'T

ARAB PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE

Magazine 1973

PAIESTII LIBERATIOE -N ARMPEOPLE' Y^LIBERATIOS FORCEN S Arab Palestinian R E S I S T A CE

Volume V No. 7 July 1973

CONTENTS • From the record 3 • Editorial 4-5 • Political scene By: M.T.Bujamuni 6-13 • 's Silent War (July 1972-May 1973) 14-25 By : S. Antonlus • The Social Structure of Israel 26-36 By : Prof. Lajpat Rai • The U.S. Israel and Ethiopia 37-41 a By: Anni Kanafani 42-61 • My Son By : Ghassan Kanafani 62-67 • OAU Threatens Israel With Economic 68-72 Sanctions • What Are They Celebrating ? 73-77 • A book review : The Fall of 78-85 • Documents : The Bologna Appeal and the 86-94 EURABIA Committee Letter FROM THE REGORD

«.. . It is American support which enable sthe present leaders of Israel, in defianc e of world opi- nion to annex and encircle Arab Jerusalem ,to plant Israeli settlements on land seized from the Arabs, to prolong the misery of the refugee s- and, by these acts, to make it certain that there wil lbe further conflic tin the Middle East. »

Thirty European leaders in the EURABIA Committee lette r to President Nixon-Ma y14, 1973 •

Correspondence Price per copy Th 9 E d i t o r, Syrian p i a * t « r * 1 Resistance, P. § . B . 3577 $ O.S 0

D a m • • c ue , Ed i ton W l K'HDR The Security Council discussion of the Middle as a surprise to us. However, it did confirm a number East conflict has now come to an end-a highly of facts, including the following: frustrating end. Prior to the vote-taking stage, the Council had before it a draft resolution submitted (1) that the U.S. Government is neither interested by U.N. representatives of non-aligned countries. in the Jarring mission nor hi finding a just and peaceful sdlution to the Middle East conflict The draft resolution strongly deplored Israel's and that all talk by U.S. officials about peace continuing occupation of the territories seized in in the Middle East is mere deception. the Israeli 1967 war of aggression; expressed serious concern at Israel's lack of cooperation with Dr. (2) that the United States approves of Israel's Jarring-, the Special Eepresentative of the U.N. defiance of the world community and of Israel's Secretary-General; and declared that changes in persecution of the Arabs living under Israeli the occupied territories introduced by the Israeli rule. authorities in violation of the political and other (3) that the real enemy of the Arab people is first fundamental rights of the inhabitants of the terri- the United States and then Israel, which is the tories, would not be recognized. The resolution also immediate perpetrator of Zionist-imperialist voiced the conviction that a just and peaceful solu- crimes of aggression against the Palestinian tion of the Middle East problem should take into Arabs and the Arab countries. consideration the legitimate aspirations of the Pales- tinian people. With this new anti-Arab veto by the United States Government and the recent j250 million Fourteen delegates to the Council, including grant to Israel to cover Israel's military purchases representatives of permanent members, voted in in the U.S., the Arabs everywhere should know favour of the resolution; but the representative of who their arch enemy is and should act accordingly the United States voted against it, which meant in respect of American interests in the Middle East. that the resolution was vetoed and killed. This veto by the United States representative did not come by : M. T. Bujairami

daylight. Israel's raid into on the 25th anni- With the 25th anniversary of the establishment versary of the was meant to of Israel, there seems to loom a new bid to anni- be a bitter reminder that the Israelis want to finish hilate the , in an attempt to eliminate the «process » of annihilating the Palestinians who the «corpus delicti» of the old crime which was have survived the holocaust of 1948. The green light committed in 1948. Everything in the Middle East signal to go ahead was beamed from Washington. indicates that the big plot against the Palestinians is approaching the stage - the stage of physical last Alarmed by the worsening fue l crisis, the U.S. liquidation. is already implementing a new plan to ensure the continued flow of Arab oil. The Nixon administra- Israel seems to have developed a «relish» for tion feels that the need is really so urgent that it the spectacular «tour de force» which triggered the is imperative to eliminate any potential obstacle bloodbath in (April 10) on the trails of that threatens the continued flow of oil in the fore- the brutal raids of Israeli commandos who struck seeable future. The situation in the Middle East, at the Palestinians in the very heart of Beirut. Washington feels , is precarious, volatile, and highly explosive. The protection of the huge American in- Ironically, the Israeli attack which claimed the terests needs stability in an area which can be lives of a considerable number of Palestinians took described as anything but stable. place on the 10th of April, which is a significant day in the Palestine calendar. It was on the same day According to Washington, the only way to «sta- of 1948 that the massacre of Deir Yassin was per- petrated by the fanatic trigger-happy Zionist gangs, bilise» this part of the world is to urge a tough cam- paign of «pacification »similar to the campaign who killed some 250 unarmed Palestinian women, children and old people in cold blood and in broad waged against the Koreans in the early fifties and the Vietnamese in the early sixties! The initial step cloak-and-dagge ragents , here and there, in order in the implementatio n o f the plans designed to to facilitate the invasion-from-within process. The annihilate the Palestinians have already been taken. last resort, which can be called at anytime if any- These plans, in simple words, consist of doing every- thing goes wrong, is of course, the Sixth Fleet in thing possible to weaken the Arabs at any cost, and the Mediterranean assisted by the various American to strengthen Israel and enable her to strike any- sea and air bases which surround the Middle East where at any time. The conference of American in Cyprus, Greece and Ethiopia. These are the diplomats in the Middle and Far East, held not broad outlines of the plot to keep the Arab world long ago in Teheran was in fac t a meeting of «real «under control)). actions intended to facilitate putting the plans into effec t in the field, no tmerely on paper, after study- In addition to the oil shortage in America ,there ing the whole situation, preparing detailed assess- seems to be another reason which makes it neces- ments and considering the roles of the various sary for Uncle Sam to accelerate the implementa- allies and clients who are to contribute to the ope- tion of the plot. The stench of corruption inside ration. America, as exposed by the Watergate affair , is becoming an increasingly unbearable headache for Thus, Israel is called upon to deal with , Nixon and his Republican party. The outlet is to Syria and any other Arab countries that may give divert the attention of the American people away them support. Iran is to deal with Iraq and the from it, towards an even greater crisis outside Ame- Arabian gulf, and the reactionary forces in rica. Hence the urgent need to create such a crisis; and Lebanon are to deal with the Palestinians, with and the Middle East is the most suitable arena in Israel ((giving them a hand» should that task prove the present circumstances. too difficul t for them! The Middle East is better than Indo-China for As a supplementary part of this entangled plot, such purposes, although Indo-China is not totally America wants to see the inter-Arab conflicts esca- excluded from the scene, in line with Nixon's late and proliferate, with the possibility of carrying famous style of ((keeping all options open». Israel out some tricks, by the fifth column or some C.I.A. in fact would be only too happy to oblige Uncle

