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HVAC INSTANT ANSWERS This page intentionally left blank. HVAC INSTANT ANSWERS Peter Curtiss Newton Breth McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-140949-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-138701-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii About the Authors ix Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview ..............................1 Chapter 2: Air and Ducts ....................................................7 Chapter 3: Water, Steam, and Pipes ................................29 Chapter 4: Electricity and Wiring ....................................47 Chapter 5: Measurement and Control ..............................81 Chapter 6: Pumps and Valves ........................................121 Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems..........................171 Chapter 8: Chillers ..........................................................203 Chapter 9: Air-Cooled Condensers and Cooling Towers................................................................235 Chapter 10: Thermal Energy Storage Systems ..............259 Chapter 11: Boilers..........................................................271 Chapter 12: Steam Distribution Systems........................307 Chapter 13: Fans and Dampers ......................................349 v Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. vi Contents Chapter 14: Air-Handling Units ......................................371 Chapter 15: Air Distribution Systems ............................401 Chapter 16: Zone Terminal Systems ..............................425 Chapter 17: Evaporative Cooling ....................................453 Chapter 18: Residential Systems ....................................473 Appendix A: Tools for the Technician ............................491 Appendix B: Using Multimeters ......................................495 Nomenclature ..................................................................499 Bibliography ....................................................................503 Index................................................................................505 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS any of the photographs in this book were taken on the Boulder campus of the University of Colorado. The Facili- M ties Management department at the University graciously gave permission to access the various mechanical spaces and to use the resulting images. In doing so, they have helped provide a clarity to the descriptions that would have been impossible otherwise. The final manuscript was reviewed and edited by Stuart Water- bury and Heidi Crimmin. Their comments and suggestions were vital in making a book that is hopefully easy to read and use. Thanks also to Elizabeth Gehring, who contributed the section on condens- ing and non-condensing furnaces. Finally, the authors dedicate this book to their wives, Arlene Breth and Heidi Crimmin, who provided immeasurable support and kept them going and in good health during the writing process. vii Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. This page intentionally left blank. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Peter Curtiss is a consulting engineer in Boulder, Colorado. He received his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at the University of Colorado, where he was one the first to investigate the use of neural networks in the control and optimization of large HVAC systems. Newton Breth has worked as an Instrument Technician at the Uni- versity of Colorado since 1977. Prior to that, he spent time in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and the Denver Water Board. He is certified by the Instrument Society of America and holds several U.S. patents related to automatic control devices. ix Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. This page intentionally left blank. chapter INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW his book is aimed at the field technician who has the of task solving problems rapidly and efficiently. It is the unfortunate T truth that most facility management teams are understaffed. The technicians spend a lot of time satisfying occupant comfort complaints and often do not have the time to spend tracking down the root of many problems. This guide is meant to provide both theoretical background and principles of operation of equipment, while at the same time giving the reader a practical means for quickly solving problems. The basic philosophy of this guidebook is to work backwards from the effects of a problem, hopefully eliminating many false leads along the way. We have tried to reach a compromise between solutions that are too simplistic or too complicated. It is emphasized that more often than not the cause of a control or equipment problem may not be in the obvious place. The key point is to identify what is causing the build- ing occupants to express concern. HOW BUILDINGS WORK Every building is different. Even those that appear similar from the outside will certainly have differences in their structure, their use, and the quirks of their behaviors. Like people, no two are alike. In 1 Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. 2 HVAC Instant Answers fact, the idea of a building as a person has some merit: most build- ings have a need to take in fresh air and expel contaminated air. Many buildings provide a constant circulation of fluids around the building, and practically all buildings must maintain an internal tem- perature setpoint for the comfort of the occupants. We even now refer to problems as if we were describing people: a structure may have sick building syndrome. Some buildings are naturally relaxing to the occupants, others are disconcerting for one reason or another. To the HVAC engineers and technicians, the goal is to make the building a comfortable and safe environment and to do so at a min- imum cost for energy and maintenance. This is a noble, yet occa- sionally difficult task. As the building size increases and the function becomes more varied, the complexity of the HVAC systems can grow. Eventually, it can get to the point where a technician may feel like he is constantly just putting out small fires rather than