DOCSLIB.ORG

Aspects of Community Ecology on Wave-Exposed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aspects of Community Ecology on Wave-Exposed ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY ECOLOGY ON WAVE-EXPOSED ROCKY HAWAI‘IAN COASTS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) DECEMBER 2006 By Christopher Everett Bird Dissertation Committee: Celia M. Smith, Chairperson Kent W. Bridges David C. Duffy Leonard A. Freed E. Alison Kay Halina M. Zaleski We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany (Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology). DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ________________________________ Chairperson ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ii Copyright 2006 Christopher Everett Bird All Rights Reserved iii DEDICATION This one goes out to my mom Betsy Bird; my dad George Bird; my grandmother Ethel Bird; my sisters and their families Gwendolyn, Scott, Alex, Mitchell, and Nicholas Bottomley, Evelyn, Mike, Andrew, and Ian Kirner; my best friend John Swistak; my boyz in NL1; my girlz in tha 808; and all the rest of my friends. You are the people who stood by my side, no matter what. Thank you for the good times, the support, and the love. I owe it all to you. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College (this is publication XD- 02-02), University of Hawaii Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Program, National Parks Service, and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument for funding the research presented in this dissertation. This dissertation would not have happened without the inspiration of a few special people. Robin Chazdon was singularly responsible for turning me on to community ecology when I was a sophomore at the University of Connecticut. Despite the fact that her interests lied in rainforest ecology, and getting me to do work for her, Robin unselfishly guided me towards inspiring research articles in marine ecology and helped me get a position as a marine biology technician. Francis Trainor was a fantastic undergraduate mentor who encouraged me to cast a wide net and keep my mind open to new ideas. Kelly Benoit-Bird convinced me to move to Hawaii against my better judgment. However, it turned out to be a great adventure, and I found the natural system that I was born to study - the wave-exposed Hawaiian rocky intertidal community. Celia Smith accepted me into her laboratory as a graduate student when no other professor would. I know that Celia wanted me to be a phycologist, yet she allowed me to follow my heart and explore the ideas and hypotheses that I was most compelled by. Nobody could wish for a nicer and more selfless advisor. v Most community ecologists do not end up conducting a molecular genetic study. Brenden Holland, Rob Toonen, and Brian Bowen are completely responsible for getting me started in phylo- and population genetics. The addition of molecular techniques to my ‘toolbox’ is probably the most important skill I’ve acquired during my graduate work. I have a feeling that I will owe a large portion of the rest of my career to these three. Andy Taylor and Halina Zaleski taught me everything I know about statistics, which I needed every bit of for Chapter 3. The following people helped me conduct the research in this dissertation either for monetary compensation or just the sheer joy of my companionship: Nic Velasco, Megan Dahler, Carly Allen, Masaya Tanaka, Hyunh Ha, Zach Hallinan, Ryan Okano, Kanekoa Shultz, Sonya Stevens, Maya Iriondo-Simek, Dawn Adams, Linda Preskitt, Cheryl Squair, Jennifer Smith, Kimberly Peyton, Andy Hansen, Darin Hayakawa, Mindy Mizobe, Misty-April Kamling-Young, Tomas Sauvage, Sara Peck, Maria Haws, Regina Kawamoto, Brian Nedved, Dan Barshis, Vern Yamanaka, Mark Bertness, Brian Silliman, Bruce Menge, Whit Au, Dave Smith, Steve Kolinski, Kuulei Rodgers, and Eric Brown. If I forgot you in this list of acknowledgments I sincerely apologize. vi ABSTRACT Rocky shores are among the most prevalently studied marine habitat in ecological research, but the tropical Indo-West Pacific rocky shore has received relatively little scientific attention. In this dissertation, I investigate the nature of the physical habitat and biological community along a wave exposure gradient on a Hawai‘ian rocky littoral shore; I experimentally investigate the nature of the interaction between the limpet Cellana sandwicensis, the urchin Colobocentrotus atratus, and the algal community; and I survey the COI locus of the mitochondrion in all three species of endemic Cellana. Along a wave exposure gradient from tide-domination (tidal range > wave height) to wave-domination (wave height > tidal range) the community trends from macrophyte and turf dominated to crustose coralline and grazer