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TheInternal Emigration: Messagesfrom In requirements for fulfillmentof the the partial Second Reader:Balázs Professor Trencsényi Supervisor: Professor Central European University DepartmentHistory of 1990s in Yugoslavia1990s in Stana the C Submitted to

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BBS corresponds with the with corresponds BBS CEU eTD Collection dedicated thesisis task.This and supportinfulfilling this least not but last The conferences, andgivingall necessary for ontechnical me information issues. Communications Modem of for System founder Ristanovic, Dejan Mr. to grateful very am I subject. compelling this with deal to me encouraging for Trencsényi Balázs Professor and Rév István Professor thank to like would I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -

I extend my gratitude to my dearest Jovana and Aleksandar for their love love their for Aleksandar and Jovana dearest my to gratitude my extend I

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ess to Sezam BBS Sezam to ess CEU eTD Collection Bibliography ConclusionThe War The areWho We and iswho theEnemy? Histor Theoretical considerations Introduction Table contentsof

On individual rightsand pacifism On morale and moral ConscriptionThe fallingThe apart processThe of mobilization movesFast and instantnationalism Historical images roleThe theof intellectuals ical revisionism and thebreak of the communism

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would imagine would not y CEU eTD Collection p. 20 1999, MichiganPress, 2 1993. Macmillan, history. Athrough journey Balkanghosts: D. Robert Kaplan, 1992, Press, Westview Yugoslavia. religion and in 1 media propaganda andidentification. national between patterns and connections precise the on elaboration much without role, crucial a given control state the process, this In actions. bestial and grotesque inhuman, these explicitly, or tacitly allowed, which sphere, public the of transformation of process the of consideration insufficient from suffers literature scholarly The ‘grotesque ‘bestial’, as described often are that actions for blamed be can who exactly of guilt, of that is with dealt be to problem basic the that assumption the by structured hete ethno of creation the to way gave unity and brotherhood of ideology socialist which under circumstances constitutional and structures literature. scholarly recent in by control abandoned been have under fortunately arguments These oppression. of antagonisms methods other and censorship nationalistic kept had Communists the and Tito that claims s Yugoslavia, in characters national incompatible genuinely the of explanations stereotypical employed attempts first The Yugoslavia. former the of breakup the accompanied Numero Introduction

Hayden, Robert M. Blueprints for a house divided: the constitutional logic of the Yugoslav the Yugoslav of logic theconstitutional divided: house a for Blueprints M. Robert Hayden, P. Ramet,of Sabrina those are in the bibliography whichappear frequently Works oeeu. s oet Ha Robert As rogeneous. s coas ae eety re t epan h raos o te rtl ofit that conflicts brutal the for reasons the explain to tried recently have scholars us

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CEU eTD Collection p. 288 1989) 4 society. of interests political 3 the of enforcement the for relevance no of and unprotected this criticized Adam, counter and sub of creation 7) subjects explosive politically on publish to beginning authors 6) republics, Yugoslav the in oligarchies ma journalists, for autonomy of sphere enlarged an 5) repression party whose and state of committees forms various against of systematically protest establishment to was purpose 4) party communist the of role leading the of th priority to opposed as rights human of priority the including Constitution, the in society civil modern a of elements of institutionalization the demanding and party and the in movements social new the to ways many in similar movements, and initiatives group 2) subjects taboo discuss to tendency increasing workers the 1) following: the are which phenomena, social of gradually theperiod strengthened in was discourse public of Freedom thought. of freedom and choice democratic of possibility the to habituation citizens’ of period a was Yugoslavia in the1980`s of beginning the time, same the At Communists, of openedofficialfor thestage the republican League the of and republics of autonomy monopoly increasing in resulted crisis, economic deepening the a by accompanied of devolution territorial when reforms, early the from traced be could disintegration of process The

Križan, Mojmir, On Civil Society and Socialism in Yugoslavia, in Yugoslavia, Socialism and Civil Society On Mojmir, Križan, Laslo. Sekelj, west 3) citizens` initiatives addressing a large number of petitions to high bodies of state state of bodies high to petitions of number large a addressing initiatives citizens` 3) west

Yugoslavia: The process of disintegration of process The Yugoslavia:

state of the public sphere as early as 1988, as it remained informal, legally informal, remained it as 1988, as early as sphere public the of state

- the late eighties. It byeighties. accompanied several latewas important the cultures. nationalistic agendas.nationalistic . Vol. 76. Columbia University Press, 1993. ColumbiaPress, Vol. 76. . University 2 4

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decency in communication was required from all users. It is not possible possible not Itis users. all from requiredwascommunication decencyin

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. Vol. 195. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993 Oxford: Blackwell, 195. Vol. .

