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Thesissunito.Pdf (1.860Mb) CONTINUATION AND DISCONTINUATION OF LOCAL INSTITUTION IN COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Inaugural -Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) des Fachbereichs Ökologische Ag rarwissenschaften der Universität Kassel vorgelegt von Satyawan Sunito Juli 2005 Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Michael Fremerey Universität Kassel 2. apl. Prof. Dr. Werner Trossbach Universität Kass el Beratender Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. S.M.P. Tjondronegoro Indonesia i Abstract Currently the push toward frontier areas, which until twenty years ago were still largely untouched by commercial agriculture, is taking place on a massive scale. This push is being driven not the least by global economic developments, such as the price increase of agriculture commodities like coffee and cocoa. In most cases the indigenous communities become trapped between the state monopoly in natural resource management and the competition for resources by external actors. In this processes the indigenous communities start to lose their access to resources. Another victim in this process is the environment where the natural resources are imbedded. International and national organizations working to conserve environment have became conscious of the important role that indigenous people could fulfill as partners in this endeavour. This partnersh ip in struggle has produced a new discourse on the relationship between indigenous people and their environment. As a further consequence, programs were set up to develop what became known as Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with its numerous variations. Based on a case study in a village on the eastern border of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, this study questioned the basic assumption behind the concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Namely the assumption that communities living at the margin of forest are socially and culturally homogenous, still more or less egalitarian, and basically living in harmony with their natural environment. This study was inspired by the persistent critique – alth ough still a minority – on the basic assumption the CBNRM from academicians and practitioners working through the Entitlement perspective. Another inspiration was the mounting critique toward the participatory approach. In its effort the study explore further the usefulness of certain approaches. One of the approach much relied on in this study was the local history of the community studied, through exerting oral and local written documents on ii local history, legends and local stories. These sources proofed quite capable in bringing the local history into the light. Another was the actor oriented approach, which later came to be supported by the concept of Social Pool Resources. The latter concept proofed to be useful as analytical instrument to integrate so cial institutions and the common pool resources, as a field of action for the different actors as human agencies. iii Table of Content Abstract …………………………………………………… i Table of Content ………………………………………….. iii Maps, Tables, Figures and Appendixes …………………... v Acknowledgments ………………………………………… vii I INTRODUCTION ………………………………………… 1 I. 1. Background of Study ……………………………………… 1 I.2. Main Research Questions …………………………………. 2 I.3. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………. 3 A. The Concept of Community & Community Based Natural Resource Management ……………………….. 3 B. On Participation ………………………………………. 10 C. Actor Oriented analysis ………………………………. 14 I.4. Hypothesis ………………………………………………… 18 I.5. Research Method …………………………………………. 19 II THE VILLAGE WUASA ………………………………… 25 II.1. Population …………………………………………………. 28 II.2. Village Administration ……………………………………. 30 II.3. Social Organization ……………………………………….. 32 II.4. Pattern of Economic Activity ……………………………... 33 II.5. Farming System …………………………………………… 36 II.6. Land Tenure ……………………………………………….. 41 II.7. The Role of Forest ………………………………………… 42 II.8. Village Public Facilities …………………………………… 44 III THE PEKUREHUA AND ITS LOCAL HISTORY ……… 47 III.1. Introduction ……………………………………………….. 47 III.2. The Ngamba and Kakao’ Peoples ………………………… 48 III.3. Manuru and the Pekurehua ……………………………….. 50 III.4. The Emergent of Wuasa …………………………………... 57 III.5. The Local Elite in Historical Perspective …………………. 58 IV THE DIRECT PAST: INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT …………………………………………. 65 IV.1. Introduction ……………………………………………….. 65 IV.2. System of Adaptation ……………………………………... 66 IV.3. The Land Tenure system ………………………………….. 69 IV.4. The Water buffalo …………………………………………. 71 A. The tenure system of husbandry ……………………… 71 B. The water buffalo in the production system ………….. 73 C. The water buffalo in the social and ritual life ………… 73 D. The role of the water buffalo in maintaining the social structure ……………………………………………….. 