dominated, respectively. These biological patterns coincide with a novel physical model of littoral zonation based on the interaction of tidal range and wave height. Unlike tide-dominated shores, where there is merely an intertidal zone, wave-dominated shores are characterized by three physical zones, from high to low shore: the effective intertidal zone, the wave zone, and the submerged intertidal zone. The distinct physical characteristics of each of these habitats can affect processes that drive community structure and ecology, such as predation and physiological stress. The obligate wave-zone species C. atratus and C. sandwicensis exhibit a complex relationship, where both can have either positive or negative effects on the other depending on algal productivity and grazer density. We identified three indirect interactions that involve algal intermediaries: indirect commensalism, habitat facilitation, and exploitative competition. The molecular population structure of each species of vii endemic Cellana exhibited unique patterns. This was surprising given the close phylogenetic relationships and similar life histories of these species. Biogeographic range and position on the shore (littoral vs sublittoral) were the most correlated with the observed population partitioning. We identified moderate to major population subdivision between Kaua‘i and Oahu, Nihoa and Kaua‘i, and Moloka‘i and the other main Hawai‘ian Islands. Overall, we recommend that marine protected areas be delineated on each island in the archipelago and the abundance of Cellana, Colobocentrotus, and erect algae be monitored to assess their effectiveness. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication.......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................v Abstract............................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures.................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1. Literature Review of Intertidal Dynamics and Community Structure ..............1 Abstract..........................................................................................................................1 Introduction......................................................................................................................2 Ecosystem Management on Hawai‘ian Rocky Shores ............................................2 Rocky Intertidal Habitats: Environmental Stress and Disturbance................................6 Physiological Stress and Disturbance ......................................................................6 Physical Stress and Disturbance ..............................................................................9 Littoral Zonation – From Physical to Biological Control......................................13 Biological Factors Affecting Community Structure....................................................20 Dispersal, Recruitment, and Models......................................................................20 Using DNA to Track Larval Dispersal ..................................................................24 Primary Productivity..............................................................................................29 Direct Biological Interactions - Consumption .......................................................30 Direct Biological Interactions – Competition........................................................34 Direct Biological Interactions – Facilitation..........................................................37 Interaction Webs & Indirect Biological Interactions...................................................43 Integrative Models of Community Structure ...............................................................50 Trophic Cascades and Food Chain theory .............................................................51 Menge-Sutherland Environmental Stress Model...................................................52 Recruitment Limitation..........................................................................................55 Incorporation of Positive Interactions into MS......................................................56 Omnivory
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MARINE LIFE PROFILE: HAWAIIAN LIMPET SNAIL Classification