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23 There were other groups of dissident intellectuals dissident of groups other were There 17

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on the political ground. political the on

(1995)., p. (1995)., 22 , CEU eTD Collection 27 McGill nationalism. 26 25 Univer CentralEuropean 24 T history. in periods certain revising for necessity the emphasizing eighties, the of middle the from media the in omnipresent became intellectuals dissident distinguished of number A nationalism. int Serbian by public the to offered illusion deceitful the was That communism. the from rescuers or saviors, as themselves acclaimed place, first the in they, that mentioning worth is it agenda, intellectual`s of description precise very book her of very title the in intellectuals Serbian of r human of violation and bureaucr rigid regime its and communist Yugoslav the of critics asreputation their provenance. Serbian of dissidents Yugoslav pol Serbian Dragovi and Miller Both Communist Party tobeseenanti leaders as patriotic historical on based na discourse attractive their in partly lies reason The regime. the of interest the and rhetoric nationalistic between balance to ability and skills political significant re most the be to proved Sciences, and Arts

Dragović Soso, Ibid Soso, Dragović Miller, p.123 Ibid, Pavković, Nick. Miller, rrative, in mystification of their activities and partly in the unwillingness of the Serbian Serbian the of unwillingness the in partly and activities their of mystification in rrative, Ibid; Ibid; tcl n pbi shr cud e on peiey n h cniuu atn o the of acting continuous the in precisely found be could sphere public and itical Dragović

The The - N Queen's Press Queen's onconformists: culture, politics, and nationalism in a Serbian intellectual circle, 1944 circle, intellectual Serbian a in nationalism and politics, culture, onconformists:

- sity Press, 2007; Pavković 2007; Press, sity Soso, Jasna. Saviours of the nation: Serbia' nation: the of Saviours Jasna. Soso, ights and free speech. Dragovi speech. free and ights ć

oo ru ta te ulu o te atr ainlsi tr i the in turn nationalistic latter the of nucleus the that argue Soso - MQUP, 2002. MQUP,

, Ibid , - ellectual elite, as a prelude to the outburst of the open the of outburst the to prelude a as elite, ellectual intellectual. 26 sistant and resilient. and sistant

, p. 123 , 18 The credence they enjoyed was precisely due to due precisely was enjoyed they credence The

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, Forum, , telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed

will be consideredaswill nationalhero,as nationalist.” instead primitive , Civilization, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Civilization, , 29

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CEU eTD Collection 32 mass rallies, so em immediately was turmoil nationalistic of dynamism with monotony” “pacified Trading injustices. historical redressing was 1984 from period the in authorities political for concern major the economy, troubled and unemployment as req which issues concrete were there Although history. of images new the with broken easily was which surface fragile and thin a just be to proved monotony pacified facts historical the in less much lies images historical the of importance This disintegration. the before period the in importance particular had history of images society, Yugoslav of context the In to make myths lost again. Histo live used that process same the to according screen, the on force in resurrection its celebrates society level quotidian the on monotony a on coexistence peaceful dubbed is in which neutralization, immense themes historical of invading sort this by lives our of from chased stake historical “the phenomenon that argues he cinema, contemporary the Analyzing society. postmodern a in work, major his In followed. were which excitements the for enough prepared was however, Nobody, petrified societ and life of aspect every about rhetoric official whole The general. in population urban younger among atmosphere the describes content, their of emptied ago long

Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, p.43 Simulation, Simulacra and Baudrillard, Jean than in the manner in which it has subsequently been interpreted. Peaceful coexistence and coexistence Peaceful interpreted. been subsequently has it which in manner the in than Simulacra and simulation and Simulacra that hardly anyone that hardly - called “meetings ofTruth” called “meetings

