STT-The 8 Khan Survey 2009
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SAHMAKUM TEANG TNAUT DECEMBER 2009 The 8 Khan Survey URBAN POOR SETTLEMENTS IN PHNOM PENH 1997: more than two thirds of settlements Urban poor shift to outer Khans located in the 4 INNER This survey reveals that the past TotalTotal Numbernumber of of urban communities: poor settlements 410 410 ten years has seen a major shift Total Number of Urban Poor Settlements 410 Khans TotalTotal Numbernumber of of families Families in settlementsin Communities: 42,06442,064 of urban poor settlements from Total Number of Urban Poor Families 40,548 the inner to the outer Khans Total Number of Persons in Communities: 194,221 2009: more (districts) of Phnom Penh. The majority of urban poor settle- shift in the past 6 years has been ments remain untitled. than two particularly marked. Some com- The situation varies for those thirds located mentators link this development settlements that have remained to successful Government poli- in the 4 inner Khans. Some have in the 4 cies in poverty reduction. Others enjoyed the recent prosperity in OUTER however highlight the displace- Phnom Penh and have actually ment of over 100,000 residents moved out of the category of Khans since 2000 (source: Facts & Figures urban poor settlement. The Toul 11, published April 2009 by STT). Sleng communities in Khan Khan = District What also emerges in the survey Chamcarmorn, for example, are is that life in the outer Khans, Khan is the Khmer no longer considered urban where more than 50 resettle- poor. Yet for others the fear of term for a district ment sites have been established, eviction remains strong, particu- within any major is significantly harder. Access to larly following the most recent city. In Phnom work in particular is more diffi- evictions at Dey Krahom Penh there are 4 cult, but also to health care, (January 2009) and Group 78 schools and markets. Fear of inner Khans; (July 2009). eviction remains high, and while Daun Penh, some resettlement sites have Chamcarmorn, registration documents, the vast Left: in June 2006 over 1,000 7 Makara & families were forcibly dis- Toul Kork Over 100,000 Phnom Penh placed from the city centre to and 4 outer Khans; residents have been dis- Trapeang Krasang, some Russei Keo, placed since 2000 20km away Sensok*, Mean Chey & Dangkor Survey Data Survey Maps * Sensok was created as a Khan in 2009 out of Statistics Separate maps for each Khan land formerly under Methodology showing the location of individual Russei Keo jurisdiction Comments settlements Pages 2-9 Pages 10-19 PAGE 2 Number of Urban Poor Settlements Total number of settlements in each Khan Total number of settlements in each Khan 1997 2003 2009 4 Inner Khans 1997 2003 2009 4 Inner Khans Since 1997 Daun Penh 72 81 32 Daun ChamcarmornPenh 72 67 81 68 32 29 statistics show ChamcarmornToul Kork 67 60 68 48 29 38 Toul Kork7 Makara 60 57 48 58 38 30 a major shift 7 Makara 57 58 30 Sub Total 256 255 129 Sub Total 256 255 129 of settlements 68% 45% 31% 68% 45% 31% from the 4 Outer Khans inner to the 4 Outer Khans Mean Chey 46 94 93 outer Khans Mean RusseiChey Keo 46 61 94 79 93 96 RusseiSensok Keo 61 n/a 79 n/a 96 40 SensokDangkor n/a 16 n/a 141 40 52 Dangkor 16 141 52 Sub Total 123 314 281 Sub Total 123 32% 314 55% 281 69% 32% 55% 69% GrandGrand Total Total 379 379 569 569 410 410 Comments/qualifications on these figures Please see page 8 for Survey Methodology. These figures reveal that while set- represented by one or more group of urban poor who live tlement and family numbers are up recognized community con- in temporary settlements such from 1997 they have fallen consid- tacts who provided informa- as garment factory and con- erably since 2003. This may reflect tion on behalf of their settle- struction workers. For these, the real situation, but there are a ment. accommodation is generally number of issues that should be 3. Large numbers displaced: provided on a temporary basis highlighted. The apparent reduction in either by the company or by a 1. Survey Methodology: The urban poor settlements be- rental landlord. In 1997 there methodology of the 1997 and tween 2003 and 2009 may were significantly less workers 2003 surveys is not known and also reflect the effects of the in this situation. may differ considerably from the displacement of 10,000 fami- What is most significant is the 2009 format. In this survey a set- lies since 2003, due to which trend showing that the percentage tlement is considered to contain some families may have left of settlements and families within 10 or more families with some the city altogether. the 4 inner Khans has decreased containing thousands of families. 