    Waikïkï Aquarium Education Department MARINE LIFE PROFILE: HAWAIIAN LIMPET SNAIL Hawaiian name: ‘opihi Scientific name: Cellana exarata and others Distribution: Hawaiian Islands Size: up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) Diet: algae Limpets are common snails found on rocky shores throughout the world. But the four species which occur in Hawaii are endemic, found here and no where else! The most common species is the "blackfoot" ‘opihi (Cellana exarata) which occurs on basalt shorelines, from the splash zone high on the shore, seaward to the level of the mean low tide where crust-like pink calcareous algae forms a band on the rocks. Like other snails, limpets have: (1) a head with eyes and tentacles, a mouth on a protrusible proboscis (mouth tube); (2) a broad muscular foot for clinging and crawling; and (3) a soft body mass (containing the internal organs) which is protected by their shell. Living on this part of the shore, the ‘opihi must withstand periods of drying exposure during low tides, as well as heavy surge and pounding waves at high tide. They cling firmly to the rock surface with the muscular foot that acts like a suction cup to keep them from being torn off the rocks. The cap-shaped shell has a low profile and low center of gravity so that the snail presents little resistance to the water as it pounds and pours over the shore. The ribs and grooves in the shell help spread the force of the crashing waves by channeling water down the sides of the shell. Each ‘opihi lives in a shallow depression on the rock that it makes itself, possibly by rasping at the rock with its radula.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological and Evolutionary Effects of Interspecific Competition in Tits
    Wilson Bull., 101(2), 1989, pp. 198-216 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OF INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION IN TITS ANDRE A. DHONDT' AmTRAcT.-In this review the evidence for the existence of interspecific competition between members of the genus Purus is organized according to the time scale involved. Competition on an ecological time scale is amenable to experimental manipulation, whereas the effects of competition on an evolutionary time scale are not, Therefore the existence of competition has to be inferred mainly from comparisons between populations. Numerical effects of interspecific competition in coexisting populations on population parameters have been shown in several studies of Great and Blue tits (Parus major and P. caerulm) during the breeding season and during winter, and they have been suggested for the Black-capped Chickadee (P. atricapillus)and the Tufted Titmouse (P. bicolor).It is argued that the doubly asymmetric two-way interspecific competition between Great and Blue tits would have a stabilizing effect promoting their coexistence. Functional effects on niche use have been experimentally shown by removal or cage experiments between Willow (P. montanus)and Marsh (P. pahstris) tits, between Willow and Crested tits (P. cristatus)and Coal Tits (P. ater) and Goldcrests (Regulus reguh), and between Coal and Willow tits. Non-manipulative studies suggestthe existence of interspecific competition leading to rapid niche shifts between Crested and Willow tits and between Great and Willow tits. Evolutionary responses that can be explained as adaptations to variations in the importance of interspecific competition are numerous. An experiment failed to show that Blue Tit populations, subjected to different levels of interspecific competition by Great Tits, underwent divergent micro-evolutionary changes for body size.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Essd-2020-161 (20 September 2020)
    1 1 Half-hourly changes in intertidal temperature at nine wave-exposed 2 locations along the Atlantic Canadian coast: a 5.5-year study 3 Ricardo A. Scrosati, Julius A. Ellrich, Matthew J. Freeman 4 Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada 5 Correspondence to: Ricardo A. Scrosati ([email protected]) 6 Abstract. Intertidal habitats are unique because they spend alternating periods of 7 submergence (at high tide) and emergence (at low tide) every day. Thus, intertidal temperature 8 is mainly driven by sea surface temperature (SST) during high tides and by air temperature 9 during low tides. Because of that, the switch from high to low tides and viceversa can determine 10 rapid changes in intertidal thermal conditions. On cold-temperate shores, which are 11 characterized by cold winters and warm summers, intertidal thermal conditions can also change 12 considerably with seasons. Despite this uniqueness, knowledge on intertidal temperature 13 dynamics is more limited than for open seas. This is especially true for wave-exposed intertidal 14 habitats, which, in addition to the unique properties described above, are also characterized by 15 wave splash being able to moderate intertidal thermal extremes during low tides. To address this 16 knowledge gap, we measured temperature every half hour during a period of 5.5 years (2014- 17 2019) at nine wave-exposed rocky intertidal locations along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, 18 Canada. This data set is freely available from the figshare online repository (Scrosati and 19 Ellrich, 2020a; https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12462065.v1).
