Suppression of the sugarcane by parasitoids on aphid susceptible and partially resistant Ashleigh M. Faris1,2, Norman C. Elliott3, & Michael J. Brewer1,2 1Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, Texas; 2Texas A&M University Department of Entomology, College Station, Texas 3United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Services, Stillwater, Oklahoma

INTRODUCTION STUDY OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION

Sugarcane aphid outbreaks were detected on sorghum in 2013 in • Which natural enemy was primarily responsible for sugarcane aphid Compare parasitoid and predator suppression of sugarcane aphid on resistant and susceptible suppression? South Texas. Sugarcane aphid outbreaks since have been detected hybrids across the sorghum growing season. o Aphelinus nigritus throughout nineteen US states spanning north into Kansas, as well as • How do natural enemy abundances observed in this experiment Mexico and the Caribbean islands (Bowling et al. 2016). Sugarcane compare to what we see in the field? aphid overwinters on ratoon sorghum and Johnson grass in Mexico o Results from study were similar to relatively high abundance of A. and South Texas so that populations can survive until the next RESULTS nigritus (black mummies) and low predator numbers at local 2018 and 2019 monitored sites sorghum growing season. Their rapid expansion over a season is 2018 Natural Enemy Abundance 2019 Natural Enemy Abundance possible due to wind aided movement of alates coming from maturing 2018 2019 sorghum in Mexico and South Texas. South Texas is responsible for 14 4 109 33 10 ~15% of US sorghum production. Recent work has identified predators 4 (coccinellids, chrysopids, hemerobiids, and syrphids) and two parasitoid species that parasitize sugarcane aphid in South Texas: Apehlinus nigritus Howard (: Aphelinidae) which results in black mummies and (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: ) which results in brown mummies (Bowling et al. 2016, Maxson et al. 2019) (Figure 1). Additionally, a secondary parasitoid has been identified, Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), which develops in A. nigritus regardless of host being a in a living aphid or a pupa in an aphid mummy. Total enemies = 4,475 Total enemies = 3,316 Total leaves sampled = 5,760 Total leaves sampled = 2,880 Although the natural enemies of the sugarcane aphid in South Texas Aphid density range = 0 – 2,500/leaf Aphid density range = 0 – 1,500/leaf are known, their efficiency in controlling the sugarcane aphid is not Overall aphid density = 30/leaf Overall aphid density = 11/leaf known. • Do resistant hybrids help suppress sugarcane ? o South Texas Economic Threshold (E.T.) = 50 aphids/leaf (Gordy et al. 2019) o Plants sampled at 6-7 leaves o Number of aphids per leaf are more than double the E.T. 228 3113 o The number of aphids on resistant hybrids is not significantly Parasitoids Coccinellids Syrphids Chrysopids/Hemerobiids different from susceptible hybrids o The ratio of black mummies to aphids was as high or higher on the Figure 4. Natural enemy abundance. Overall abundance of natural enemies collected from susceptible and resistant resistant hybrids than susceptible hybrid (Figure 8) sorghum treatments and all natural enemy treatments in 2018 and 2019. A total of 96 individual plants served as Sugarcane Aphid Apterate Abundance Mean Abundance experimental units in both years. Parasitoids were the most abundant natural enemy in both years based on the equality 1800 test of proportions (훘2 = 48.94; df = 3; P = <0.0001). 1600 A 1400

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Figure 1. Natural enemies of the sugarcane aphid in South Texas. A) 40 4 e

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the black mummies they produce, H) Lysiphlebus testaceipes and the brown A e M M o Aphid population growth regardless of hybrid type highlights the 20 2 a © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) mummies they produce. importanceand exit hole are visible. of sugarcaneand exit hole are visible. aphid regulationand exit hole are visible. by naturaland exit hole are visible. enemies • It appears that in South Texas, sugarcane aphid suppression is due 10 1 to a balance of hybrids and natural enemies. A METHODS A A a A A A b b B b A A a a A a

A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B Split-plot Design (Figure 2): 0 0 A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A E

© Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D • 0.47 ha (38.6m X 54.85m) field Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine A B © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley F F F E F E F E F E F E E E F F F F F E F E F E F E F E F E F F F F E E E E E Resistant Susceptible E RF esiE stantF Susceptible Resistant E SusceE ptible E Resistant Susceptible E F

© Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewe l Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewe l Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF:ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF: ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparas itoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF: ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF:ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: 2018 Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hy2perparasitoid 0wasps (Hyme1noptera) reare9d from sugarcane aphFidisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: • 2 sorghum treatments: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF:ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AA:phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus s p. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by A phelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AAp:helinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’sS yrphophagus aphidiv2orus, a hyperp0arasitoid of Ap1helinus; D: Liv8e S. aphidivorus on author’s 2019 Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S . aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’sS yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSr’syr phophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authorS’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authFoirg’s. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisftiincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphleb us testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteriAstpich elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSr’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristfincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisftiincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisftiincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristiAc phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: © Jim Woolley finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefrinisgteicr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisr;ti cE : Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgteicr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactAeprihsetilcin us sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fraSssyr)p hophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’sS yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s © Travis Ahrens Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSr’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisrt; icE : Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisrt;i cE : Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgtiecr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frassS) yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtaasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval Sfryarspsh)o phagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisftiincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgtiecr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisrt;i cE : Lysiphleb us testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactatenr icsotilco r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtaasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fraasnsd) exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvala nfrda sesx)i t hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. o and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. C D B DKS3888 Susceptible Figure 5. Mean abundance for A. nigritus across the resistant Figure 6. Mean abundance for L. testaceipes across the resistant Susceptible Resistant © Jim Woolley F o F DKS3707 Resistant E and susceptible sorghum and natural enemy treatments in 2018 and susceptible sorghum and natural enemy treatments in 2018 I • Pyrethrin at 4-5 leaf stage to and 2019. A. nigritus was collected more frequently from the coarse and 2019. L. testaceipes was collected more frequently from the © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey

Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s remove natural enemies finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic cage treatments, with a significant difference in the number of A. coarse and open cage treatments, with a significant difference in the FUTURE tan coDIRECTIONSlor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) and exit hole are visible. C

G • Artificially infested with 50 nigritus collected from the susceptible versus the resistant hybrid. number of L. testaceipes collected from the susceptible versus the J D colony-reared aphids Please note Tukey’s comparisons are across natural enemy resistant hybrid. Please note Tukey’s comparisons are across natural • Experiment replication: 12.2m treatments for each resistant and susceptible hybrid for each year. enemy treatments for each resistant and susceptible hybrid for each o Results from replication in Stillwater, OK in the centralH Great Plains

Fig. 3. Common lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from sugarcane aphid colonies on sorghum. A: Cycloneda sanguinea; B: C. sanguinea larva; C: Hippodamia year. will be compared to results fromconvergens; D: Coccinethislla septempunctata; Estudy: Coleomegilla maculata; F: Haconductedrmonia axyridis, in the examples of color polymorphism; G: Olla v-nigrum, light morph; H: dusky lady beetle 20 rows, 19.3m (Coccinellidae: Scymninae) morphospecies 1; I: dusky lady beetle morphospecies 2; J: dusky lady beetle larva. Figure 2. Experiment design for southern reaches of the Great Plains study. Split plot design with eight • Simulation model parameterization: complete randomized blocks of Apterates Ratio Black Mummies to Apterates o An ecological model has been developed to explore sugarcane 1600 a susceptible and semi-resistant hybrids. Mean Abundance 1.4 Mean Abundance aphid migration events from South Texas and the probability of Fields were planted in mid-April 2018 1400 A annual colonization in the north and potential for population

and 2019. A 1.2 increase and outbreaks (Wang et al. 2019)

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Figure 3. Natural enemy treatments c