8 9 Sam and treat him to a sort of spectacula r perfor- Syrian and Lebanese fronts . Israel continue sto mance to prove tha t it is a «frien din need.» For by issue statements abou ther military might , the aggravating the situation and launching a new numbers and special feature sof her sophisticated large-scale invasio nof the Arab countries, Israel weapons, both America n and Israeli-made , or would kill several birds with one stone and suit «newly-developed». her own purposes as well. According to a recent statemen tby , Under the same old pretexts that were use dto Israel is even ready to go as far a sBab-el-Mendeb, justify brutal Israeli act sof aggression and intimi- near South Arabi ato «secure »passage for Israeli dation , General Dayan will complet ethe task of or Israel-bound ships. Accordin gto the Israeli getting rid of the Palestinians , the «troublemakers» chief-of-staff Davi, d Elazer, Israel's arm sare rea- of the Middle East .He will also be waging a «pre- ching and ready to strike against the Palestinians ventive war» to forestal l any Arab attemp t to re- anywhere in the world. gain the occupie dArab territories; and wh, o knows? he may even emerge as the hero who «brough tthe This boastfu l arrogance, however ,is paradoxi- Arabs to their knees!» This may considerably im- cally coupled with another attitud ien which Israel prove his position as the best candidat efor the Is- once more tries to pose as the poor, innocen tand raeli premiership ,a post which everythin g in peacefu l lamb surrounde dby the savage, blood- Dayan's career indicates tha tit has always been thirsty Arab wolves. Golda Mei har s declared that one of his most coveted ambitions. she thinks Egyp t is up to something, mayb ea sur- prise attack agains tIsrael. Great propaganda noises These are Israel's aim sand lines of policy now- come from both Israel and the pro-Zionist mass adays. Israe l is in the mood for a new aggression media about the number of aircraft Egyp t is sup- and wants to bring abou t a large conflagration Th. e posed to be preparing for this allegedly imminent evidence is not hard to find in the words and deeds Arab onslaught .Israel has always drumme dup such of the Israeli leaders themselve sin both the mili- noises about being threatene din order to wage vast tary and politica l fields. For example, ther e is a devastating aggressions agains ont e or more Arab huge military build-u pin the north along bot hthe countries. 11 10 In the political arena, Israe lis also moving to Council to Israel to desist from such actions were stir up a new campaign of hatred agains tthe Arabs all treated by the Israelis with arrogant contempt. in order to prepare the necessary atmospher e in Israel, under the American umbrella ,has thus chal- which her crimes agains tthe .Arabs both inside and lenged the whole of the international community outside the occupied areas ,can be tolerated and and got away with it. condoned .Israel claims tha tshe is only trying to Meanwhile , inside the occupied territories, the protect humanit y from the Arab «terrorists» and Arab inhabitants continu eto suffe r from recurrent «outlaws» !In additions to tracking down the Arabs campaigns of detention, torture, house-demolitions and killing them in the streets of Europe , Israel and land confiscations Ther. e were also Israeli state- wants to propagate a number of nasty rumours ments about the necessity to benefit from the waters about them. Hence the Israeli-manipulated rumours of the Litani river deep inside Lebanon. about thy alleged plan sof the Black Septemberists Confronte dwith this stat eof affairs ,the Arabs to «kidnap »some member s of the Royal Families are expected by both Israe l and America to desist of Scandinavian countries. Zionist agent ars e also from entertaining eve nthe faintest idea of chang- trying to create trouble betwee nthe Arabs and a ing the present status quo, and to give this status number oi European countries, notably Franc ane d quo their blessing sand to allow Israe l to change Italy. it into a permanen t fai t accompli. Because the Arabs refus e to seek «peace» at Israel's recently-developed relis hfor the spec- the expense of their own territory and dignity, they tacular can also be seen in the visit by «Queen are accused by Israel of being blood-thirsty bellige- Elizabeth II» to Ashdot, which was carried out to rents! Like Salome in the Bible, Israel want sthe commemorat eIsrael's 2'5th anniversary, despit ethe Arabs to give her the head of the Palestinian Re- great costs incurre dby the owners of this great sistance on a silver tray. Should they refuse the, y luxurious ship. This relis hwas also manifeste din will bear the consequence sof incurring the wrath the huge military parad ein Jerusalem, carrie dout of Zion upon themselves , and possibly upon their in a provocative way through the streets of the old posterity as well. As for justice and human rights... Arab section of the Holy city. etc, these, to Israel, are matters of secondary im- The U.N. protest s and pleas of the Security portance , because , to Israel, the end justifie s the means !• 12 S. Antonius

Since the 1967 war, the Israelis have killed ISRAEL'S SILENT hundreds of Palestinians, Egyptians, Syrians and Lebanese . The Zionist policy is simply that the WAE «Arab s need a big stick» , and that in the modern world napalm dropped with electronic precision from American Phantom s is the most efficacious stick available. If 46 children less than 11 years old ( July 1972 - May 1973 ) are burnt to death in a small village school in the Delta in Egypt (8 April 1970) ,it is not because the Israelis mistook the Bahr al-Bakr school for a mi- litary installation - non-existent in that region - but because they wanted to give the Egyptians «a good lesson» and to convince them tha t the Sinai Zionist propaganda has reversed the picture of the was occupied forever. When citie sof Ismailia, Suez Israeli-Palestinian conflict, depicting the Palestinian Arabs and Port Said were bombed into deserts ,it was as the «terrorlsts» and the Israelis as the «victims» of ter- because the Israelis did not wish to have Arabs rorism. The following account of Israel's «silent war,» con- living close to the newly-seized territories. Some sisting of terrorist attacks against the Arabs --Palestinians, inhabitant s of these cities understood: the y left Syrians and Lebanese- between July 1972 and May 1973 their homes to live as «internal refugees)) .Some did provides facts revealing the falseness of the Zionist picture. not - these died under the bombs of the Phantoms. What did it matter ? «There are too many Arabs anyway» ,as Ezer Weizmann has so candidly said.(l) So the Israelis leave the Egyptian dead , a me- morial to the West's indifferenc eand contempt for Asian and African lives. But the Palestinians, the Syrians, the Lebanese, are treated differently. They are terrorists, and Israel is performing a service to

14 15 the western world by killing them. The Palestinians the Palestinians are dead the crime will no longer are criminals, all of them, because they inhabited exist. The morning after the butchery in Nahr al- a country that the Zionists wanted. They were Bared and Baddawi refugee camps, the Israeli radio driven out, those who survived, and lay down on commented in its Arabic-language service «... and the land nearest to their homes. The Syrians and w e killed hundreds of them (Palestinians)» as the the (Lebanese then became criminals by associa- triumphant conclusion to the news report. As tion because they allowed the Palestinians to stay. though they were speaking of rabbits. (2) They should have driven them further away from It may seem strange in the context of these Israel, to Turkey, to Greece, anywhere. But "because hundreds dead, that we should trouble to list just they became accomplices they too must die - until over thirty cases of attacks on Palestinians. How- they «learn their lesson». ever, we believe they are significant for two rea- And all are magically transformed into terro- sons. rists - the child of 8, run over by a tank on his way Although most of the people actually injured to hospital, the woman of 80, the peasant struggling were totally innocent of any political activity in his tobacco field who is of «military age», even, (pastmen, secretaries, employees in banks), the in- in one famous incident, two cows in a Lebanese tended victims were all actively engaged in the village. The «terrorists» might have drunk their Palestine struggle. They were not military fighters, milk, who knows ? but people of intellectual stature and moral in- All this indiscriminate slaughter, which meets fluence who believed that, once the exclusivism of no resistance because the peasants, the old women Zionism has been undermined, the Jews could learn and the babies are not equipped to deal with Phan- to regard Arabs as human beings instead of an toms and napalm, and do not even have proper irritating inconvenience. Because these people were shelters because they don't realize that everyone respected and listened to by both Palestinians and is threatened, all this slaughter is a reflection of westerners, they constituted a danger to Zionism.. the guilt that the Zionists are forced to suppress By assassinating a few dozen leaders the Israeli in order to live with themselves. They have com- secret service hopes to eliminate the catalysts so mitted a crime against the Palestinians, and if all the Palestinian people, left rudderless, would