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CEU eTD Collection self national Kosovo, of battle the ofmyth of elementsemphasizing by present, and past between separation historical the eliminating namely ideology, nationalist The Kosovo. of battle conte of attributes the all contained the 1989, in battle the of anniversary 600 of of celebration myth the with begin past national Serbian of Mystifications collapsing of process however, Here, enough. regimecommunist e respected and recognized not was which victim as more, even and victim, a as it represent to necessary is it others, of nation the protect come past modern early and medieval the Here mystical. and precious something as presented be should prote to order In illusion. the support to order in other each needed they that argue would I and interwoven, were discourse of layers two These democratic. from far and repressive extent, certain the to indeed, was which regime, fact true the revealing was one other The discourse. the of level one was period modern early or ages middle from events the to related past, romanticized Serbian therefore were discourse public the through offered images Historical replaced shouldberestored, withtheSerbdom ideaand preserved protected. that and neglected were demands these however, Soon, conditions. work and life poor against protest one than Ei more people. by million attended and Belgrade in held was meeting huge 1988 November the At ther as active participants or passive observers, citizen’s first impulse was to to was impulse first citizen’s observers, passive or participants active as ther stablished stablished the ground for nationalistic attributes imputing tothesubject. t oehn a asrc a iett o nto, t firstly it nation, of identity as abstract as something ct

to play, colored with symbols and myths. In order to to order In myths. and symbols with colored play, to 23

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CEU eTD Collection 257. 35 34 ofT Journal The history: Rethinking present, to anniversary 33 both printed and electronic. media, Serbian in exploited increasingly became regime then the of liberty political insufficient European other of language mythsnational of employment particular However, well. political as countries the in messages similar find could One Yugoslavia. former of territory the on war and crisis of times at Balkan, for characteristic exclusively all at not is age, modern the of myths similar and nationalistic the of particularly mythology, Political Baudrillard`shistorya ofbreaking premise tool as of society. pacified inpostmodern monotony c the aroused and vivacity, of spirituality experience an offered resonance, sacred and mythical had that events historical pat secret. ultimate an as presented only be couldtopos national substantial national of category roots, national of discovery are elements These performed. successfully be to order in elements certain have to has modern concept, genuinely as state, the and nation of Fusion experienced. practically be could it that created be to has concept political as nation imagined argues, Bielefeld Ulrich As singleremains Serb there.” a not if even land, Serbian remain will Kosovo that Kosovo in relics sacred many so and blood depe fact this that and 600 the “On medievalbe convenient past,proved political tospeeches: occasion for kingdom. heavenly and Ulrich Bielefeld, Aliens UlrichBielefeld, ofMatija Speech Nationalist Mobilisation (2002), Bieber Florian

anniversary of the battle of Kosovo, we have to announce that Kosovo is Serbian Serbian is Kosovo that announce to have we Kosovo, of battle the of anniversary

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– nds on neither Albanian neither on nds

ć friends or enem friendsor , cited in Bieber, Ibid, p.95 Ibid, in Bieber, cited , 33 The event which supposed to b to supposed which event The 34

letv eoin t te ulc pee i acrac with accordance in sphere, public the to emotions ollective ies, (from Serbian translation), Bibli translation), Serbian (from ies,

and stories of Serb suffering: The Kosovo Myth from 600th fromMyth 600th Kosovo suffering: The ofSerb stories and

birth rate birth 24

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nor Serbian mortality. There is so much so is There mortality. Serbian nor e romanticized reference to the Serbian the to reference romanticized e o, n smwa vge da that idea vague somewhat and hos, oteka XX vek, Beograd 1998, p. 1998, Beograd vek, XX oteka in the context of criticizingof context the in