    [Show full text]
  • PROTISTS Shore and the Waves Are Large, Often the Largest of a Storm Event, and with a Long Period
    (seas), and these waves can mobilize boulders. During this phase of the storm the rapid changes in current direction caused by these large, short-period waves generate high accelerative forces, and it is these forces that ultimately can move even large boulders. Traditionally, most rocky-intertidal ecological stud- ies have been conducted on rocky platforms where the substrate is composed of stable basement rock. Projec- tiles tend to be uncommon in these types of habitats, and damage from projectiles is usually light. Perhaps for this reason the role of projectiles in intertidal ecology has received little attention. Boulder-fi eld intertidal zones are as common as, if not more common than, rock plat- forms. In boulder fi elds, projectiles are abundant, and the evidence of damage due to projectiles is obvious. Here projectiles may be one of the most important defi ning physical forces in the habitat. SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Geology, Coastal / Habitat Alteration / Hydrodynamic Forces / Wave Exposure FURTHER READING Carstens. T. 1968. Wave forces on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia FIGURE 6 The intertidal zone on the north side of Cape Blanco, 34: 37–60. Oregon. The large, smooth boulders are made of serpentine, while Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organi- the surrounding rock from which the intertidal platform is formed zation: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky is sandstone. The smooth boulders are from a source outside the intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159. intertidal zone and were carried into the intertidal zone by waves. Levin, S. A., and R.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Report for Gulf of the Farallones and Cordell
    Chapter 6 Responses in Marine Habitats Sea Level Rise: Intertidal organisms will respond to sea level rise by shifting their distributions to keep pace with rising sea level. It has been suggested that all but the slowest growing organisms will be able to keep pace with rising sea level (Harley et al. 2006) but few studies have thoroughly examined this phenomenon. As in soft sediment systems, the ability of intertidal organisms to migrate will depend on available upland habitat. If these communities are adjacent to steep coastal bluffs it is unclear if they will be able to colonize this habitat. Further, increased erosion and sedimentation may impede their ability to move. Waves: Greater wave activity (see 3.3.2 Waves) suggests that intertidal and subtidal organisms may experience greater physical forces. A number of studies indicate that the strength of organisms does not always scale with their size (Denny et al. 1985; Carrington 1990; Gaylord et al. 1994; Denny and Kitzes 2005; Gaylord et al. 2008), which can lead to selective removal of larger organisms, influencing size structure and species interactions that depend on size. However, the relationship between offshore significant wave height and hydrodynamic force is not simple. Although local wave height inside the surf zone is a good predictor of wave velocity and force (Gaylord 1999, 2000), the relationship between offshore Hs and intertidal force cannot be expressed via a simple linear relationship (Helmuth and Denny 2003). In many cases (89% of sites examined), elevated offshore wave activity increased force up to a point (Hs > 2-2.5 m), after which force did not increase with wave height.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History, Mating Behavior, and Multiple Paternity in Octopus
    LIFE HISTORY, MATING BEHAVIOR, AND MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN OCTOPUS OLIVERI (BERRY, 1914) (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI´I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DECEMBER 2014 By Heather Anne Ylitalo-Ward Dissertation Committee: Les Watling, Chairperson Rob Toonen James Wood Tom Oliver Jeff Drazen Chuck Birkeland Keywords: Cephalopod, Octopus, Sexual Selection, Multiple Paternity, Mating DEDICATION To my family, I would not have been able to do this without your unending support and love. Thank you for always believing in me. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who helped me collect the specimens for this study, braving the rocks and the waves in the middle of the night: Leigh Ann Boswell, Shannon Evers, and Steffiny Nelson, you were the hard core tako hunters. I am eternally grateful that you sacrificed your evenings to the octopus gods. Also, thank you to David Harrington (best bucket boy), Bert Tanigutchi, Melanie Hutchinson, Christine Ambrosino, Mark Royer, Chelsea Szydlowski, Ily Iglesias, Katherine Livins, James Wood, Seth Ylitalo-Ward, Jessica Watts, and Steven Zubler. This dissertation would not have happened without the support of my wonderful advisor, Dr. Les Watling. Even though I know he wanted me to study a different kind of “octo” (octocoral), I am so thankful he let me follow my foolish passion for cephalopod sexual selection. Also, he provided me with the opportunity to ride in a submersible, which was one of the most magical moments of my graduate career.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing and Analyzing Biological Interaction Networks for Knowledge Discovery
