holders in the world that were of aboriginal Hawaiian descent. At the time I didn’t realize the ramifications of such a grimacing statistic in part because I really didn’t understand what a PhD was. None of my family members held such a degree, and I didn’t know any PhD’s while I was growing up. The only doctors I knew were the ones that you go to when you were sick. I learned much later that the “Ph” in “PhD” referred to “philosophy,” which in Greek means “Love of Wisdom.” The Hawaiian equivalent of which, could be “aloha naʻauao.” While many of my family members were not PhD’s in the Greek sense, many of them were experts in the Hawaiian sense. I never had the opportunity to grow up next to a loko iʻa, or a lo’i, but I did grow up amidst paniolo, who knew as much about makai as they did mauka. Their deep knowledge and aloha for their wahi pana represented an unparalleled intellectual capacity for understanding the interdependency between land and life.
    [Show full text]