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CEU eTD Collection p.125 2002., PUBLISHERS, 36 anti As army. fascist anti Serbian second a as Chetniks Serbian the of rehabilitation the for tool a into it turned board eighties, the of end the at students; University Kragujevac the of magazine realistic magazine is example Interesting bloodier. and past recent As WWII. the from episodes unknown the out pull to started journalists, of support strong the with historians, The carpet,for and thesakeof“brotherhood unity”. the under swept simply were which Yugoslavia, in WWII of history from episodes neglected purposelofforbidden lot a therewere that was argument main The injustices. allegedhistorical of demonstration into out turned practically it because controversial particularly be to proved at benign mystification nevertheless seemed of dose high with past medieval Serbian the to references romanticized While sincethe samebureaucratic theinstitutional, matrix, apparatus notchange. did of symbol respectable but vague a and times the of sign a as ideological mean to come has spiritual that observe to lucidity great or long memory a need not does “one out, points he As discourse. media and political the in spirituality ove of aware become he how described Serbia, of symbolism political about politica new a of necessities of compliance Serbian of image national mythologized the sketched poets and writers intellectuals, Serbian Once Čolović, Ivan. The politics of symbol in Serbia: essays in political anthropology. C. HURST & CO. C.HURST anthropology. in political essays inSerbia: ofsymbol politics The Ivan. Čolović, at mda ok vr h rl i epotto tee mgs o pltcl upss in purposes, political for images these exploitation in role the over took media past, -

tensions in the country rose, the references to history became closer to the the to closer became history to references the rose, country the in tensions communist magazine, it became very popular among Serbian audience, and and audience, Serbian among popular becamevery it magazine, communist

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CEU eTD Collection 40 as secret pathetic as nation myth, was them to offered was what it, of Instead state. national firm and stable mean not does nation that realized they when moment very the at broken were nationalistic of distrust importance significant showed discussants of the identification, ideas vague and pathos national the to resilient much Pretty aversion among them. establishment new the with intellectuals the of lining The long. last not did confidence this democracy, and truth for warriors as dissidents, former of case in or, community academic of members as ether them perceived they as intellectuals, of socialist and battles partisan of stories romanticized of mixture a offering history, colored ideologically Mor science. official the from hidden episodes dark unrevealing of idea the liked they people, young educated oriented, critically mainly as Inevitably, discussions. Sezam from sources the in presented group audience b public, the to offered was what identify to possible is it Sezam, at discussants among correspondence and newspapers the from both examples the From Croatia, damagedWWII, duringwere renewed. never this Davidov, to According memory. historical the form crime genocide the suppress to inclined Croatia, in especially WWII, the after “Srpske krajine”, krajine”, “Srpske - Marxist demagogy. Although they showed certain respect and confidence in th confidenceandin certain demagogy.respect showed Marxist theyAlthough Politika

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CEU eTD Collection 42 community, their voice nevertheless, was loud. very th in dominant not were rhetoric. peopleThese patriotic the boughtwho those stancewere their articulated firmly who First granted. for it took obviously others discourse, media dominant Wher information. towards attitude differenttheir in was them between differentiation crucial Theinterests. national Serbian for advocates be to pretended who those and discussants the of majority oriented critically the discou and communications these of framework analytic Thus, another is but, this topic. that thesis the challenges nationalis were who those to and minded, open and oriented critically liberal, were who those between divided were sharply participants forums political these In milieu. cultural and intellectual similar relatively as conformists, the means Sezam no by in were discussions Participants arms. up take to opportunity as possibility a found however, Others, this use Lets information. these have to opportunity privilege the have Sezam at People rarity. real information accurate days, following the In threats. and insults with Sezam from away Gbiocic pseud, July 4 pseud, Gbiocic ! 42

th ,1991, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezam on accessed SezamBBS, ,1991,

urban environment and education necessarily forms ‘civic’ identities forms necessarily education and environment urban tic oriented and conservative. The latter, although underrepresented, underrepresented, although latter, The conservative. and oriented tic eas the majority of people were able to detach themselves from the the from themselves detach to able were people of majority the eas

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1992, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed SezamBBS, 1992,

ace as long as the participants observe the rules. rules. Withinthe observe theparticipants the as long as ace ed relict of a nationalistic discourse created at real time. time. real at created discourse nationalistic a of relict ed 31