    Constructing and Analyzing Biological Interaction Networks for Knowledge Discovery Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Duygu Ucar Graduate Program in Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Srinivasan Parthasarathy, Advisor Yusu Wang Umit Catalyurek c Copyright by Duygu Ucar 2009 ABSTRACT Many biological datasets can be effectively modeled as interaction networks where nodes represent biological entities of interest such as proteins, genes, or complexes and edges mimic associations among them. The study of these biological network structures can provide insight into many biological questions including the functional characterization of genes and gene products, the characterization of DNA-protein bindings, and the under- standing of regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, the task of constructing biological interac- tion networks from raw data sets and exploiting information from these networks is critical, but is also fraught with challenges. First, the network structure is not always known in a priori; the structure should be inferred from raw and heterogeneous biological data sources. Second, biological networks are noisy (containing unreliable interactions) and incomplete (missing real interactions) which makes the task of extracting useful information difficult. Third, typically these networks have non-trivial topological properties (e.g., uneven degree distribution, small world) that limit the effectiveness of traditional knowledge discovery al- gorithms. Fourth, these networks are usually dynamic and investigation of their dynamics is essential to understand the underlying biological system. In this thesis, we address these issues by presenting a set of computational techniques that we developed to construct and analyze three specific types of biological interaction networks: protein-protein interaction networks, gene co-expression networks, and regulatory networks.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data to Measure The
    25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data To Measure The Effectiveness Of Restoration Actions For Australia's Woodland Birds Michelle Gibson1, Jessica Walsh1,2, Nicki Taws5, Martine Maron1 1Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia, 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Victoria, Australia, 3Greening Australia, Aranda, Canberra, 2614 Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 4BirdLife Australia, Carlton, Melbourne, 3053, Victoria, Australia, 5Greening Australia, PO Box 538 Jamison Centre, Macquarie, Australian Capital Territory 2614, Australia Before conservation actions are implemented, they should be evaluated for their effectiveness to ensure the best possible outcomes. However, many conservation actions are not implemented under an experimental framework, making it difficult to measure their effectiveness. Ecological monitoring datasets provide useful opportunities for measuring the effect of conservation actions and a baseline upon which adaptive management can be built. We measure the effect of conservation actions on Australian woodland ecosystems using two community group-led bird monitoring datasets. Australia’s temperate woodlands have been largely cleared for agricultural production and their bird communities are in decline. To reverse these declines, a suite of conservation actions has been implemented by government and non- government agencies, and private landholders. We analysed the response of total woodland bird abundance, species richness, and community condition, to two widely-used actions — grazing exclusion and replanting. We recorded 139 species from 134 sites and 1,389 surveys over a 20-year period. Grazing exclusion and replanting combined had strong positive effects on all three bird community metrics over time relative to control sites, where no actions had occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbiotic Relationship in Which One Organism Benefits and the Other Is Unaffected
    Ecology Quiz Review – ANSWERS! 1. Commensalism – symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. Mutualism – symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit. Parasitism – symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed or killed. Predation – a biological interaction where a predator feeds on a prey. 2A. Commensalism B. Mutualism C. Parasitism D. Predation 3. Autotrophic organisms produce their own food by way of photosynthesis. They are also at the base of a food chain or trophic pyramid. 4. Answer will vary – You will need two plants, two herbivores, and two carnivores 5. Decreases. Only 10% of the energy available at one level is passed to the next level. 6. If 10,000 units of energy are available to the grass at the bottom of the food chain, only 1000 units of energy will be available to the primary consumer, and only 100 units will be available to the secondary consumer. 7. Population is the number of a specific species living in an area. 8. B – All members of the Turdis migratorius species. 9. The number of secondary consumers would increase. 10. The energy decreases as you move up the pyramid which is indicated by the pyramid becoming smaller near the top. 11. Second highest-level consumer would increase. 12. Primary consumer would decrease due to higher numbers of secondary consumer. 13. The number of organisms would decrease due to the lack of food for primary consumers. Other consumers would decrease as the numbers of their food source declined. 14. Number of highest-level consumers would decrease due to lack of food.