16 17 learn to accept its natural role of hewers of wood aroused by the death of a westerner, can also and drawers of water in the occupied territories. stretch to include the Palestinians in the human By assassinating a few dozen writers and intellec- race these assassinations will continue. tuals the Zionists could prevent the spread in the west of a dangerous new concept: that the diffe- «The killing of Kanafani must not be an isolated ac- rence between 'the innate superiority of the Aryan tion— Now, more than ever before, the Palestinian to the Jew' and the 'divinely-granted superiority leaders must be open to personal terrorism. The killing of the Jew to the non-Jew is a difference of degree of Kanafani shows that this is possible, that it can be carried out, and that it involves no particular difficul- and not of kind. ties. » The second significant point is that, in killing these particular people, the Zionists were obliged (Uri Dan, Maariv, July 1ft, 1973) to be more circumspect than usual. No one in the west is much concerned if a hundred Syrian villa- • Israeli terror campaign • gers are killed by mistake, but indiscriminate me- thods cannot be used in Stockholm or Paris or (Before 1972, rockets fired on PLO HQ in Bei- Rome. «Extra» people can be killed by primitive rut, employees slightly injured. Rockets fired on devices in Beirut or Cairo or Algiers - they are al- Wadie Haddad's home, injuring his wife and child, most certain to be Arabs anyway. But in Cyprus badly damaging house). or France much more sophisticated methods have to be used, so that the press and police of the country concerned will not be too exasperated. In the words of the Israeli military correspondent of Maariv: «... advanced and special means are adop- ted, for this is a continuous and very difficul t war». The Zionists have been encouraged by the success of this policy to continue their campaign. Until «the conscience of the civilized world», so quickly

18 19 1972

July 8 Ghassan Kanafani, novelist and editor (3) bomb in car killed July 8 Lamees Najm (his 16-year old niece) bomb in car killed July 18 Emile Khayyat, Rif Bank employee letter bomb seriously injured July 19 Dr. Anis Sayegh, director of Palestine letter bomb hands and eyes injured Research Center July 19 Abu Hassan letter bomb discovered July 20 Shafiq al-Hout letter bomb discovered July 20 Marwan Dajani letter bomb discovered July 20 Ghassan Kanafani (letter posted before discovered his assassination on July 8) July 24 Dr. Azmi Awad and his wife (Red Cres- car bomb discovered cent doctor)

July 25 Bassam Abu Sharif hook bomb seriously injured September 14 Mohammad Shaath, Los Angeles accoun- bomb in home cliild injured tant. October 4 Librairie Palestine, Paris. damaged by bomb Responsibility claimed by Massada(4) Movement for Action and Defence. October 8 PLO office , Beirut and guerilla office in two bombs material damage Shatila refugee camp October 16 Wa'el Zuaiter gunned down at his apart- killed ment entrance in Rome October 25 Abu Khalil (in Algiers) letter bomb seriously injured Octobe* 25 Mustafa Awad Zeid (in Tripoli) letter bomb blinded and paralysed October 25 Two Libyan passers-by in street as Zeid injured opened letter bomb. October 26 Secretary and another employee of Im- tetter bomb injured, one seriously port-Export Bank in Beirut

20 21 October 26 Egyptian police officer who checked three injured suspected letters at Cairo Post Office October 29 Farouq. Qaddoumi parcel bomb, Cairo discovered October 29 Hayil Abd al-Hamid (in Cairo) letter bomb discovered November 1 Egyptian Embassy attache in London letter bomb discovered November 29 Omar Sufan, Red Crescent in Stockholm letter bomb lost flngers of hands (who took precautions while opening the letter) November 29 Adnan Hammad (in Germany) letter bomb seriously injured November 29 Three employees in Tunis Post Office while parcel bomb injured sorting mail November 30 Ahmad Awadallah (Copenhagen) letter bomb seriously injuriied, lost one arm December 4 Izzedine Kallak (in France) letter bomb discovered (In November the Jewish Defence League had sent GUPS a threatening letter like the one sent to Zuaiter before his assassi- nation). December 8 Mahmoud Hamshari (PLO representative bomb in home electrically lost a leg, died on January 8 Paris) detonated 1973 January 25 Hussein Abu Khair, PLO representative bomb in hotel bedroom elect- killed in Cyprus) rically detonated March 31 Ziad Helou bomb in car charge exploded prematu- rely April 6 Dr. Basel Kubaissy gunned down in Paris street killed April 10 On the 25th anniversary of Deir Yassin, the Israeli government despatched two assassination squads to Beirut to murder some Palestinians. The squads found three PLO leaders at home and machine-gunned

22 23 1

them in their sleep. They also machi gunned the wife of one (but missel children, who managed to shin dow the fire escape) and killed an elderly j t ,. lady who was staying in the sam e ap art ment building. Another murder sq killed two Lebanese shop-keepers in th • beds (apparently just for fun) and flv Palestinian guerillas in a battle. Xh most(5) vicious touch came in the Isra elis' treatment of the dead body of one of the leaders: because he was official spokesman, they pumped a magazine of cartridges into his mouth; because he was a Christian, they arranged his body in the form of a crucifixion. April 10 Mohammad Yusif Najjar uuuiu dclow nin his bed killed April 10 Mrs. Yusif Najjar pnaed clow nin her bed killed April 10 ..mine d clow nin his bed killed

: .ii d clow n in his apart- killed April 10 (PLO official spokesman) nicnt ;imlm-hec lby 3 men with killed May 2 Mrs. Nada Yashruti (Palestinian Women's League) hinc-.mm sat entrance to her apartment

1 ) Haaretz .25 September, 1972. Weizmann is head of the limit party in Israel. 8.30 a.m., February 21, 1973 I'nless otherwise stated, the crimes occurred in Beirut.

'I'll'1 Jewish Students Front 'tic second nastiest aspect was perhaps that of the York Times, which after months of sanctimonious r at Palestinian violence, called the Israeli State's 24 len -Policy-by. mu rder <( briiliant», «imaginative» and

26 27 the last eighty year swas no t carried out in a va- From this policy alone th, e Palestinian Arabs who cuum ,but in a country populated with other people, have been deprive d of their lands, their livelihood and at their cost. and their countr yare entitled to wage a patriotic war agains t the Israeli regime , and by any analysis This permanen t conflic tbetween the settlers' revolutionarie s and radicals must support them a,t society and the indigenous displaced Palestinian least until they have gained their righ oft self-deter- Arabs has never stoppe dand has shaped the very mination. structure of Israeli sociology, politic sand econo- mic. In a famou sspeech at the burial of a Kibbutz Marx dictum tha t «a people oppressing another member kille dby the Palestinian guerrilla sin 1956, canno t itself be free »is not merely a moral judge- General Dayan declared: ment. He meant that in a society whose ruler sop- press another people , the exploited class which «We are a settlers' generation and without the steel does not actively oppose this oppression inevitably helmet we cannot plant a tree or build a house... It become san accomplice in it. Even when this class is our generation's destiny, over life's alternative, to does not directly gain anythin gfrom this oppres- be prepared and armed, strong and harsh. Let the sion , it becomes susceptibl eto the illusion tha t it sword drop from our fist and our life will cease (1) shares a common interest wit hits own rulers in And like all territorial colonialisms, Israel ione perpetuating its oppression. Suc ha class tend s to too is based on expansionism . In a TV interview trail behind its own exploiters rather than challenge given to Sidney Gruse nof New York Times ,Moshe their rule. Dayan answere dthe question : Is it possible that The experience of fifty years doe s not contain Israel should absor bthe large numbe r of Arabs a single exampl eof Israeli workers bein geffectively whose territor y it had gained contro l of, in the mobilized on material or traditional issues to chal- followin gwords : lenge the Israeli regime itself O. n the contrary the «Economically we can, but it is not in accord with our Israeli workers nearly alway sput their national aims for the future . It would turn Israel into a bi~ loyalties before their class loyalties. Thi mas y national or a poly-Jewish Arab state and we want to change in the future but for the present thi s is a have a Jewish state. We can absorb them, but it reality, which canno bt e ignored by the Palestinian wouldn't be in the same country ... We want a Jewish revolutionarie s in framing their strategy and tactics. state like the French want a French state.»(2) The third crucia lfacto r of Israeli societ yis the So Zionism is also territorial expansionism. ethnic characte r of the Israeli proletariat .The ma-

