Analysis and Evaluation of Braille to Text Conversion Methods
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Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
The Fontspec Package Font Selection for XƎLATEX and Lualatex
The fontspec package Font selection for XƎLATEX and LuaLATEX Will Robertson and Khaled Hosny [email protected] 2013/05/12 v2.3b Contents 7.5 Different features for dif- ferent font sizes . 14 1 History 3 8 Font independent options 15 2 Introduction 3 8.1 Colour . 15 2.1 About this manual . 3 8.2 Scale . 16 2.2 Acknowledgements . 3 8.3 Interword space . 17 8.4 Post-punctuation space . 17 3 Package loading and options 4 8.5 The hyphenation character 18 3.1 Maths fonts adjustments . 4 8.6 Optical font sizes . 18 3.2 Configuration . 5 3.3 Warnings .......... 5 II OpenType 19 I General font selection 5 9 Introduction 19 9.1 How to select font features 19 4 Font selection 5 4.1 By font name . 5 10 Complete listing of OpenType 4.2 By file name . 6 font features 20 10.1 Ligatures . 20 5 Default font families 7 10.2 Letters . 20 6 New commands to select font 10.3 Numbers . 21 families 7 10.4 Contextuals . 22 6.1 More control over font 10.5 Vertical Position . 22 shape selection . 8 10.6 Fractions . 24 6.2 Math(s) fonts . 10 10.7 Stylistic Set variations . 25 6.3 Miscellaneous font select- 10.8 Character Variants . 25 ing details . 11 10.9 Alternates . 25 10.10 Style . 27 7 Selecting font features 11 10.11 Diacritics . 29 7.1 Default settings . 11 10.12 Kerning . 29 7.2 Changing the currently se- 10.13 Font transformations . 30 lected features . -
Haptiread: Reading Braille As Mid-Air Haptic Information
HaptiRead: Reading Braille as Mid-Air Haptic Information Viktorija Paneva Sofia Seinfeld Michael Kraiczi Jörg Müller University of Bayreuth, Germany {viktorija.paneva, sofia.seinfeld, michael.kraiczi, joerg.mueller}@uni-bayreuth.de Figure 1. With HaptiRead we evaluate for the first time the possibility of presenting Braille information as touchless haptic stimulation using ultrasonic mid-air haptic technology. We present three different methods of generating the haptic stimulation: Constant, Point-by-Point and Row-by-Row. (a) depicts the standard ordering of cells in a Braille character, and (b) shows how the character in (a) is displayed by the three proposed methods. HaptiRead delivers the information directly to the user, through their palm, in an unobtrusive manner. Thus the haptic display is particularly suitable for messages communicated in public, e.g. reading the departure time of the next bus at the bus stop (c). ABSTRACT Author Keywords Mid-air haptic interfaces have several advantages - the haptic Mid-air Haptics, Ultrasound, Haptic Feedback, Public information is delivered directly to the user, in a manner that Displays, Braille, Reading by Blind People. is unobtrusive to the immediate environment. They operate at a distance, thus easier to discover; they are more hygienic and allow interaction in 3D. We validate, for the first time, in INTRODUCTION a preliminary study with sighted and a user study with blind There are several challenges that blind people face when en- participants, the use of mid-air haptics for conveying Braille. gaging with interactive systems in public spaces. Firstly, it is We tested three haptic stimulation methods, where the hap- more difficult for the blind to maintain their personal privacy tic feedback was either: a) aligned temporally, with haptic when engaging with public displays. -
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 2005 Date: 1999-05-29
ISO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 2005 Date: 1999-05-29 TITLE: ISO/IEC 10646-1 Second Edition text, Draft 2 SOURCE: Bruce Paterson, project editor STATUS: Working paper of JTC1/SC2/WG2 ACTION: For review and comment by WG2 DISTRIBUTION: Members of JTC1/SC2/WG2 1. Scope This paper provides a second draft of the text sections of the Second Edition of ISO/IEC 10646-1. It replaces the previous paper WG2 N 1796 (1998-06-01). This draft text includes: - Clauses 1 to 27 (replacing the previous clauses 1 to 26), - Annexes A to R (replacing the previous Annexes A to T), and is attached here as “Draft 2 for ISO/IEC 10646-1 : 1999” (pages ii & 1 to 77). Published and Draft Amendments up to Amd.31 (Tibetan extended), Technical Corrigenda nos. 1, 2, and 3, and editorial corrigenda approved by WG2 up to 1999-03-15, have been applied to the text. The draft does not include: - character glyph tables and name tables (these will be provided in a separate WG2 document from AFII), - the alphabetically sorted list of character names in Annex E (now Annex G), - markings to show the differences from the previous draft. A separate WG2 paper will give the editorial corrigenda applied to this text since N 1796. The editorial corrigenda are as agreed at WG2 meetings #34 to #36. Editorial corrigenda applicable to the character glyph tables and name tables, as listed in N1796 pages 2 to 5, have already been applied to the draft character tables prepared by AFII. -
JETIR Research Journal