76 IV. 5. The Robo Social Organization ……………………………. 77 iv A. Definition of the Robo ………………………………... 77 B. Robo membership and leadership …………………….. 78 C. Robo as a mutual -help organization ………………….. 82 D. Robo as centre of social and ritual life ……………….. 82 E. The role of the Robo in the reproduction of the social structure ……………………………….. 84 IV.6 The End of the Direct Past ………………………………… 85 V THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ………………………….. 88 V.1. Introduction ……………………………………………….. 88 V.2. The Process of Privatization of Land Rights ……………… 89 V.3. The Power of Commoditization of Agriculture …………… 91 V.4. The Program of Irrigated Paddy Cultivation ……………… 93 V.5. Road Connections and the Commoditization of Land ……. 96 V.6. Mechanism to Acquire Land ……………………………… 98 V.7. Changing Leadership and Organization of Production …… 100 V.8. The Effect of the Privatization of Land …………………… 104 VI. EXTERNAL INDUCED SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION .. 112 VI.1. Introduction ……………………………………………….. 112 VI.2. The growth of a District Center …………………………… 113 VI.3. Social Organization Based on Place of Origin ……………. 119 VI.4. Religious Pilarization ……………………………………... 123 VI.5. The Role of Formal Farmer Organization ………………… 128 VI.6. The Emergence of Political Parties ……………………….. 135 VII. EXTERNAL INDUCED NATURAL RESOURCE 140 MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL RESPONSES ………….. VII.1. The Establishment of the Lore Lindu national Park (LLNP) 140 VII.2. The Two Faces of the national Park Managem ent ………... 141 A. The LLNP Management on the Local Level ………… 141 B. The Role of NGO’s: Winning Hearts and Selling the Idea of a National Park ………………………………. 148 C. The Community Conservation Agreement (KKM) ….. 153 VII.3 Local Perspectives and Responses ……………………….. 159 VIII CONCLUSION …………………………………………… 176 VIII.1. The continuity of the power structure …………………….. 176 VIII.2. Characterizing the forest village community and its local institutions ………………………………………………… 178 VIII.3. The hegemonic chara cter of the Lore Lindu National Park and the Community Conservation Agreement (KKM) …… 180 VIII.4. The consequence for planned intervention ……………….. 182 VIII.5. An Analytic Tool for a Complex Social System ………….. 183 VIII.6. Lesson Learned ……………………………………………. 195 LIST OF LITERATURE ………………………………….. 198 APPENDIX ……………………………………………….. 211 v Maps, Tables, Figures and Appendixes MAPS .ap I.1. The Lore Lindu National Park and the villages long its 25 border. Map III.1. Local constructed map of Napu vall ey with historical 56 villages. Map IV.1. The Wuasa village and the surrounding agriculture land 79 complexes. LIST OF TABLES Table II.1 Basic Data of Wuasa Village, Lore -Utara Sub-District, 27 Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 2003 Table II. 2 Population According to Age Categories of Wuasa Village, 29 Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 2003 Table II. 3 Population By Educational Attainment Of Wuasa Village, 30 Lore -Utara Sub-District, Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 2003 Table II. 4 Categor y of Income Sources, Wuasa Village, Lore -Utara 34 Sub-District, Poso District, Central Sulawesi - 2003 Table II. 5 Main & Secondary Source of Income Indigenous Population, 35 Wuasa Village , Lore -Utara Sub-District, Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 1999. Table.II. 6 Land Used in Wuasa Village, Lore -Utara Sub-District , Poso , 36 District, Central Sulawesi – 2003 Table II. 7 Seasonal & Perennial Crops, Average Land Used and 38 Production Among Indigenous and Immigrants in Wuasa Village , Lore Utara Sub-distr ict, t Poso Distric , Central Sulawesi, 1999 Table II.8 Animal Husbandry among Indigenous and Immigrants in 41 Wuasa Village , Lore -Utara sub-distric,t Poso , District, Central Sulawesi, 1999 Table. II. 9 The Role of Forest Products Among Indigenous an d 44 Immigrants in Wuasa Village, Lore -Utara sub-district, Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 1999 Table V.1 Data on Land Transactions in the period of 1997 to 2002 in 107 Wuasa Village , Lore Utara sub- district, Poso district, Central Sulawesi Table V.2 Data On Land Acquisition by Migrants in Wuasa Village, 108 Lore -Utara Sub-district, Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 1997 - 2002. Table V.3. Land Transactions Between Migrants in WuasaVillage, 109 Lore -Utara , Sub-district, Poso District, Central Sulawesi, 1997 – 2001. Table V.4. Land ownership in Dusun 2, Wuasa Village, Lore -Utara 110 Sub-District according to land tax registration of 2003 Table VI.1. Population Growth 1966 to 2000 of Wuasa Village, Poso 118 District, Central Sulawesi . vi Table VII.1. District and Sub-District within the Lore Lindu National 141 Park: Area of village covered by the National Park . LIST OF FIGURES Figure II.1 Dry -land Farming Cycle of Indigenous Farmers of Wuasa
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