    [Show full text]
  • Māhā'ulepū, Island of Kaua'i Reconnaissance Survey
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific West Region, Honolulu Office February 2008 Māhā‘ulepū, Island of Kaua‘i Reconnaissance Survey THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………. 1 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………..3 2.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………..……… 3 2.2 Purpose and Scope of an NPS Reconnaissance Survey………………………………………4 2.2.1 Criterion 1: National Significance………………………………………………………..4 2.2.2 Criterion 2: Suitability…………………………………………………………………….. 4 2.2.3 Criterion 3: Feasibility……………………………………………………………………. 4 2.2.4 Criterion 4: Management Options………………………………………………………. 4 3 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA…………………………………………………. 5 3.1 Regional Context………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 3.2 Geography and Climate…………………………………………………………………………… 6 3.3 Land Use and Ownership………………………………………………………………….……… 8 3.4. Maps……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 4 STUDY AREA RESOURCES………………………………………..………………. 11 4.1 Geological Resources……………………………………………………………………………. 11 4.2 Vegetation………………………….……………………………………………………...……… 16 4.2.1 Coastal Vegetation……………………………………………………………………… 16 4.2.2 Upper Elevation…………………………………………………………………………. 17 4.3 Terrestrial Wildlife………………..........…………………………………………………………. 19 4.3.1 Birds……………….………………………………………………………………………19 4.3.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates………………………………………………………………... 22 4.4 Marine Resources………………………………………………………………………...……… 23 4.4.1 Large Marine Vertebrates……………………………………………………………… 24 4.4.2 Fishes……………………………………………………………………………………..26
    [Show full text]
  • A Regional Study
    POPULATION STRUCTURE AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTION IN PRE- HISPANIC MESOAMERICA: A BIODISTANCE STUDY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By B. Scott Aubry, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Clark Spencer Larsen, Adviser Professor Paul Sciulli _________________________________ Adviser Professor Sam Stout Graduate Program in Anthropology Professor Robert DePhilip Copyright Bryan Scott Aubry 2009 ABSTRACT This study addresses long standing issues regarding the nature of interregional interaction between central Mexico and the Maya area through the analysis of dental variation. In total 25 sites were included in this study, from Teotihuacan and Tula, to Tikal and Chichen Itza. Many other sites were included in this study to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the biological relationships between these regions and to better estimate genetic heterozygosity for each sub-region. The scope of the present study results in a more comprehensive understanding of population interaction both within and between the sub-regions of Mesoamerica, and it allows for the assessment of differential interaction between sites on a regional scale. Both metric and non-metric data were recorded. Non-metric traits were scored according to the ASU system, and dental metrics include the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions at the CEJ following a modification of Hillson et al. (2005). Biodistance estimates were calculated for non-metric traits using Mean Measure of Divergence. R-matrix analysis, which provides an estimate of average genetic heterozygosity, was applied to the metric data. R-matrix analysis was performed for each of the sub-regions separately in order to detect specific sites that deviate from expected levels of genetic heterozygosity in each area.
    [Show full text]
  • IAN Symbol Library Catalog
    Overview The IAN symbol libraries currently contain 2976 custom made vector symbols The Libraries Include designed specifically for enhancing science communication skills. Download the complete set or create a custom packaged version. 2976 science/ecology symbols Our aim is to make them a standard resource for scientists, resource managers, 55 albums in 6 categories community groups, and environmentalists worldwide. Easily create diagrammatic representations of complex processes with minimal graphical skills. Currently Vector (SVG & AI) versions downloaded by 91068 users in 245 countries and 50 U.S. states. Raster (PNG) version The IAN Symbol Libraries are provided completely cost and royalty free. Please acknowledge as: Symbols courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/symbols/). Acknowledgements The IAN symbol libraries have been developed by many contributors: Adrian Jones, Alexandra Fries, Amber O'Reilly, Brianne Walsh, Caroline Donovan, Catherine Collier, Catherine Ward, Charlene Afu, Chip Chenery, Christine Thurber, Claire Sbardella, Diana Kleine, Dieter Tracey, Dvorak, Dylan Taillie, Emily Nastase, Ian Hewson, Jamie Testa, Jan Tilden, Jane Hawkey, Jane Thomas, Jason C. Fisher, Joanna Woerner, Kate Boicourt, Kate Moore, Kate Petersen, Kim Kraeer, Kris Beckert, Lana Heydon, Lucy Van Essen-Fishman, Madeline Kelsey, Nicole Lehmer, Sally Bell, Sander Scheffers, Sara Klips, Tim Carruthers, Tina Kister , Tori Agnew, Tracey Saxby, Trisann Bambico. From a variety of institutions, agencies, and companies: Chesapeake
    [Show full text]