© 2019 JETIR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 5 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) MALAYALAM BRAILLE TRANSMUTATION TO TEXT AND SPEECH USING FPGA Adithya R, Kanishma krishnakumar, Mahalekshmi V, Riya jose, B.Tech student, Veena Gopan B.Tech student, B.Tech student, B.Tech student, B.Tech student, Assistant Professor Electronics and communication engineering College of Engineering and Management Punnapra, Alappuzha, India. Abstract : — The Braille system has been used by the visually impaired peoples for reading and writing and also for the communication and contact with the outside world. This paper presents the implementation of Malayalam Braille Recognition with voice and text conversion. The input is applied as different combinations of six cells to the FPGA Spartan 6 processor. It is converted into corresponding Malayalam text through the decoding logic in Verilog language. The corresponding alphabet is displayed on the desktop using an interface with the Spartan 6 processor. Also it is converted to speech using an IC aP890341/170/085. IndexTerms - FPGA, Braille language, Spartan 6, Xilinx, VGA, Verilog. I. INTRODUCTION Braille is a tactile writing system used by cecity people. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille users can read computer screen and electronic supports using refreshable Braille displays. They can write Braille with the original slate and stylus or type it on a Braille writer computer that prints with a Braille embosser. Braille was invented by a blind Frenchman, Louis Braille, in 1829. Braille is comprised of a rectangular six•dot cell on its end, with up to 63 possible combinations using one or more of the six dots. -
Braille in Mathematics Education
Masters Thesis Information Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen Braille in Mathematics Education Marc Bitter April 4, 2013 Supervisors IK183 Prof.Dr.Ir. Theo van der Weide Dr. Henny van der Meijden Abstract This research project aimed to make improvements to the way blind learners in the Netherlands use mathematics in an educational context. As part of this research, con- textual research in the field of cognition, braille, education, and mathematics was con- ducted. In order to compare representations of mathematics in braille, various braille codes were compared according to set criteria. Finally, four Dutch mathematics curricula were compared in terms of cognitive complexity of the mathematical formulas required for the respective curriculum. For this research, two main research methods were used. A literature study was conducted for contextual information regarding cognitive aspects, historic information on braille, and the education system in the Netherlands. Interviews with experts in the field of mathematics education and braille were held to relate the contextual findings to practical issues, and to understand why certain decisions were made in the past. The main finding in terms of cognitive aspects, involves the limitation of tactile and auditory senses and the impact these limitations have on textual aspects of mathematics. Besides graphical content, the representation of mathematical formulas was found to be extremely difficult for blind learners. There are two main ways to express mathematics in braille: using a dedicated braille code containing braille-specific symbols, or using a linear translation of a pseudo-code into braille. Pseudo-codes allow for reading and producing by sighted users as well as blind users, and are the main approach for providing braille material to blind learners in the Netherlands. -
Mountbatten Pro User Guide
User Guide Mountbatten Pro Revision 2 © Harpo Sp. z o. o. ul. 27 Grudnia 7, 61-737 Poznań, Poland www.mountbattenbrailler.com Thank you for purchasing a Mountbatten Pro. Since 1990, the Mountbatten range of Braille Writers has been offering expanded Braille writing opportunities to people all around the world. Mountbatten Braille Writers are in use in countries all over the world, bringing and supporting Braille literacy in many languages. To get the most from your new MB Pro, please read the first section, Welcome, and follow it with the second section, Exploring the MB Pro. After that, you can skip to the sections you want to read first, because you will have the most important basic information. News, resources, regular updates to this User Guide and a range of support material can be obtained from the Mountbatten website: www.mountbattenbrailler.com This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Contents Welcome................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Reading your User Guide.................................................................................................................................. 1 Very Important!................................................................................................................................................. -
An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models
An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models Ethan Le Dr. Mark Stamp Undergraduate Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science San Jose State University San Jose State University San Jose, CA, U.S.A. San Jose, CA, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models Le and Stamp Table of Contents Section Page 1. Introduction 5 of 54 1.1. James Hampton 5 of 54 2. Purpose 7 of 54 3. What is Hamptonese? 8 of 54 3.1. Description of Hamptonese Text 8 of 54 3.2. Transcription 9 of 54 3.3. Frequency Counts 14 of 54 4. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) 14 of 54 4.1. Hidden Markov Models Applications 15 of 54 4.1.1. HMM in Speech Recognition Algorithms 15 of 54 4.1.2. Music-Information Retrieval and HMMs 16 of 54 4.1.3. English Alphabet Analysis Using HMMs 17 of 54 5. English Text Analysis Using Hidden Markov Models 17 of 54 6. Modeling the Hamptonese HMM 19 of 54 7. Hamptonese Analysis 19 of 54 7.1. Reading Techniques 19 of 54 7.2. HMM Parameters 20 of 54 8. Hamptonese HMM Results 21 of 54 8.1. Non-Grouped 21 of 54 8.2. Grouped 22 of 54 9. English Phonemes 27 of 54 9.1. English Phonemes and Hamptonese 29 of 54 10. Entropy, Redundancy, and Word Representation 29 of 54 10.1. Entropy 30 of 54 10.2. Redundancy 31 of 54 10.3. -