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, p.13 , 32

46 For the majority Forthe of Yugoslavs

Firstly, it is necessary to to necessary is it Firstly, institutions, and he and institutions, - up of of up CEU eTD Collection p.145 1995, 48 p.34 2011, Belgrade, procese, tranzicione 47 nece The manipulation. every of prerequisite the is obscurity accidentalrule.not was his This of end the to unclearremains socialist allegedand democratto prot agenda political his in unclear concepts the of mixture peculiar the by possible was It power. their consolidate to act rapidly Serb of party Socialist the “ economy. market and institutions democratic of complexities the explain and language political resour little takes familiar, on relies simple, is message The the organize to resources and advantage. particular a has “nationalism campaign, these Woodward, time in to campaign. According limited had leaders vot and The parties program. political economic information; and political clear without them of many parties, political of proliferation a was There continue. to it wanted most that fact the despite federation, of elections the In public gain quickly support. to way safest the as demagogy, populist in investing constantly was he parallel, In Serbia. of Party Socialist the one, new a Yugoslaviaof Partycreated andCommunist took simply he Communists, the of League the of leader a as entrenched already As 1990. in Yugoslavia in system party one monolith the abolishing management. media with concerned particularly was personally 48 Woodward, Susan L. Susan Woodward, Đorđe, Ivan, Odavić Boljević Even so, the most nationalistic parties did not win large majorities of the vote. Milosevic and Milosevic vote. the of majorities large win not did parties nationalistic most the so, Even ection of Serbs, but also the protection ofprotection the also Yugoslavia.but Serbs, of ection communist from rushingtrajectory His

1990, citizens of various republics had no chance to vote for maintaining the the maintaining for vote to chance no had republics various of citizens 1990, Balkan tragedy: tragedy: Balkan

Reci i nedela: Pozivan nedela: Reci i ia won 47 per cent of eligible voters. Once elected, he continued to continued he elected, Once voters. eligible of cent per 47 won ia

Chaos and dissolution after the Cold War Cold the after and dissolution Chaos

–

ouim n dsusd ainls o te rtx of pretext the on nationalism disguised and populism je ili podsticanje nazloč ratne ili podsticanje je 33

over the infrastructure of the former former the of infrastructure the over ces, does not have to develop a new new a develop to have not does ces, ssity for rapid acting determined to determined acting rapid for ssity 47

The next huge challenge was challenge huge next The . Brookings Institution Press, Press, Institution Brookings . ine u Srbiji, u Srbiji, ine Centar za Centarza r lacked ers –

CEU eTD Collection 49 mobilizing powerangroup. of ethnically defined auto of mode audience o the its within but border, republic’s the of side other the on audience the not was war media tightly singlerepubl a spacewithin media restrictedandcontrolled This censored. was them within and territories) other from publishing and broadcast to access controlling (by reduced greatly was republic between information of exchange and inwhic early1990s, and 1980s during late existed the that discursiveexclusive space and divided closed, the was effective and possible process this made that condition main The concept)and 3 WE instant (the entity one are republic other in Serbs and proper Serbia in Serbs that 2) history) the timeto assurehas identity toregain Serbia comenational that citizens 1) (the for instant their Serbi in opinion public influenced gradually which steps, three through went process opinion. whole The public reshape quickly to best their did media the leadership, political new the to loyal staff, new the with Filled nationalism. instant was media, by supported strongly apparatus, ideological and acting political instant this of result The the cognitive of the frame citizens. of reshaping the and audiences the influence the of mechanism the both extent great the

Čolović, Ivan. Čolović, wn, closed space. space. closed wn, Bordel ) that Serbs outside theSerbia outside ) that are Enemy). proper Serbs endangered (the instant -

communicat

ratnika: folklor, politikai rat politikai folklor, ratnika:

o wt is ot udmna rl t fse te oeie and cohesive the foster to role fundamental most its with ion Ivan

Č olovi ć

was first to point that the media war was primarily a primarily was war media the that point to first was . Vol. 78. Čigoja štampa, 2000, p.157 2000, štampa, Čigoja Vol. 78. 34 49

a. These steps were conducted in order order in conducted were steps These a. ic indicates that the main targetmain the the of that indicates ic

h the inflow h the

the the CEU eTD Collection p. Ibid, , Bauman 50 efficient “the with Moreover, existence. of mode their are identity collective of assertion of erasure quite units, is of tribe down The leveling the Serbia. of in because sphere term public convenient the in frame cognitive the on concept We the of formation the of case the precisely is This crowd. psychological a of characteristic the assume even national great a like emotions, violent certain of influence the under moments, certain at may individuals separate of number the when gathering, psychological rather was It tribes. th crowds, classic of case the Baumanand assertsthat,unlike dissemble. assemble able toquickly are structures local quasi neo Maffesoli. Michael and Bauman, Zygmunt by elaborated is era postmodern the of phenomenon a as society a in groups temporary of construction The nor permanent,solid mightfirst seem asit atthe neither were myths, political and tradition narratives, historical on based identity, national new of group fictitious equally an of creation the was about subtext was Ser endangered narratives historical these followed which refrain dangerous Especially consciousness public of part one compressed it that terms in force cohesive a was media in narratives Historical mobilization of process The Maffesoli, Michel. "Affectual Postmodernism and the Megapolis'." the Megapolis'." and Postmodernism "Affectual Michel. Maffesoli, - tribes in the context of postmodern nationalism. These neo These nationalism. postmodern of context the in tribes