28 29 jority of the most exploited strata within the work- This fact should be remembered by those whose ing class are immigrants for Asia and Africa. (3) At revolutionary strategy is based upon a future first sight it might appear as if repudiation of class alliance of Arab Palestinians and the Oriental Jews, divisions by ethnic divisions might sharpen inter- whether on the basis of their common exploited nal class conflict within Israeli society. Yet this has condition or on the basis of a cultural affinity they not been so. Their discontent has not been directed migh t supposedly have as a result of the Oriental against their conditions as proletarians, but against Jews having come from Arab countries. their condition as 'orientals'. A unique characteristic of Israeli society is that In mid-sixties, two-thirds of those doing uns- it benefits from unique privileges. It enjoys an in- killed work were orientals; 38% of the orientals fuse of material resources from the outside of un- lived three or more people to a room, whereas only parallelled quantity and quality. It has been calcu- 1% of those from Europe did so; and in the Knesset lated that in 1968, Israel received 10% of all aid only 16 of the 120 members were orientals before given to the under-developed countries. (5) 1965 and only 21 after it. (4) «Israel is a unique case in the Middle East; it However, lacking class consciousness, the orien- is financed by imperialism without being economi- tal worker interprets their conditions in ethnic cally exploited by it,» says N. Halevi, an Israeli eco- terms. «I am exploited and discriminated against nomist. According to Halevi, during the 17 years, because I am an oriental,)) he says, «not because 1949-65, Israel received *6 billion more of imports I am a worker.)) of goods and services than she exported. For the 21 years 1948-67, the import surplus was in excess Moreover, in the present context of the Israeli of 7-1/2 billion dollars. This means an excess of society the oriental workers are a group whose some *2650 per person during 21 years for every equivalent would be the «poor whites» of the U.S: person who lived in Israel (within the pre-June, Such groups resent being identified with Arabs, 1967 borders) at the end of 1968. An in this supply blacks and natives, who are considered «inferior» from abroad only about 30% came to Israel under by these settlers. Their response is to side with the conditions which call for a return outflow of divi- most reactionary characteristic and racialist ele- dends, interest or capital. This is a circumstance ments in the establishment; most supporters of the without parallel elsewhere, which severely limits semi-Fascist Herut Party are /Jewish immigrants the significance of Israeli developments as an from Asia and Africa. example to other developing countries.

30 31 Over 70% of this §7-1/2 billion defici t was cove- a military alliance of Middle Eastern countries to red by net unilateral capital transfers. They con- serve as a link in the chain of anti-Soviet alliances sisted of donations raised by the United Jewish stretching from Scandinavia to Korea, and to Appeal, reparations from German government and strengthen Western domination in the Middle East. grants by US government. 30% came from long- This policy encountered great difficulties because term capital transfers—Israel i government bonds, of the opposition of the Arab masses and the refu- loans by foreign governments, foreign capitalist in- sal of the Egyptian and Syrian governments to par- vestment, and world Jewry. In other words the ticipate in the military pacts. growth of Israeli economy was based entirely on the inflow of capital from outside, mainly from the The Israeli government on the other hand was United States and Britain. always too willing to participate in such schemes, not only because of the traditional links between If imperialism finances Israel to this fantastic Zionism and imperialism, but also (and more spe- extent without exploiting it economically , what cifically) because of Israel's adherence to the status does it get in return. The question was answered quo which made it a natural ally of imperialism—an by the editor of the daily paper Ha'aretz as far back ally who identified his own national interests—indeed as in 1951: his very existence—with the imperialist presence «Israel has been given a role not unlike that of a in the Middle East. watchdog- . One need not fear that it will exercise an aggressive policy towards the Arab states if it will con- The entire Israeli economy is founded on the tradict the interest of USA and Britain. But should special political and military role which Zionism the West prefer , for one reason or the other, to close fulfil s in the Middle East as a whole. If Israel is its eyes, one can rely on Israel to punish severely viewed in isolation from the rest of the Middle East, those of neighbouring' states whose lack of manners there is no explanation for the fact that 70% of the towards the West has exeeded the proper limits.»(7) special inflow is not intended for economic gain and not subject to considerations of profitability. But In the early fifties the anti-imperialist struggle the problem is immediately solved when Israe l is intensified throughout the Arab world. Britain, al- considered as a component of the Middle East. ready too weak to defend its old position, had to accept US dominance in this part of the world as The fact that a considerable part of its money in others. comes from donations raised by Zionists among Jews all over the world does not alter its being a These two imperialist powers tried to create subsidy by imperialism. What matters is rather

32 33 the fact that the U.S. treasury is willing to consider Liberia, Singapore, South Korea (twice), Ceylon, these funds, rai'sed in U.S. for income tax exemp- India and Nepal. In 1970 alone, its programme of tions. These donations depend on the goodwill of ,serninars and workshops extended to such countries US treasury and it is only reasonable to assume as Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Zambia, Sin- that this goodwill will not continue were Israel to gapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, etc. refuse the role of a watchdog of US interests in George Meany, that outstanding collaborator this area. of Nixon in his dirty war in Vietnam, and the Pre- li is obviously in the interest of Israel to de- sident of the AFLCIO which finances the Afro- velop relations with Afro-Asian regimes, to forge Asian Institutes called its institute «a national economic ties with them and to strengthen pro- centre which has worked for the cause of demo- Israeli influence there. At the same time US im- cracy and liberty in the free world, particularly in perialism often finds it more convenient to funnel Asia and Africa.* (8) its aid through the «third country» technique, rather Israel also provides direct military and econo- than directly organise aid activity which has come mic assistance to African States. This programme under cloud recently in many parts of the world. began in 1960 and includes both general assistance The activities of the Israeli trade union Hista- to neo-colonial governments and aid to forces on the southern periphery of the Arab world which drut through its so-called Afro-Asian Institute are strengthens further imperialist interests. worth noting. The Institute created in 1960 has become an important link in its international acti- The latter category included the provision of vity. Upto 1969, it «trained» over 2000 delegates military advisors to the Chad government's anti- from trade unions and co-operatives, from 85 Afro- guerrilla campaign (counterpart of US govern- Asian and Latin American countries. It organises ment's counter-insurgency programmes, in fact a seminars and workshops in various Asian and Afri- part of it) and aid, both military and economic, to can countries, forges political and trade union links ' the guerrilla movement in Southern Sudan. Israel and indulges in subtle pro-Israeli propaganda. It also helps through economic and technical assis- was the former students of the institute, now oc- tance, the Ethiopian terror campaign against the cupying high positions in their respective countries Eriterian liberation movement. Even Tanzania has that took initiative to organise these seminars. Some not been able to resist Israel's blandishment, where of the countries where these seminars were held the latter has trained air force, navy and army are: Nigeria (twice), Dahomay, Togo, Ivory Coast, personnel and has supplied arms and advice for the

34 establishmen t of para-military agricultura l settle- ments modelled on pioneering settlements in Israel THE U.S. , itself. Israel thus acts as a neo-colonia l agency for ISRAEL AND the imperialis t aid and training programmes . This is the price that U.S. extract from the Zionists for ETHIOPIA providing the Israeli governmen t with huge sums to bolster its fascis t rule over Palestine and to act as a watchdog over imperialis t interests in the Middle East . • Although the opening speech of Emperor Haile Selassie at the African summit conference last May (1973 ) sup- ported the demand of the international community that (1) Moshe Dayan, New York Times. May 5, 1956. Israel should withdraw from the occupied Arab territories, the attitudes taken by the Ethiopian delegation to the con- (2) C.B.S . June 11, 1967 Le Monde Supplement July 22, ference regarding the various items on the agenda gave 1967. further proof of the three way political-military linkage (3) The vast majority of those who immigrated before 1948 of the United States, Israel and Ethiopia and of Israel's were of European origin. Later its trend was reversed. «colonial masters role in that country. The linkage, which By 1966 only half of the Israeli population were is designed to serve the interests of world imperialism in Europeans. the African continent, is manifested in the existence of American military bases in Ethiopia as well as in Israel's (4) Prof. Halevi, The Economic Development of Israel: efforts directed toward the economic exploitation of the 1948. country. (5) Journal of Economic Literature, Dec. 1965, p. 1177.

