Otto Wels – Mut Und Verpflichtung 23
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Analysing Otto Wels' Speech
Susanne Staschen-Dielmann INTERMEDIATE RANGE I: ANALYSING OTTO WELS’ SPEECH – SOURCE AND TASKS 1 Otto Wels (SPD) on the Enabling Act addressing the Annotations: Reichstag in the Kroll Opera House, 23rd March 1933 1 Meine Damen und Herren! (...) Freiheit und Leben kann man uns nehmen, die Ehre nicht. freedom and life, honour, (Lebhafter Beifall bei den Sozialdemokraten) 5 Nach den Verfolgungen, die die Sozialdemokratische Partei in der persecutions letzten Zeit erfahren hat, wird billigerweise niemand von ihr justly verlangen oder erwarten können, dass sie für das hier eingebrachte introduced Enabling Act Ermächtigungsgesetz stimmt. (...) 10 Noch niemals, seit es einen Deutschen Reichstag gibt, ist die Kontrolle der öffentlichen Angelegenheiten durch die gewählten public affairs Vertreter des Volkes in solchem Maße ausgeschaltet worden, wie eliminated es jetzt geschieht, (Sehr wahr! Bei den Sozialdemokraten) 15 und wie es durch das neue Ermächtigungsgesetz noch mehr geschehen soll. Eine solche Allmacht der Regierung muss sich um omnipotence so schwerer auswirken, als auch die Presse jeder Bewegungsfreiheit entbehrt. room for manoeuvre 20 (...) Wir sehen die machtpolitische Tatsache Ihrer augenblicklichen Herrschaft. Aber auch das Rechtsbewusstsein sense of right and wrong des Volkes ist eine politische Macht, und wir werden nicht aufhören, an dieses Rechtsbewusstsein zu appellieren. 25 Die Verfassung von Weimar ist keine sozialistische Verfassung. Aber wir stehen zu den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates, der state under the rule of law, Gleichberechtigung, des sozialen Rechtes, die in ihr festgelegt equal rights sind. Wir deutschen Sozialdemokraten bekennen uns in dieser admit ourselves to geschichtlichen Stunde feierlich zu den Grundsätzen der 30 Menschlichkeit und der Gerechtigkeit, der Freiheit und des humanity, justice, Sozialismus. -
When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
Philipp-Scheidemann-Sammlung Hrsg. U. Kommentiert V. Christian
Philipp-Scheidemann-Sammlung hrsg. u. kommentiert v. Christian Gellinek I. Band. Schriften von Kassel nach Kopenhagen Münster, 2010 I. Band Abstract Dieser Eingangsband sucht den Zugang zu Philipp Scheidemanns Gesammelten Werken in der internationalen Solidarität, die von 1913-1919 zwischen den beiden sozialdemokratischen Parteien in Berlin und Kopenhagen herrschte. Europas erste sozialdemokratische Ministerpräsidenten, Philipp Scheidemann (1865-1939) und Thorvald Stauning (1873-1942), bemühten sich schon 1917, lange vor ihren Ernennungen in die höchsten Landesämter, um den europäischen Frieden. Einige unbekannte oder vergessene Dokumente aus der Stauning- Sammlung der Arbejderbevægelse Bibliotek bilden in Text, Abbildung und Karikatur eine Klammer zu Scheidemanns späterer Exilzeit 1934-39 in Kopenhagen, während derer er heimlich Ergänzungsmemoiren schrieb (vgl. III. Band) und Stauning ihn hinter den Szenen vor Gefahren seitens der Gestapo im Exil schützte. Abstract This study seeks to demonstrate an access to Scheidemanns collected works from the point of view of international solidarity between Denmark’s and Germany’s social democratic parties during 1913 to 1919, and between their two rising leaders, Philipp Scheidemann (1865-1939) and Thorvald Stauning (1873-1942). Recently, documents concerning peace initiatives in 1917/18 came to light in the Stauning Collection of the Kopenhagen Arbejderbevægelse Bibliotek. Such texts, pictures and caricatures throw new light on Stauning clandestinely protecting his friend Scheidemann’s special expatriate status as an anonymous writer in Kopenhagen (see Third Volume below) during his exile, which lasted from 1934 until his death in November, 1939. Inhaltsverzeichnis Band I I. Inhaltsverzeichnis aller vier Bände der Onlineausgabe 4 S. II. Einleitender Aufsatz „Unbekannt Gebliebenes aus Kopenhagen zu Scheidemann und Stauning“ 51 S. -
German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919
German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919 Lucia Juliette Linares Darwin College Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2019 PREFACE I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any other work that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the Faculty of History. All translations are my own unless specified in the text. i ABSTRACT German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919 Lucia Juliette Linares The First World War confronted German politicians with a range of unprecedented, vital questions in the spheres of domestic as well as foreign policy. As the fortunes of war shifted, so did borders, populations and national allegiances. In a period of acute and almost constant political crisis, the German government faced issues concerning citizenship, minority rights, religious identity, nationhood and statehood. My dissertation analyses these issues through the prism of the so-called 'Jewish Question'. -