into imagined community of Serbian people with those outside the Serbia proper.Serbia the outside those with people Serbian of community imagined into 141 bs outside Serbia. Therefore, Serbia. outside bs

e physical co physical e

- presence in a confined space is not required by the neo neo the by required not is space confined a in presence parallel with the process of building of process the with parallel 35 sight.

The Others The

50 Threshold IV Threshold

Both of them employ the term of the of term the employ them of Both

or - The Enemy The tribes or psychological crowds crowds psychological or tribes

1 (1988). p. 42; Zygmund42; p. 1 (1988).

differences, and militant militant and differences, . Constructions of a of Constructions . The

Wegroup t, , CEU eTD Collection 51 your of your misdeeds of generation previous the the that of realize to you because want just precisely revenge, no seek %, I predecessors. 20 80%: is ratio this Today 50% 50%: of Worldstart Cro and Serbs between Warproportion the territories Croatian today's IIon “ write rationale: posts, this in his of patterns same discourse themedia. as were there in very the find could we discussants, inclined patriotic of statements wordy anything for capable not were content, media absorb uncritically to prone were who media people Therefore, the audience. by the to copied transmission simply are patterns these and discourse, of patterns mentioned above circumstance political of transformation fast the of purposes the re of process superficial and instant The . expedien copy for world even or national, f easy too all is it assumes, information form which visual themostly immediacy from of arising and communication, network illusion of One discussant, in attempt to explain why he constantly write t write constantly he why explain to attempt in discussant, One I just want you to understand and keep in mind that, according to the official list before the the before list official the to according that, mind in keep and understand to you want just I

Zygmunt Bauman, Ibid, p. 142 p. Ibid, Zygmunt Bauman, t ofsimultaneous reply locatedfrom action ateach inplaces of vastdistances other.“ - cat imitation which had the power to sustain 'crowds' of the enormous sizes, by the the by sizes, enormous the of 'crowds' sustain to power the had which imitation cat

- wide

–

in their notoriety, if not impact. The media transmitted patterns patterns transmitted media The impact. not if notoriety, their in

but to replicate these patterns of discourse. If we analyze we If discourse. of patterns these replicate to but or even small even or - establishing Serbian national identity, constructed for for constructed identity, national Serbian establishing 36

- scale, local and one one and local scale, he word Croats in the lowercase the in Croats word he s of that period, had in itself the itself in had period, that of s - off events to become become to events off ats was was ats 51

CEU eTD Collection 52 many are there grave. And one only the from dug sizes, all of bones of pile huge this see should Television National (Croatian HTV on broadcast not was it because course, of not, mas the form bones the of exhumation the of broadcast the watch danger. the opening to and camp, concentration Jasenovac referencesto these Inall audience. the frightening in goal their achieved fully apparatus propaganda rhetoric, their communication. to in According substitution enough quite was content media the that seems It WWII. the from grandmothers and grandfathers their of experiences the to references several except messages, their in insight or experience personal any find to able of memories the by overshadowed was experiences recent own their of memory The consciousness. collective created artificially from rhetoric actually is rhetoric their and media, from phrases the repeat literally Sezam in discussants inclined patriotic The l looks All this people. my of genocide the for responsibility any refuse personally you and government, current killed "We said Cr former the Even Serbs. the forgiveness from ask not did one new the nor government communist former the from nobody today Until fact. this to you remind to attempt modest my just is lowercase the in people your of name the write d to try not should generation your that and genocide committed people n ftedsusnsfo ebaakdohrfo rai “ at oak you ask to want :“I Croatia from other asked Serbia from discussants the of One