(6) Shoken in Ha'artz quoted by Machover, 'Zionist Es- tablishment', 1967. p. 36. • U.S. Military Bases (7) ibid, p. 37 The chief American base in East Afric a is (8) New York Times, International Supplement, 7 October Kagnew Station, which is situated in Eritrea, a 1970 . country that shares with the Ethiopian masses the

37 oppressions of Ethiopia's reactionary regime. Of the importance of this base and the imperialist ties of the U.S.-Israel-Ethiopian linkage, Roberto Correa Wilson, writing in the February-1972 issue of Tri- continental, said:

... Kagnew Station in Eritrea is as important as Okinawa or Danang for the global policies and strategies of the United States. ... Progressives point out that Kagnew's elec- tronic sensors cover the Arab nations and are planted deep in Soviet territory and in other socia- that, by now, Ethiopia is one of Africa' slargest pur- list nations. More than 1500 American specialists chasers of Israeli goods. work on the base. As early as 1952, Israeli investors participated ... The Israeli police are training an anti-guer- in establishing the INCODE meat packing plant in rilla contingent that operates mainly in Eritrea and occupied Eritrea. In 1970, Israel's exports to Ethio- are training the Emperor's secret service. The pia totalled 4.3 million dollars, with electronic goods Federal Republic of Germany contributes to the and textiles providing nearly half of this amount. replacement of Ethiopian military equipment with Since 1966, Israeli exports to Ethiopia have doubled, yearly payments of 1 million dollars. reflecting Israel's increased development of its Red . .. Aside from the 11/2 million dollars yearly rent Sea trade route. for Kagnew, Ethiopia receives more than half of In return, Ethiopia's exports to Israel were all American military aid to African nations. Ac- 2 million dollars in 1970, consisting mainly of agri- cording to latest figures, the aid program has al- cultural items. The Israeli Economist (Feb. March, ready spent 100 million dollars or more. 1972) described the situation as follows: • Israel's Economic Exploitation of Ethiopia Israel's economic exploitation of Ethiopia has «Israel imports 250 million dollars worth of been investigated in an article entitled «Israel and grains a year, mostly wheat. It would like Ethiopia Ethiopia)) ,published in the Fall-1972 issue of «Re- to be able to supply 10 percent of that in a few sistance in the Middle East». The article said: years... the money saved on the price and the dif- Through the years, Israel's economic ties with ference in freight costs make the experiments on Ethiopia have steadily expanded, with the result grain strains worthwhile.))

38 39 As the Israeli Economist points out «trad, e figures do not come anywhere near showin gthe whole pic- ture.» Another aspec t of Israeli penetratio nof Ethiopia is investment. Israel's standard practice, as in other Africa nnations , has been to seek pro- fitable «join tventures,) )in which African sor their government snominally retai na portion of owner- ship. For example ,Abadir Cotton ,a ranch covering more than 5000 acres, is backed by private capital from Israel and capital from the Ethiopian regime. A recently-signed contract will permi tht e Israeli firm Koo r to manage the ranch for another five years. Israel's business role in Ethiopia has developed in conjunction with long-establishe d((technica l as- sistances schemes, sponsore dby the Israeli Foreign Ministry .These programs, labelle d«humanitarian» by Israel, presently include urban plannin ing Addis Ababa , effort sto increase the yield of Eri- trean fisheries, and managemen t of the Sciences Faculty at Haile Selassie University.

Moreover , the Ethiopian Geological Institut ein the Ministry of Mines is entirely manned by Is- raelis. This team of visiting specialist shas recently mapped 100,00 0square kilometer sin the Tigre re- gion (bordering Eritrea) by use o f aerial photo- graphs. In this way , Israel is gaining first-hand knowledge of Ethiopia's potentially exploitable na- tural resources .Use of maps for counterinsurgency is also postulated.

40 It also noted with satisfaction tha tthe Arab political and economic measures agains ther ((indi- Republic of Egypt has spared no effor tto reach a vidually or collectively.)) just and durable solution of the problem. A strong worded resolutio npassed at the sum- H Intransigence Of Israelis mit's final working session, fell short, however o,f meeting Arab demands tha t all members should The resolution said tha t it was the massive sever, or at least temporarily suspend, diplomatic military , economic and other aid, as well as the relations with Israel. politica l and moral support grante d to Israel by certain powers which enable dit to pursue its ag- The resolution said Israel's attitud e«migh t lead gression and encourage it to commi tacts of terro- OAU member states to take at the African level, rism , especially the tragic act of shooting down tne individually or collectively, politica land economic Libyan civilian aircraft which resulte d in the measures against it.» loss of innocent lives. The resolution referred to «the danger emana- It said it was the intransigence of Israel and ting from the deterioration of the situation in the its systematic refusa lto abide by the will of the north-east of Africa as a result of the continued internationa l community , (which ) constitutes a aggression perpetrated agains t the territory of threat to the security of the continent. Egypt and other Arab countrie s- a danger which The African leaders agreed, therefore ,to strongly threatens the security, territorial integrit y and condemn the negative attitude of Israel, its acts of unity of our continent.)) terrorrism , and its obstruction of all effort saimed It declared: «Israel not only persists in refusing at a just and equitable solution of the problem in to implement (U.N .and OAU) resolution s but also accordanc ewith the Security Council resolutio n242 continues to practise a policy with a view to crea- of Nov. 22 , 1967. ting in the said territories a state of «fait accompli)) They called again for Israel's unconditional with- aimed at serving its expansionis t designs.)) drawal from all occupied «Africa nand Arab terri- tories» and declared that all changes effecte d by The resolution deplored Israel's «systematic Israel in the occupied territories were nul l and obstruction» of all peacemaking efforts , and her void. negative attitude to the mission of 10 African heads • Palestinian Rights Supported of state who attempted to find a solution to the crisis. The heads of state pledged themselve s «no t to

70 71 recognize any changes leading to a fait accompli or likely to jeopardize the territorial integrity of the Israeli aggression. » They also recognized that the respect of the inalienable rights of the people of Palestine is an essential element in any just and equitable solu- tion, besides being an indispensable factor for the WHAT AEE establishment of permanent peace in the region. The Summit «draws the attention of Israel to the danger threatening the security and unity of THEY CELEBRATING ? the African continent as a result of its continued aggression and refusal to evacuate the territories of the state victims of that aggression, and declares that the attitude of Israel might lead OAU member states to take at the African level, individually or May 1973 marked the 25th anniversary of collectively, political and economic measures against the establishment of Israel. Zionists and their supporters it, in conformity with the principles contained in celebrated the event with complete disregard of the great the OAU and U.N. charters.» injustice which the creation of Israel has imposed on the • Big Powers Urged Not To Encourage Israel Palestinian people. The occasion, however, evoked protests The leaders called on the big powers giving Is- from various quarters in all parts of the world, not exclu- rael military, moral and political support to refrain ding anti-Zionist Jewish circles and Israeli progressives and liberals. from doing so, and designated the foreign ministers of Nigeria, Chad, Tanzania, Guinea and Algeria to be spokesmen of the OAU on the matter of the U.N. Security Council together with other African council members. On May 11, the London Times carried a report They entrusted Gen. Yakubu Gowon, the Nige- reminding the world of the great injustice to which rian leader who is the current OAU chairman, in the Palestinian Arabs have been subjected. Among other things, the report said: the U.N. General Assembly. The resolution was passed by acclamation, with ((Twenty-five years ago, on May 15th, 1948, the Malawi abstaining. • State of Israel was established in Palestine. While