German Jews in the United States: a Guide to Archival Collections
GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE,WASHINGTON,DC REFERENCE GUIDE 24 GERMAN JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES: AGUIDE TO ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Contents INTRODUCTION &ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 ABOUT THE EDITOR 6 ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS (arranged alphabetically by state and then city) ALABAMA Montgomery 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History ................................ 7 ARIZONA Phoenix 2. Arizona Jewish Historical Society ........................................................ 8 ARKANSAS Little Rock 3. Arkansas History Commission and State Archives .......................... 9 CALIFORNIA Berkeley 4. University of California, Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Archives .................................................................................................. 10 5. Judah L. Mages Museum: Western Jewish History Center ........... 14 Beverly Hills 6. Acad. of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Margaret Herrick Library, Special Coll. ............................................................................ 16 Davis 7. University of California at Davis: Shields Library, Special Collections and Archives ..................................................................... 16 Long Beach 8. California State Library, Long Beach: Special Collections ............. 17 Los Angeles 9. John F. Kennedy Memorial Library: Special Collections ...............18 10. UCLA Film and Television Archive .................................................. 18 11. USC: Doheny Memorial Library, Lion Feuchtwanger Archive ................................................................................................... -
The Germans: "An Antisemitic People” the Press Campaign After 9 November 1938 Herbert Obenhaus
The Germans: "An Antisemitic People” The Press Campaign After 9 November 1938 Herbert Obenhaus The pogrom of 9-10 November 1938 gave rise to a variety of tactical and strategic considerations by the German government and National Socialist party offices. The discussions that took place in the Ministry of Propaganda - which in some respects played a pivotal role in the events, due largely to its minister, Josef Goebbels - were of particular significance. On the one hand, the ministry was obliged to document the "wrath of the people" following the assassination of Ernst vom Rath; on the other hand, it was also responsible for manipulating the population by influencing the press and molding opinion. Concerning the events themselves, the main issue was what kind of picture the press was conveying to both a national and an international readership. In the ministry, this prompted several questions: Could it be satisfied with the reactions of the population to vom Rath's murder? What explanation could be given for the people's obvious distance to the events surrounding 9 November? Should the press make greater efforts to influence the opinions prevalent among the population? Should special strategies for the press be developed and pursued after 9 November 1938? Moreover, since the pogrom proved to be a turning point in the regime's policies towards German Jews and marked the beginning of a qualitative change, how should the press react to these changes ? Press activity was also conducted on a second level, that of the NSDAP, which had its own press service, the Nationalsozialistische Partei- Korrespondenz (NSK).1 As was the case with Goebbels' ministry, the 1 It was published in 1938 with the publisher's information, "Commissioned by Wilhelm Weiss responsible for the reports from the Reichspressestelle: Dr. -
Ermächtigungsgesetze Von 1914 Bis 1933 Und Die SPD Ausarbeitung
Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Ermächtigungsgesetze von 1914 bis 1933 und die SPD © 2016 Deutscher Bundestag WD 1 - 3000 - 015/14 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 2 WD 1 - 3000 - 015/14 Ermächtigungsgesetze von 1914 bis 1933 und die SPD Verfasser/in: Aktenzeichen: WD 1 - 3000 - 015/14 Abschluss der Arbeit: 05.03.2014 Fachbereich: WD 1: Geschichte, Zeitgeschichte und Politik Telefon: Ausarbeitungen und andere Informationsangebote der Wissenschaftlichen Dienste geben nicht die Auffassung des Deutschen Bundestages, eines seiner Organe oder der Bundestagsverwaltung wieder. Vielmehr liegen sie in der fachlichen Verantwortung der Verfasserinnen und Verfasser sowie der Fachbereichsleitung. Der Deutsche Bundestag behält sich die Rechte der Veröffentlichung und Verbreitung vor. Beides bedarf der Zustimmung der Leitung der Abteilung W, Platz der Republik 1, 11011 Berlin. Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 3 WD 1 - 3000 - 015/14 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 4 2. Verwendung des Begriffs „Ermächtigungsgesetz“ in Wissenschaft und Politik 5 3. Chronologie der Ermächtigungsgesetze 1914-1933 8 3.1. Ermächtigungsgesetz im Kaiserreich 8 3.2. Ermächtigungsgesetze der Weimarer Nationalversammlung 8 3.3. Ermächtigungsgesetze der Weimarer Republik 9 3.4. Ermächtigungsgesetz im nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Reich 12 4. Die Haltung der SPD zu den Ermächtigungsgesetzen 13 5. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 15 5.1. Quellen 15 5.2. Literatur 15 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Ausarbeitung Seite 4 WD 1 - 3000 - 015/14 1. Einleitung -
1 Stephanie Zibell: Vor 80 Jahren: Als Die Hakenkreuzflagge Über
Stephanie Zibell: Vor 80 Jahren: Als die Hakenkreuzflagge über Darmstadt wehte. Kollegiengebäude und Landesverwaltung zwischen Machtergreifung und demokratischem Neubeginn. Vortrag aus Anlass der Gedenkveranstaltung zum 80. Jahrestag der „Machtergreifung“ durch die Nationalsozialisten. Einleitung Als mich Herr Regierungspräsident Baron im vergangenen Jahr ansprach und mich bat, am heutigen Tag einen Vortrag zu halten, habe ich dem Ansinnen insofern gerne entsprochen, als ich mich in meiner Dissertation mit dem in Darmstadt amtierenden hessischen Reichsstatthalter und Gauleiter Jakob Sprenger beschäftigt habe, von dem wir heute noch hören werden, und in meiner Habilitationsschrift mit Ludwig Bergsträsser, der hier in Darmstadt zwischen 1945 und 1948 als erster Regierungspräsident amtiert hat. Ihm, Ludwig Bergsträsser, ist heute eine ganz besondere Ehrung zuteil geworden, über die ich mich persönlich sehr freue: Der bisherige Sitzungssaal Süd ist in Ludwig-Bergsträsser-Saal umbenannt worden. Ich habe davon auch meinem Doktorvater, Prof. Dr. Hans Buchheim, berichtet, der Ludwig Bergsträsser noch persönlich gekannt hat und dafür verantwortlich zeichnet, dass ich mich so intensiv mit Bergsträsser beschäftigt habe. Auch Herr Buchheim, der heute hier anwesend ist, zeigte sich sehr erfreut. Doch wie der Titel meines Vortrags und der einleitende Hinweis auf den Nationalsozialisten Jakob Sprenger bereits andeutet: Es wird in der nächsten Stunde nicht nur Erfreuliches zu hören sein, sondern auch Tragisches und Betrübliches. Ich werde im Folgenden von den Ereignissen berichten, die die nationalsozialistische „Machtübernahme“ am 30. Januar 1933 in Darmstadt, damals Hauptstadt des Volksstaats Hessen, und in Wiesbaden, dem Sitz des Regierungspräsidiums des Regierungsbezirks Wiesbaden der preußischen Provinz Hessen-Nassau, nach sich zog. Das preußische Wiesbaden erwähne ich, weil es vor 1945 im Volksstaat Hessen kein Regierungspräsidium gab. -
Review Article Did Weimar Fail?*
Review Article Did Weimar Fail?* Peter Fritzsche University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign What is Weimar without the Republic? Not much, it seems, since for most German historians the plot that holds the story together has been fragile democracy and its demise. "Weimar" is, as numerous subtitles inform us, the "history of the first Ger- man Democracy," the site where democracy surrendered or failed.' The drama of twentieth-century Germany has largely turned on the failure of the Weimar Repub- lic. All the grand scholarly investments in the study of big-business relations, small- town clubs, East Elbian provinces, and a staggering variety of interest groups and political parties have been undertaken to explain more successfully the frailties of the Republic. This focus has been meritorious since it has guided political self- understandings in postwar Germany and indicated possible limits to the legitimacy of modem democracies generally. Even the notable political guru Kevin Phillips has invoked Weimar to warn his Republican clients not to forget "Middle Ameri~a."~ But preoccupation with the fate of the Republic has been so single-minded that it * I would like to thank Fred Jaher, Hany Liebersohn, Glenn Penny, and Joe Perry for their helpful readings of this article. The following books are under review: Frank Bajohr, Werner Johe, and Uwe Lohalm, eds., Zivilisation und Barbarei: Die widerspriichliche Potentiale der Moderne (Hamburg, 1991); Shelley Baranowski, The Sanctity of Rural Life: Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia -
Why the SPD Exiles in Scandinavia Failed to Persuade the Post-1945 SPD to Adopt the Ideas and Ideals of the Scandinavian Social Democrats
Why the SPD exiles in Scandinavia failed to persuade the post-1945 SPD to adopt the ideas and ideals of the Scandinavian Social Democrats. The SPD exiles and the Scandinavian Social Democrats in the period 1933-1956. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by AMI VATURY Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 30 of August 2004 Beer-Sheva Why the SPD exiles in Scandinavia failed to persuade the post-1945 SPD to adopt the ideas and ideals of the Scandinavian Social Democrats. The SPD exiles and the Scandinavian Social Democrats in the period 1933-1956. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by AMI VATURY Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Approved by the advisor Approved by the Dean of the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies 30 of August 2004 Beer-Sheva This work was carried out under the Supervision of Professor Frank Stern In the Department of History Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Table of Content Introduction Chapter A: The aims of the research, the existing scholarship in this area, 1 the nature of the sources and the structure of the dissertation. Chapter B: The development of SPD ‘pragmatism’ and Swedish Social 7 Democratic ‘reformism’ up to 1914. Chapter C: The development of the Swedish Social Democrats ‘Functional 19 Socialism’ from 1914 to 1956, and main similarities with the Danish and Norwegian Social Democratic parties. Part 1- Good Cooperation but only Limited Influence (The SPD Exiles and the Scandinavian Social Democrats up to 1940) Chapter 1.1: SPD ‘party ideology’ from 1920 to 1933 compared to the ‘party 40 Ideology’ of the Scandinavian Social Democrats; the role played by the most senior SPD exiles in Scandinavia (Fritz Tarnow and Kurt Heinig) during this period and their views regarding the ‘Weimar SPD party ideology’. -
Staudinger, Hans; Papers Ger087
Staudinger, Hans; Papers ger087 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on March 10, 2021. M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections & Archives Staudinger, Hans; Papers ger087 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical Sketch ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Arrangement of the Collection .................................................................................................................... 13 Administrative Information .......................................................................................................................... 13 Controlled Access Headings ........................................................................................................................ 14 Collection Inventory ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Biographical materials ............................................................................................................................... 15 Correspondence ......................................................................................................................................... -
SECRET Approved by Tho Prosecu- Tion Review Board Resenrch Nnd
SECRET Appr oved by tho Prosecu - tion Review Boa r d OFFICE OF STR ~ T EGIC SERVICES Re senrch nnd Ana lysi s Branch . .' NA. ZI PLANS FOR DOMINi.TING GEFU,1,'..NY J.. ND EUROPE DO....MESTIC CRIMES DRAFT FOR THE WAR CRIIAES STAFF Washingt on 13 August; 1945 This document contains information affectinG the national defense of t he Un i ted St.... ates vri>ehin the meani ng of the Espionage ..\ ct , 50 USC 31 and 32 , a s em ondod. Its t ransmi ssi on or tho r evelation of its cont ent s in any manner to an unauthorized person in prohibited by l aw. 13 Copy No• SECRET . (76835) I SECRET INTRODUCTION The followinS paper consists of two parts . Part I dis cusses the criminal responsibility of the Nazis for their viola tions of Domestic German law . Part II concerns the violations themselves -- the suppression of labor organizations and politi cal parties , the muzzling of the press , the illegal passage of enabling legislation, etc . The principal problem which the Pa r t I confronts and attempts to solv~ is the expected plea by the Nazi Defense that the acts of which the prisoners are accused were in fact author ized by the laws of the Third Reich. While it would be possible to demonstrate that the Nazi regime itself was not the legal successor to the We i mar -Repubiic , the Nazis could fall back upon the claim that as a frankly revolutionary government its constitutionality rested on its long and uncontested exercise 0f power .