Braille Patterns Range: 2800–28FF
Braille Patterns Range: 2800–28FF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
Roadmap to The
Roadmaps to Unicode Home | Site Map | Search Tables Roadmap to the BMP Roadmap Introduction Roadmap to the BMP (Plane 0) Roadmap to the SMP (Plane 1) Revision 3.3 Roadmap to the Authors Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, Ken Whistler SIP (Plane 2) Roadmap to the Date 2002-01-29 SSP (Plane 14) Not the This Version http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/bmp/bmp-3-3.html Roadmap Previous Version http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/bmp/bmp-3-2.html Latest Version http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/bmp/ More Information The Unicode Standard, Summary Version 3.0 Proposed The following table comprises a proportional map of Plane 0, the BMP (Basic characters Multilingual Plane). A PDF version of this document is available for convenient printing. Submitting Proposals A description of the presentation conventions used in the table is at the bottom of this ISO/IEC 10646 page. Collections ISO/IEC 15924 (script codes) Status This document is informative. Please send corrigenda and other comments to the authors using the online contact form. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 00 Basic Latin Latin 1 Supplement 01 Latin Extended-A Latin Extended-B 02 Latin Extended-B IPA Extensions Spacing Modifiers 03 Combining Diacritics Greek 04 Cyrillic 05 Cyrillic Sup. Armenian Hebrew 06 Arabic 07 Syriac ¿N'ko? Thaana (Avestan) 08 (Phoenician) (Aramaic) (Pahlavi) (Tifinagh) ¿Samaritan? ¿Mandaic? 09 Devanagari Bengali 0A Gurmukhi Gujarati 0B Oriya Tamil 0C Telugu Kannada 0D Malayalam Sinhala 0E Thai Lao 0F Tibetan 10 Myanmar Georgian 11 Hangul Jamo 12 Ethiopic 13 Ethiopic (Eth.Ext.) Cherokee 14 Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics 15 Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics 16 Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ogham Runic 17 Tagalog Hanunóo Buhid Tagbanwa Khmer 18 Mongolian (Cham) 19 (Kirat) (Tai Le) ¿Việt Thái? ??? ??? 1A (New Tai Lü (New X.Sh.B. -
Machine Learning Based Braille Transliteration of Odia Language Vinod Jha, K
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-5, March 2020 Machine Learning Based Braille Transliteration of Odia Language Vinod Jha, K. Parvathi reads the letters from the text file and converts each letter into Abstract: Braille transliteration of natural languages is Braille using Unicode mapping to Braille code. The Braille required for providing a better opportunity of learning and codes are mapped to corresponding Braille cells and then the creating opportunities of ceceity people. It allows a bigger Braille cells are organized into a standard Braille sheet. diaspora of non-blind teachers to have written communication However there is still no method which can be used to make with blind people. The present paper proposes a method of Braille transliteration of Handwritten and printed Odia characters the conversion of printed sheets into Odia Braille or automatically into Braille. The current work proposes a method of handwritten sheets into Odia Braille. This task has become Braille transliteration of Handwritten Odia text with industry physically realizable with considerably good accuracy applicable accuracy. The method first preprocesses the text and because of the design of high accuracy Optical character then segments it into characters and then uses an SVM classifier recognizer (OCR) for Odia language. The present paper trained on HOG features of Odia handwritten characters to proposes a method to automatically convert handwritten predict characters and maps the predicted printable character to characters into Braille, which can then further be used to its corresponding Braille with a very good accuracy. The method can further be used with text to speech engines to help the blind convert handwritten texts and printed texts into Braille. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Issued by the Unicode Consor- Tium and Published by Addison-Wesley
The Unicode Standard Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium ADDISON–WESLEY An Imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts · Harlow, England · Menlo Park, California Berkeley, California · Don Mills, Ontario · Sydney Bonn · Amsterdam · Tokyo · Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. If these files have been purchased on computer-readable media, the sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within ninety days of receipt. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. ISBN 0-201-61633-5 Copyright © 1991-2000 by Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or Unicode, Inc.