72 73 the Zionists claim that they have established a modern and democratic state, the story which the Palestinians tell from experience is a tale of exile, of the loss of their homes and their land, the con- tinued refusa l of the foreig nsettlers to allow the indigenous Palestinians to return, of torture, of brutality, and the failure of the world to respond to this injustice. «Mrs . Meir , the Israeli Prime Minister, has stated on a visit to Britain that the Palestinian people did not exist. She has told the Israeli Parlia- ment that there is no question of their being allowed to return to their land. «As the Israelis celebrate the creation of Israel «Thifs criminal aggression which violates the twenty-fiv eyears ago, the Palestinians have nothing most basic principles of international sovereignty, to commemorate .They exist in refugee camps and reveals the anti-Arab, expansionist policy of aggres- carry out a national struggle in the hope that one sion pursued by Israel and Zionism for dozens of day they will return to their homeland. years as well as the genocidal Israeli-U.S. alliance. «May 15th is known as Palestine Day-a day for OSPAAL calls on all its member organizations and the world to remember the injustice which Israel's all the progressive forces and governments to con- creation has imposed on the Palestinian people. demn the criminal Israeli violations and aggressions Agains t the background of this injustice , and and to give solidarity and support to the Pales- misery , what is Israel actually celebrating?)) tinian freedom fighters and to the Arab people. The statement issued by the «Organization of The peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa , Asia and stand determined to strengthen their struggle in Latin America - OSPAAL,) )on the occasion of the the face of the new challenge posed by Zionism and elapse of 25 years since the creation of Israel, made world imperialism.)) special reference to the Israeli crime committed On May 14 the «Indian Youth Congress» issued on April 10, in 1973 which three Palestinian leaders a message expressing «full solidarity with the were foully murdered by Zionist terrorists in people of Palestine in their just struggle for the Beirut. The OSPAAL statement said: liberating of their homeland Palestine, now under

74 75 the illegal Zionist occupation aided by the Imperia- rule in Zionist-occupied Palestine has come from list powers..» The message added: anti-Zionist Jews. An Israeli Jew Dan Vered has «The 15th of May, 1948, will be remembered said: as the darkest day in the history of the world on «Israel has recently celebrated its 25th anniver- which the Imperialist powers succeeded in planting a Zionist state in Palestine, thus completely igno- sary of Independence. But I ask: Independence for whom and for whom? For one ring the promises given to the Palestinians by the liberation more than million Arabs territories, mandatory power and the right of self-determina- in Israel and the it has certainly independence.)) tion promised to them under article 22 of the Char- been no holiday and no ter of the League of Nations)). A group of anti-Zionist Jews which included On the same day «The All India Youth Fede- Alan Adler, Mick Ashley, Elmer Berger and Urieh ration» issued a statement which said: Davis issued a statement on the occasion of the «On May 15, the day of International Solidarity 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Zionist with the People of Palestine, all the fighters of state, in which they said: Palestine pledge to intensify their struggle to «With the approach of the 25th anniversary of achieve their cherished goal of the creation of a the establishment of the State of Israel and the progressive Palestine, where all the legitimate ci- dispossession of the Palestinians, we, as Jews re- tizens of that land, irrespective of their religion, ject and condemn Zionist racialism, which has will get democratic rights, justice and equality. caused, among other violations of Human rights, «The All India Youth Federation condemns the the expulsion of the majority of the Palestinian barbarous attacks of Israeli aggressors on Pales- people from their country. We also condemn the tinian guerillas and demands the immediate with- Zionist persecution of the Palestinians who remai- ned in their homeland.)) drawal of Israeli aggressors from the occupied Arab lands. The All India Youth Federation also de- mands the release of Palestinian patriots who are Against the background of the universally- arrested in Israel and the restoration of democratic acknowledged injustice and misery imposed on the rights to all the people of Zionist-occupied Pales- Palestinians, we ask with the writers of the London tine.» Times report, «What is Israel actually celebra- But the most telling condemnation of Zionist ting?)) •

76 77 A r

The subject of the book reviewed below is the fall of Arab Jerusalem to the invading Israelis in June 1967. The reviewer is John K. Cooley, Middle East correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor.

• Abdullah Schleifer. The Fall of Jerusalem. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972. 247 pp., $7.50 hardcover; j3.50, paperback. of Israel, remain unresolved I.t is good at last to have an accoun tof that war from a Western-trained We are over six years distant from the Six Day writer and journalist ,who sees this anguished epi- War, but just as the war's consequence sstill trouble sode of history not as a Western outsider ,but as the world , so do th ebasic political, socia land eco- one who lived throug hit. nomic flaws that helped brin git on still rend the Middle East. The war's centra l and fundamental The auther writes from a rather unique per- issues, the future of the Palestinians and the future spective . Schleife r was born in the United States of Jewish parents .In his youth he edited Kulchur, 78 79 an avant-garde literary and social quarterly, while took the Arab world in 1967 as a catastrophe in Cuba, the Algerian revolution and the rise of black which Jerusalem was the metaphysical as well as nationalism in the United States were some of the the geographical centre . A sense of reverence for mileposts of his career as a journalist. In 1964 he Jerusalem itself is felt from the start. The City—as returned to New York after living in Morocco and the simple title of Schleifer's first chapter reads— was converted to Islam at a Brooklyn mosque .His is an expression of universality as well as real next destination was Jerusalem, where he watched estate: in a way, that larger polis which Constan- the approach, the action and finally the aftermath tinople was to all Greeks, and Alexandria was to of the third Arab-Israel i war in 1967. Since then he the poet Cavafy and his admirer, Lawrence Durrell. has been one of the foreign correspondents report- At the same time, its traditional character reinfor- ing and interpreting Middle East event s from ces its ancient identity as the focus of veneration Beirut, for Jeune Afrique and as a free lance writer. for three religions. While acknowledgin gthe pas- Anyone with this background woul dbe bound sionate involvement of the Jews with Jerusalem, to have a viewpoint of the Palestine struggle that Schleifer finds that «amid the biblical familiarity is at least unusual for a Westerner of Jewish origin. of Arab ways» the «Western , the Zionist sense of Perhaps this viewpoin tis one of th e reasons why «Return» is unbearably abstract.)) only a Marxist house would publis hhis book, which is well-researched and documented , as well as The course woven by different cultura l and his- written with vision, style and grace. Publication of torical forces in the political struggle for Palestine an early abridged Arabic versio nby Al-Nahar in occupies the author's attention throughout. Histor- Beirut led to the banning both of the book and of rically he follows the Zionist movement's various its author in Jordan. Perhaps this is not surprising, threads and tendencies through the maze of Zionist as he indicts the traditional Arab elites, especially congresses in Europe, its drif t into terrorism , and the Jordanian, for leading an ill-prepared Arab its transition, in the 1940's , from a British to an world into a disastrous confrontation with Israel. American alliance. Wha the sees as the «symbiotic This indictment is no less searching than his dis- relationship) ) between the Zionist movemen t and cussion of Zionism. anti-Semitism is disclosed in the failure of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his representative, Morris The book moves on several planes of symbo- Ernst, in trying to find a way, against obdurate lism in which Schleifer, interpreting Arab thought Zionist opposition, to absorb all displaced Jews into and ways as a committed radical, communicate sto American and ot(he r Western societies. us the spiritual and moral catastrophe which over- In the final analysis, Zionism for Schleifer is