Bradenkovic pseud, pseud, Bradenkovic mass grave from the WWII in Pribilovci, one could read the message the read could one Pribilovci, in WWII the from grave mass

ike a prelude forgenocide me. a for new too 13/09/1990

ite f o. Smlr ttmns ae rm h rpeettvs f your of representatives the from came statements Similar you." of little , Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam , BBS,

for the real experience, causing enormous aggressiveness enormous causing experience, real the for 37 oatian police officerStevo police oatian

” 52

s grave in Pribilovci? You Pribilovci? did in grave s their ancestors. I was not was I ancestors. their

o it again. Decision to to Decision again. it o - Krajacic in Jasenovac, in Krajacic

We, the Serbs, are in are Serbs, We,the –

S.T). You S.T). –

i you did CEU eTD Collection 54 53 Itypicalam Croatthefullest althoughin sense. Croat, a not am I [...] myself. not and Croat, as determination my just important is Here important. not now,InI byIIanyoneelse.Ibecause could feel be myself, chance, short, realize doit a stupid, not accelera the for except useful, anything ” fair amount ofarguments withpatriotsfrom Serbia, way: expressedthis hisfeelings mem a people, Croat the of One explainable. easily and clear,everythingis arerelativityassigned, skepticism. no roles orTheknows thinking predefined the and ifspeaking of way their Moreover, as provocateurs. Slovenian treated or nationalist Croatian disguised were Serbia from discussants oriented patriotic of group one from but media, Serbian in Slovenes and Croats the of picture the with do to nothing had reality,they disc In Slovenes. and BBS in present nationalities other of members the towards especially and differently, thought who those toward communication in aggressiveness caused therefore and group, WE content media absorbed uncritically This how Serbs “enjoy” andare afraid.” why inCroatia they so Stara open the for waiting graves more

Bandit pseud, February 20th, 1991, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam BBS, 1991, 20th, February pseud, Bandit Dkropek pseud, pseud, Dkropek If you must know, I feel like a catalyst, which only favours one's thinking, but do not do do not do but thinking, one's favours only which catalyst, a like feel I know, must you If affect your thinking in any way, I just satisfy your need for "the other side". Also, just as just Also, side". other "the for need your satisfy just I way, any in thinking your affect

Gradiska concentration camps […] . If you had watched this, you would have understood have would you this, watched had you If . […] camps concentration Gradiska

August 21 August

ussions with patriot members, they were assigned the role of the enemy.In the of role the assigned were they members, patriot with ussions st , 1991, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam 1991, BBS, ,

ing. There was also one documentary footage of Jasenovac and and Jasenovac of footage documentary one also was There ing. tion of one's thought processes thought one's of tion caused psychological involvement in the constructed the in involvement psychological caused 38

“ 54 ber of the Sezam BBS community,after BBS Sezam the of ber

. I feel as though I could I though as feel I .

–

were y Croats Croats m CEU eTD Collection We the of articulation whole the so enemy, the as people other of projection caused fear The . nationalistic formed consciousn these of root very the at lay feelings These fear. and anxiety of feeling intensive caused content media that indicates WWII from events the to referring constant The the catalysts all others. for discussants. nationalist few very a of presence the in firmly more even defendedposition their Sezam on peopleliberal thatmajorityminded, openstress of to important open d for possibility its despite community, BBS sense, that In advance. in prepared phrases to listener the of role the to assigned is other The opposite. the quite side, other with discussion already that conclude could nationalism. raising for cause sufficient not but necessary was republics the between communication the preventing publ the in perpetuated discourse media patriotic auto an is discourse this that agree would I tenable. fully argument about auto personal their from Enemy. The or Deprived Other, The became asserted. they attitudes, and discussant opinions characteristic, quoted as side, and Other Croatia the from as people Slovenia perceive discussants oriented patriotic where discussions, these The fabricatedenemy a not nation. person, was buttheother has manifestation i This perception suso wt te te sd, a n cpct t cag ayn’ cnitos Wa is What convictions. anyone’s change to capacity no had side, other the with iscussion

ess, and they were intensive enough to erase the boundaries between past and present. present. and past between boundaries the erase to enough intensive were they and ess, - If we consider BBS community as a fully open discursive micro discursive open fully a as community BBS consider we If

communication as aconsequencecommunication closing and media of isnot realm political

rmd ainlsi cncoses ol nt e re be not could consciousness nationalistic framed

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In that sense, they were were they sense, that In