M a b l

used for experiment (Lee et al. 2005). A) treatment/block B Bowling, R., M. J. Brewer, D. L. Kerns, J. Gordy, N. Seiter, N. E. Elliott, G. D. Buntin, M. O. Way, T. A. Royer, S. BA 0.4 400 b Biles, and E. Maxson. 2016. Sugarcane aphid (: ): A new pest on sorghum in North Open to allow predator and parasitoid • 3 natural enemy treatments a America. J. Integr. Pest Manag. 7: 1-13. access. B) Coarse mesh to exclude B b Gordy, J. W., M. J. Brewer, R. D. Bowling, G. D. Buntin, N. J. Seiter, D. L. Kerns, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and M. O. 0.2 predators but allow parasitoid access. C) 200 Way. 2019. Development of economic thresholds for sugarcane aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in susceptible B grain sorghum hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol. 112: 1251-1259. B b A a Fine mesh to exclude predators and B b Lee, J. H., N. C. Elliott, S. D. Kindler, B. W. French, C. B. Walker, and R. D. Eikenbary. 2005. Natural enemy impact A B A B A B A B A B 0 A B A B A B A B A B A B A B 0 A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B parasitoids. of the Russian wheat aphid in southeastern Colorado. Environ. Entomol. 34: 115-123. © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahre ns © Travis Ahre ns © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Maxson, E. L., M. J. Brewer, W. L. Rooney, and J. B. Woolley. 2019. Species composition and abundance of the © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley F F F © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley F F F F F E E E E E E E E F F F F E F E F E F E E E E E F E F E F E F E F F F F F natural enemies of sugarcane aphid, sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on sorghum in Sampling Regime: Resistant Susceptible Resistant Susceptible Resistant Susceptible Resistant E E SusceE ptible E

© Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewe l Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidFsi.g A. :6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 121:in press. © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidFsi.g A. :6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. P arasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF:ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidAsp. hAe:linus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); ACp: helinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidFsi.g A. :6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. P arasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); ACp: helinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B : Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); SCy: rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSry’srp hophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparas itoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisrt;i cE : Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactfeinrigsetirc; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisAticp helinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); ACp: helinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows);A pCh: elinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: 2019 Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authSory’srp hophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authorS’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S . aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s 2018 Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A p: helinus s p. varipes group; B: S ugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: 2018 2019 Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’Ss yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’Ss yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval tfarans cso) lor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frasSs)y rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authSory’srp hophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on autShoyrp’sh ophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSr’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF: ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF: ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactfeinrgisetric; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisrt;i cE : Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgtiecr ; E: Lysiphleb us testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisftiincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: S yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S . aphidivorus on author’sS yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactfeinrgisetric; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characfitnegreisrt;i cE : Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgtiecr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphleb us testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); CA: phelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval tfarans cso) lor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtaasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’sS yrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSr’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’sfi nger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval tfarans cso) lor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larvalt afnra csosl)o r and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on authoSr’sy rphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterifsintigce r; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgtiecr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteritsatnic c olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristfincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characterisftiincg er; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing charactefriinsgtiecr ; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fratsasn) color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtaasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval fraasnsd) exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frastsa)n color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frtasns c) olor and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. • 1 & 3 weeks after aphid and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. and exit hole are visible. Wang, H. -H., W. E. Grant, N. C. Elliott, M. J. Brewer, T. E. Koralewski, J. K. Westbrook, T. M. Alves, and G. A. Sword. 2019. Integrated modelling of the life cycle and aeroecology of wind-borne pests in temporally-variable infestation Figure 7. Mean abundance for apterate sugarcane aphids across Figure 8. Ratio of black mummies (A. nigritus) to sugarcane spatially-heterogeneous environment. Ecol. Modelling 399: 23-38. • 48 plants sampled/time point Pat Porter the resistant and susceptible sorghum and natural enemy aphids across the resistant and susceptible sorghum and • Whole plant counts recorded: treatments in 2018 and 2019. A similar response for apterates was natural enemy treatments in 2018 and 2019. The ratio was stable ACKNOWLEDGMENTS o SCA alates observed for the susceptible and the resistant hybrids. Please note in 2018 on susceptible and resistant hybrids, in 2019 the ratio was Tukey’s comparisons are across natural enemy treatments for each stable for the coarse natural enemy treatments. Please note A special thanks to D. Anderson, D. Olsvosky, I. Esquivel, J. Glover, L. Pruter, M. Arceneaux, T. Atokuku-Vitz, B. Elkins, o SCA apterates E. Laing, J. Lightfoot, and M. Walter, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Corpus Christi for their assistance in field J.B. Woolley resistant and susceptible hybrid for each year. Tukey’s comparisons are across natural enemy treatments for each o E.L. Maxson Photos by John Gordy maintenance, experiment set up, and data collection. Many thanks to the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Predators resistant and susceptible hybrid for each year. Center, Corpus Christi, for land management support. Parasitoids species identifications were provided in part by o Mummies reared to parasitoids James B. Woolley (Texas A&M University Department of Entomology). This work was partially supported by the USDA/ARS Areawide Pest Management Program.