4. Temporary settlements: substantially and has grown in the 2. Survey Respondents: In this The 2009 survey does not outer Khans. survey, each settlement was include a potentially large THE 8 KHAN SURVEY SAHMAKUM TEANG TNAUT DEC 2009 URBAN POOR SETTLEMENTS IN PHNOM PENH PAGE 3 Half of Phnom Penh’s urban poor families lived in the inner Khans in 1997. Today this figure has dropped to almost a quarter Number of Urban Poor Families 1997 2003* 2009 4 Inner Khans Daun Penh 2,970 7,188 2,337 Chamcarmorn 6,479 8,574 2,421 Toul Kork 3,411 4,540 4,920 7 Makara 1,762 3,875 1,884 Sub Total 14,622 24,177 11,562 48% 39% 28% 4 Outer Khans Mean Chey 6,656 5,382 9,002 Russei Keo 7,969 13,000 8,482 Sensok n/a n/a 4,260 Dangkor 903 19,690 7,242 Sub Total 15,528 38,072 28,986 52% 61% 72% Grand Total 30,150 62,249 40,548 * in 2003 it was calculated as households rather than families. PAGE 4 Threat of Eviction/ Settlement History Actual and perceived threat of eviction 4 inner Khans 4 outer Khans All Khans Formal eviction threat 22% 16% 18% Rumour of eviction 44% 46% 46% Year in which settlement was initially established 4 inner Khans 4 outer Khans All Khans Formed 1979-89 58% 47% 50% Formed 1990-99 36% 23% 28% Formed 2000-09 6% 30% 22% More than 90% of settlements in the inner Khans claim to have been established for ten years or more THE 8 KHAN SURVEY SAHMAKUM TEANG TNAUT DEC 2009 URBAN POOR SETTLEMENTS IN PHNOM PENH PAGE 5 Widespread eviction fears; Land registration fails the poor Despite strong claims to land owner- ‘The greatest ship under the 2001Land Law almost challenges remain half of respondents fear eviction by authorities and/or companies. Five in addressing land years of spiraling land prices and disputes in areas widespread speculation have fuelled demand for high value inner city land where state or large such as the Bassac river frontage, private entities making the tenure of current resi- dents insecure. claim land that is In addition, land registration attempts occupied by the by settlements have not been suc- poor. In many cessful and in September 2009 the Government pulled out of the Land cases, this has Mapping and Administration Project involved (LMAP) funded by the World Bank, Finnmap (Finland) and GTZ expropriations, (Germany). Observers have found evictions and that the project has succeeded in resettlements of the issuing many thousands of titles but outer than the inner Khans, suggest- applications from outer Khans have has from outset fundamentally ig- ing residents there have higher ex- met with single digit success rates poor.’ nored from the contentious issue of pectations in terms of securing land similar to those of the more conten- HE Frank Mann urban settlement titling. titles. Nevertheless, and despite a tious inner Khans. German Ambassador This survey shows a higher percent- relatively high percentage of voting Also of note is the low percentage of age of applicants for land title in the cards and family books throughout, birth certificates in all eight Khans. (Government- Development Partner Coordination Land Registration /ID documents Committee meeting) 29th September 2009 4 inner Khans 4 outer Khans All Khans Applying for local document 10% 49% 37% For more Received Full title ‘Plan Rung’ 5% 8% 7% information on the US$38.4 million Family/Resident Book 96% 88% 91% ID card 84% 86% 85% LMAP programme Voting card 55% 60% 58% see the Government web- Right to Transfer ownership 13% 7% 9% site www.mlmupc.gov.kh (Sangkat level) as well as ‘Untitled’ , a Birth Certificate 1% 7% 6% report on LMAP by BAB- SEA, COHRE and JRS, available at www.babsea.org PAGE 6 Infrastructure provision Infrastructure Provision Above: Phum Andong Service provision for resettlement sites has 4 inner Khans 4 outer Khans All Khans varied. Road/ Access 91% 75% 80% (of these interventions the following organisations provided support/funding) Community initiative 44% 31% 35% UPDF/MPP 34% 36% 36% & other Government support NGO support 19% 11% 14% Urban poor Company/other 1% 4% 3% communities Drainage 73% 39% 52% themselves have (of these interventions the following organisations provided support/funding) been the driving Community initiative 49% 17% 28% force behind UPDF/MPP 34% 14% 21% & other Government support infrastructure NGO support 12% 6% 8% provision but Toilets/sanitation 93% 79% 85% Government (of these interventions the following organisations provided support/funding) bodies have also Community initiative 93% 58% 73% UPDF/MPP 2% 7% 5% provided support. & other Government support NGO interventions NGO support 3% 14% 9% have been Solid Waste Management/ 83% 33% 46% Garbage relatively minor (of these interventions the following organisations provided services) Community initiative 20% 11% 14% CINTRI 67% 21% 33% • Nota Bene: utility supply does in most cases not refer to comprehensive provision for an entire settlement, where there are varying degrees of quality and consistency of supply.