80 81 a movemen tof settler colonialism, aki nto that of «Arab nation» unity (given the bitter clashe sof South Africa ,and dependent upon Wester naid and leading personalities and rival pan-Arab ideolo- power for its survival; yet his account of its acti- gies)...) )Even in Jerusalem, just before the war, he vities and links with the US is not a crude one. In recalls, «The atmosphere was magical. No one did a revisionist analysi sof the history leading up to anything but stand around, congratulate eac hother, the June War ,he rejects the Nasserist thesis, later and praise Gama l Abdul Nasser. Somehow thi ons e corrected by Nasser himself ,of direct USi-Israeli man, by sheer weight of his audacity , was going to «collusion »in preparation of the war and th esur- overwhelm the enemy in an amazing manner that prise Israeli air strikes. But Schleifer does see a could in no wa yaffec tthe life-style or activities of clear long-existing Israel i war plan for conquest the people most intimately involve d in the struggle.) )Schleifer found the Arab civilian popu- of new territory and a «sometime sfumbling, some- lation city disarmed, both times intuitive mesh of two allied Establishments)) of the physically and morally, agains t the backdrop of «a festival at —the US and the Israeli— «whose upper echelons Aqaba two weeks earlie r at the height of the engaged at least in continuous coordination, jocke- threats against Syria ,and the king allowed by his ying for their own state interests as they saw them, advisers to spend the day at the resort reviewing within an overall agreed-upon (and possibly even water skiers and beauty queens.» Following the unspoken ) context.» Schleifer believes that «per- disaster , there are frank description s of varying haps only the most surface aspect sof that coordi- types of reaction to occupation, personifie dby the nation are as yet on record.» He suggests delving collaborator ,the one who adjusts to seek economic further into some «Pentagon Papers» on the Middle survival , and the rarer man or woman who chose East prepared by such mandarin s of US policy- resistance at the cost of a broken career , loss of a making as Julius Holmes, McGeorge Bundy ,and home or livelihood ,or life itself. those who operate in that tough-minded California «think-tank,» the Rand Corporation. A highlight of the book is the description of On the other side, he is highly critica l of the the war itself ,preceded by a much needed sum- failure of Arab states to back their verbal support mary of the process leading up to wa r which brings for the displaces Palestinian Arabs with deeds at, - to light some often obscured considerations .The tributing this in large measure to «an indifference author points out how scholars and newsmen sym- and cynicism bred by the corruption of ruling elites, pathetic to Israel have passed ove rthe fact—borne coupled with undervelopment , susceptibility to out by hi scitatio nof the May 12 196, 7 briefing of Western pressure , and the difficult yof sustaining the Israeli military intelligenc e chief , General a?, torious Israeli, who are no t faceles s actors in this Aharon Yaariv , in which Yaariv said he personally book despite his view of the drama from the Arab advocated a major military operation against Syria side. Schleifer charges tha t the removal of some of and by other, newer evidence—tha tsome, at least, the Dead Sea scrolls from the Palestine Archaeolo- of the Israeli Establishment truly envisioned a gical Museum, especially the case of the so-called strike against Syria. Therefore this was apparently «Temple Scroll» taken by Israelis from the Beth- one, as Theodore Draper and many of the fashio- lehem residence of Kando, the Arab antiquities nable historians seemed so sure, simply a «paper dealer, were «simple thef t according to internatio- tiger» dreamed up by Soviet intelligence. Ther eis nal law.» He lucidly reports on the non-return of also close attention to the unclarified exchanges still the 1967 refugees (onl y14,027 out of between Ralph Bunche , General Rikye, the UNEF 160,000 who applied returned) and the reasons for commander ,U Thant and the Egyptian government this. He passes on the accounts of the occupation .on the withdrawal of the UN forces from Gaza and by such concerned Israelis as the novelist Amos Sinai in May 1967. Kenan , and the beginnings of resistance in the In the account of the battle for Jerusalem, there West Bank, quickly snuffe dout, and in Gaza, where are no absolute heroes or total villains among it persists despite the growing affluenc e of over Schleifer's Arab personae . However, the Mayor, 60,000 Gaza and West Bank Arabs who daily com- Rouhi al-Khatib and such men as Bahjat Abu Gar- mute to labouring jobs in Israel. We are told, too, biyeh, one of th eresistance leaders, emerg elooking how he was warned by a Jewish businessman from much better than, say, Brigadier Genera lAta Ali, New York that he, Schleifer, would be expelled who commanded the pathetically meage r and from Jerusalem by the Israelis if he tried «one under-armed garrison of one brigade (despite his more trick» like reporting , as he did, the Israeli belief on June 5 that four more Jordanian brigades destruction of the Bab al-Magharaba quarte r to the would soon appear to defend the city against the American Consulate (which had in turn filed a re- onslaugh t of the Israeli paratroops and armour), or port to Washington which considerably embarras- the PLO leader, Ahmed Shuqairy. Schleifer sin- sed Israel). gles out valiant actions by some of the Jordanian The book as a whole contain s important ori- defender s which he says he saw, as well as less ginal material on the rise of the resistance and the valiant ones by some of those in authority. role of the pre-1968 Palestine Liberation Fron tand its relationship to the Arab Nationalists' Movement, Schleifer witnessed instances of brutality and the PLO, al-Fateh and Syria. • looting as well as of humane behaviour by the vic- 85 84 The Bologna Appeal and The EURABIA Committee Letter During the past few months there has been a growing recognition in Europe and the world at large of the fact that Israel's expansionist ambitions and U.S. support for Israel's refusal to accept «the inadmissibility of the acqui- sition of territory by war - in defiance of repeated U.K. resolutions)) are the main obstacles to the achievement of peace in the Middle East. This recognition is evident in the appeal by the Inter- national Conference for Peace and Justice in the Middle East which was held in Bologna (Italy) from May 11 to 13, 1973. It is also evident in the «Open Letter from Europe to President Nixon» published May 14, 1973 by the EURABIA committee. The letter, which was signed by thirty European leaders and intellectuals, calls upon Pre- sident Nixon «to undo the deadlock and open the way to peace» by declaring his intention «to put an end to Ame- rican discrimination in favour of Israel in the provision of financial and military aid.» Below is the full texts of the «Appeal» and the «Letter».

86 87 (1) This conferenc eurgently appeals to the peoples of all countrie sforcefull yto express their determi- H Text of the Appeal nation to achieve a political solution to the conflict The International Conference for Peace and in the Middle East through the complete implemen- Justice in the Middle East was held in Bologna tation of the U.N resolutions of November 22 1967 (Italy) from May 11 to 13, 1973. and November 4, 1970, which entail , first of all It brought together the representatives of inter- withdrawal by the State of Israel of its armed national and regional organizations and represen- forces from all the Arab territories occupied since tative delegations from countries of Europe, Asia, June 1967 and recognition of the legitimate rights America, Africa ,and Arab countries and Israel, re- of the Arab people of Palestine, and of their right flecting differen tviewpoints but united in the desire to self-determination; together with the right of all to find the means of ensuring a just and lasting the peoples and all the states of the Middle East peace in the Middle East. to existence, independence, sovereignt y and secu- Since the June 1967 war, the situation in this rity. region has continued to deteriorate. The Israeli The Conferenc ealso addresses this appea l to government continues , after six years, to occupy the parliaments and governments of all countries Arab territories with its armed forces . It is going in view of their responsibilities for the achieve- ahead with the colonization of these territories and ment of a just peace in the Middle East. redoubling its measures to effec t demographic and* The world longs for a lasting peace, based on territorial changes . It continues to defy the deci- the principles of the United Nations and the right sions adopted by the United Nations. It strives, as of the peoples to decide their own destiny. do the Arab reactionary forces , to destroy by all means the national existence of the Palestinian (2) people and to weaken the national and social libe- • Text of the EURABIA Committee Letter ration movement of the Arab peoples. 14 May 1973 In underwriting this policy, especially by provi- Dear Mr. President, ding financial and military support , the govern- ment of the United States bears a major responsi- We are writing to you because you hold the key bility for the present situation. to peace in the Middle East. We believe you should use it — for the sake of us all in the world today This situation threatens peace in the Middle First and foremost, for the peoples of the Middle East, in the Mediterranean and in the world. East — the Israelis, the Palestinians and the Arabs

