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Suppression of the Sugarcane Aphid by Parasitoids on Aphid Susceptible and Partially Resistant Sorghum Ashleigh M

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Suppression of the Sugarcane Aphid by Parasitoids on Aphid Susceptible and Partially Resistant Sorghum Ashleigh M Suppression of the sugarcane aphid by parasitoids on aphid susceptible and partially resistant sorghum Ashleigh M. Faris1,2, Norman C. Elliott3, & Michael J. Brewer1,2 1Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, Texas; 2Texas A&M University Department of Entomology, College Station, Texas 3United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Services, Stillwater, Oklahoma INTRODUCTION STUDY OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION Sugarcane aphid outbreaks were detected on sorghum in 2013 in • Which natural enemy was primarily responsible for sugarcane aphid Compare parasitoid and predator suppression of sugarcane aphid on resistant and susceptible suppression? South Texas. Sugarcane aphid outbreaks since have been detected hybrids across the sorghum growing season. o Aphelinus nigritus throughout nineteen US states spanning north into Kansas, as well as • How do natural enemy abundances observed in this experiment Mexico and the Caribbean islands (Bowling et al. 2016). Sugarcane compare to what we see in the field? aphid overwinters on ratoon sorghum and Johnson grass in Mexico o Results from study were similar to relatively high abundance of A. and South Texas so that populations can survive until the next RESULTS nigritus (black mummies) and low predator numbers at local 2018 and 2019 monitored sites sorghum growing season. Their rapid expansion over a season is 2018 Natural Enemy Abundance 2019 Natural Enemy Abundance possible due to wind aided movement of alates coming from maturing 2018 2019 sorghum in Mexico and South Texas. South Texas is responsible for 14 4 109 33 10 ~15% of US sorghum production. Recent work has identified predators 4 (coccinellids, chrysopids, hemerobiids, and syrphids) and two parasitoid species that parasitize sugarcane aphid in South Texas: Apehlinus nigritus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) which results in black mummies and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) which results in brown mummies (Bowling et al. 2016, Maxson et al. 2019) (Figure 1). Additionally, a secondary parasitoid has been identified, Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), which develops in A. nigritus regardless of host being a larva in a living aphid or a pupa in an aphid mummy. Total enemies = 4,475 Total enemies = 3,316 Total leaves sampled = 5,760 Total leaves sampled = 2,880 Although the natural enemies of the sugarcane aphid in South Texas Aphid density range = 0 – 2,500/leaf Aphid density range = 0 – 1,500/leaf are known, their efficiency in controlling the sugarcane aphid is not Overall aphid density = 30/leaf Overall aphid density = 11/leaf known. • Do resistant hybrids help suppress sugarcane aphids? o South Texas Economic Threshold (E.T.) = 50 aphids/leaf (Gordy et al. 2019) o Plants sampled at 6-7 leaves o Number of aphids per leaf are more than double the E.T. 228 3113 o The number of aphids on resistant hybrids is not significantly Parasitoids Coccinellids Syrphids Chrysopids/Hemerobiids different from susceptible hybrids o The ratio of black mummies to aphids was as high or higher on the Figure 4. Natural enemy abundance. Overall abundance of natural enemies collected from susceptible and resistant resistant hybrids than susceptible hybrid (Figure 8) sorghum treatments and all natural enemy treatments in 2018 and 2019. A total of 96 individual plants served as Sugarcane Aphid Apterate Abundance Mean Abundance experimental units in both years. Parasitoids were the most abundant natural enemy in both years based on the equality 1800 test of proportions (훘2 = 48.94; df = 3; P = <0.0001). 1600 A 1400 A t A. nigritus L. testaceipes n a 1200 l P 60 Mean Abundance 6 Mean Abundance r 1000 a e p a s 800 d i A 50 5 h A p 600 a A Economic 400 Threshold Figure 1. Natural enemies of the sugarcane aphid in South Texas. A) 40 4 e e 200 for 7 Leaves c c n n Coccinellid adults, B) Coccinellid larvae, C) Hemerobiid and chrysopid adults a a A B A B A B A B d d 0 n n u (do not feed on aphids), D) Hemerobiid and chrysopid larvae, E) Syrphid fly u 30 3 © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens b b C D C D C D C D A Susceptible Susceptible A A a Resistant Resistant adults (do not feed on aphids), F) Syrphid fly larvae, G) Aphelinus nigritus and n n 2018 2019 © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley a a E F E F E F E F e the black mummies they produce, H) Lysiphlebus testaceipes and the brown A e M M o Aphid population growth regardless of hybrid type highlights the 20 2 a © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Aphelinus sp. varipes group; B: Sugarcane aphids mummified by Aphelinus sp. (arrows); C: Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s Syrphophagus aphidivorus, a hyperparasitoid of Aphelinus; D: Live S. aphidivorus on author’s finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic finger; E: Lysiphlebus testaceipes; F: aphid mummified by L. testaceipes, showing characteristic tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) tan color and swollen shape. Adult L. testaceipes had already emerged; meconium (larval frass) mummies they produce. importanceand exit hole are visible. of sugarcaneand exit hole are visible. aphid regulationand exit hole are visible. by naturaland exit hole are visible. enemies • It appears that in South Texas, sugarcane aphid suppression is due 10 1 to a balance of hybrids and natural enemies. A METHODS A A a A A A b b B b A A a a A a A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B Split-plot Design (Figure 2): 0 0 A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A E © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Travis Ahrens © Jim Woolley © Travis Ahrens C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D • 0.47 ha (38.6m X 54.85m) field Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine Open Coarse Fine A B © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley © Jim Woolley F F F E F E F E F E F E E E F F F F F E F E F E F E F E F E F F F F E E E E E Resistant Susceptible E RF esiE stantF Susceptible Resistant E SusceE ptible E Resistant Susceptible E F © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewe l Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewe l Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. AF:ig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. FAi:g. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphids. A: © Jewel Coffey © Jewel Coffey Fig. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF. iAg:. 6. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphiFdisg.. A6:. Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) reared from sugarcane aphidsF.
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