88 (1) This conference urgently appeals to the peoples of all countries forcefully to express their determi- H Text of the Appeal nation to achieve a political solution to the conflict The International Conference for Peace and in the Middle East through the complete implemen- Justice in the Middle East was held in Bologna tation of the U.N resolutions of November 22, 1967, (Italy) from May 11 to 13, 1973. and November 4, 1970, which entail, first of all, It brought together the representatives of inter- withdrawal by the State of Israel of its armed national and regional organizations and represen- forces from all the Arab territories occupied since tative delegations from countries of Europe, Asia. June 1967 and recognition of the legitimate rights America, Africa , and Arab countries and Israel, re- of the Arab people of Palestine, and of their right flecting differen t viewpoints but united in the desire to self-determination; together with the right of all to find the means of ensuring a just and lasting the peoples and all the states of the Middle East peace in the Middle East. to existence, independence, sovereignty and secu- Since the June 1967 war, the situation in this rity. region has continued to deteriorate. The Israeli The Conference also addresses this appeal to government continues, after six years, to occupy the parliaments and governments of all countries, Arab territories with its armed forces. It is going in view of their responsibilities for the achieve- ahead with the colonization of these territories and ment of a just peace in the Middle East. redoubling its measures to effec t demographic and The world longs for a lasting peace, based on territorial changes. It continues to defy the deci- the principles of the United Nations and the right sions adopted by the United Nations. It strives, as of the peoples to decide their own destiny. do the Arab reactionary forces , to destroy by all means the national existence of the Palestinian (2) people and to weaken the national and social libe- • Text of the EURABIA Committee Letter ration movement of the Arab peoples. 14 May 1973 In underwriting this policy, especially by provi- Dear Mr. President, ding financia l and military support, the govern- We are writing to you because you hold the key ment of the United States bears a major responsi- to peace in the Middle East. We believe you should bility for the present situation. use it — for the sake of us all in the world today. This situation threatens peace in the Middle First and foremost, for the peoples of the Middle East, in the Mediterranean and in the world. East — the Israelis, the Palestinians and the Arabs of Jordan, Egypt, Syri aand Lebanon — who have endangerin gno vital American interest s— on the been living unde rthe curse of war fo rtwenty five contrary , you will be protecting the real interests years. But also for Europe, Asi a and the Third of the U.S. in the Middle East .The only disagreea- World . And no t least for the people of your own ble consequence wil lbe that you will have to face country , Mr. Presiden t— so fa r removed from the violen tprotests from Israel and from Zionist pres- Middle East conflic tbut now s odangerously vulne- sure group sin the United State s who pu t Israel's rable to its effect son their daily lives. interests above thos eof their own country . Is this As time passe s and the menacing deadloc kin too high a price to pay fo r peace in the Middle the Middle East persists i,t becomes more and more East? clear tha t the main obstacl eto peace is now the For too long America' sstanding and credibi- refusa l of Israel's rulers to accept the inadmissi- lity in the world at large have suffere dbecause of bility of the acquisition of territory by war — in the subordinatio nof American polic yin the Middle defiance of the whole of the rest of the world and East to Israeli interests .In plain terms , it is Ame- of repeated U.N. resolutions. rican support which enable sthe present leader sof There can be no hope of lasting peace or even IsraeL in defiance of world opinion ,to annex and of any meaningful negotiatio nfor peace so long encircle Arab Jerusalem , to plant Israeli settle- as the expansionist ambition osf Israel's leaders are ments on land seized from the Arabs , to prolong not curbed. Onl ythe United States has the power the misery of the Palestinian refugee —s and, by to do that. Only you can bring hom e to Israel's these acts , to make it certain that there wil lbe rulers tha tit is more in their interes t to make peace furthe r conflic tin the Middle East. than to persist in retaining land which is not theirs Before long the pressure of self-interest will and which was seized from their neighbours by compe l the United States to re-think its policy force of arms. there. How much better it would be for you to We urge you, Mr. President , to use the power make the change now on your own initiative and that lies in your hands .This is no agonising deci- in the interests of justice, international morality sion of the kind you had to take in Vietnam . All and world peac e— rather than to wait until you that it requires is that you should declare your are forced grudgingl yto do so by the pressure of intention to put an end to American discrimination events. in favour of Israel in the provision of financia land Let us make this clear: we are not urging the military aid. destruction or disappearance of Israel. Whatever No American lives are at stake. You will be one may feel about the way in which Israel came

90 91 into being and about the injustice then inflicte don the Palestinians Israe lis today a fact . Egypt and House of Commons, London. Jordan have both publicly stated that the noy w Sir Harold Beeley, K.C.M.G., C.B.E. accept the presence of Israel, provide d it is an former British Ambassador to Egypt; London. Professor Regis Blachere, Israel confine dbehind secur eand recognised boun- daries. But what they do not accept is an expan- Membre de 1'Institut, Paris. sionist Israel bent on retaining permanently Arab The Rev. Professor John E. Chisholm Cssp., territory, including Arab Jerusalem, acquire bdy University College; Dublin. war in 1967. Major Derek Cooper, M.C., O.B.E. Co. Donegal, Ireland. Today is the twenty fifth anniversary of the Hans Ellenberger, foundin gof the State of Israel. If the expansionist Schweizerisch-Arabische Gesellschaft; Bern. ambition sof Israel's present ruler scan be curbed, John K. Feeney, the people of Israel may reasonably loo k forward" Editor, the Catholic Standard, Dublin. to a stable and secure future .But i fthose ambitions Sir Geoffre y Furlonger, K.B.E., C.M.G. are not curbed and Israel continue sto threaten and former British Ambassador to Jordan; London. affron t ihf -/rowin gpower of the Arab World , who The Rev. Cecil du Heaume, can say w aat the outcom ewill be or how many Dublin. more anniversaries Israel will surviv teo celebrate? The Rev. Dr. Heinrich Hellstern. True friendshi pfor Israel lies not in supporting Zurich. Israel's leaders in their arrogant expansionis mbut Gen. Carl von Horn. in requiring from them conciliatio nand considera- former Chief of Staff of U.N.T.S.O. , Sweden, tion for the rights of others. Dr. John de Courcy, We repeat: the key to peace is in your hands, Writer, the Maritime Institute of Ireland , Dublin Mr. President . Use it . Undo the deadloc kand open Colin Jackson, the way to peace. Lecturer and broadcaster, London. Yours sincerely, Alfred Jacob,

Professor Lelio Basso, Deutsch-Arabisch e Gesellschaft, Munich. Senator and President of the Italo-Arab Chamber of Roy Johnston, B.A.. B.Sc., Ph.D. Commerce; Rome. Scientific Consultant, Dublin. Col. Sir Tufton Beamish, M.C., M.P. Miss Anita Leslie, Authoress, Dublin. 92 Professor Pierre Marthelot, Delegue general de la cite Internationale de 1'Universite de Paris. Christopher Mayhew, M.P. former Minister of Defence (Navy), House of Commons, PALESTINE RESEARCH CENTER London. Professor Roger McHugh, Ph.D. (Established 1965) University College, Dublin. General Edouard Jean Meric, Commandmant de la Legion d'Honneur, Paris. D First research center on the Palestine question Miss Dervla Murphy, in the Middle East. Authoress; Lismore, Co. Waterford, Ireland. The Rt. Hon. Sir Anthony Nutting, Bt, former Minister of State for Foreign Affairs; author; D Collects and classifie sall available information London. The Earl of Oxford and Asquith, K.C.M.G. on the Palestine questio nfor use by researchers, House of Lords; London. Sir John Richmond , K.C.M.G. former British Ambassador to Kuwait; University of Q Publishes monographs , chronologies ,essays and Durham. books by well-known authors. Dr. Arnold Toynbee, C.H. Historian, London. Robert Vial, D Over 200 titles in three languages :Arabic - Association de Solidarite Franco-Arabe, Paris. English - French. Dennis Walters, M.B.E... M.P. House of Commons, London. Dr. Moira Woods, For list of publications appl, y to: P.O.B .1691 Broadcaster and writer, Dublin. • Beirut ,Lebanon.

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