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CEU eTD Collection 55 we price the is “This simply said Milosevic 1992, May of end the at imposed were sanctions came Serbia in 1993, disintegrationof the accompanied that impoverishment Yugoslavia.generaland and 1992 During hyperinflation turmoil, economic huge with corresponded It Bosnia. from on later and Croatia, fro refugees the of wave huge the with dealt Serbia in people when once dissolved proper Serbia outside Serbs the with unity of feeling The single toan neoisdoomed episodic and tribe inconsequential existence” their of of brevity means the also other determines credibility, noof sources or have transmission and transmitted media are patterns the that fact the “But asserted: How Serbia. debates passionate of subjects were who those of unconcern the to along all emotions patriotic decreasing capture could we Sezam, on discourse patriotic the Following non largely neo are within which groups, relations on Maffesoli and Bauman of theories with accordance in is This war. approaching the for sphere public the of preparation of period first very the in discourse, short the was fear. This the of articulation actually was concept The falling apart apart The falling

Bauman Zygmund, Ibid, p. 142 p. Ibid, Zygmund, Bauman vr fs mblzd ainlsi cncoses a js a esl dsovd s Bauman As dissolved. easily as just was consciousness nationalistic mobilized fast ever,

000 eues rm rai ad ona n Hreoia We UN When Herzegovina. and Bosnia and Croatia from refugees 40.000

- ainl a rational, ffectively charged, tactile and rooted in the moment. moment. the in rooted and tactile charged, ffectively 40 m the former Yugoslav republics, at first from from first at republics, Yugoslav former the m

- term

consequence of the public the of consequence 55

– existence. […] Each […] existence.

Serbs from outside from Serbs - tribal CEU eTD Collection 56 to attempt superficial a of result superficial a as soon, very dissolved group instant WE imagined, the Therefore Serbia. Great the of borders the about discussed passionately who people same very the among Bosnia and Croatia from demonstration. full its has here members, its face everyday on based not is it because community actual an from fabricated patrio instantaneously that fact the in lies it for reason main The change. this for reason not was conditions Economic before. year a just Croatia in Serbs endangered th among Bosnia and from Croatia refugees towards compassion find to difficult is It Serbia. in space living the occupied refugees just Serbs, longer no were they sudden, a of all where communication, stri especially is It well. as Sezam the in and days these jobs our took refugees flats, occupiedour Refugees refugees. many too host to unable country, the in situation economic poor the about prevailed which among reluctance, this for asserted were justifications and reasons Numerous refugees. toward attitude reserved a had particular in Belgrade of Citizens property. diff They proper. Serbia in space physical but space, imagined just not share to situation the in themselves find Peninsula, Balkan the from Serbs all with consciousness collective their in only united moment paymust Serbs outsidefor Serbia. the supporting

Judah, Judah, Tim.

i feig wr nt en t ls to long. too last to meant not were feelings tic The Serbs: history,of Yugoslavia Serbs: the The destruction and myth, ered in dialect, customs, as well as in their relationship toward state and and state toward relationship their in as well as customs, dialect, in ered

e very same people who were passionately discussed about the the about discussed passionately were who people same very e –

these statements were very common in conversationsin common verywere statements these

build instant, short instant, build It is difficult to find com find to difficult is It 41 56

These Serbs outside the SerbiaThese proper, outsidethe Serbs by that nesns mgnd omnt, different community, imagined Anderson`s king this terminological shift in Sezam in shift terminological this king . . Yale 261 p. 2000, University Press, - term national identity. It was It identity. national term - to - passion towards refugees towards passion face interaction between interaction face –

strangers who who strangers the argument sufficient CEU eTD Collection 58 57 property Serbia [of somewhere outside and house his defend to supposed are who Serbia, in people to calls the distributes He strong. absurd ano is here And […] Mercedes. new brand a has guy way, this the by firm. And the in place his got refugee some and employed, temporarily was he where job the from sacked was mine of pe than better much live refugees Some much. too really is this however, help, need people these that understand completely I in. live to building one in flats several got often refugees that strange really is “It Here observation the typical onrefugeesinSerb isone of whole another becomesmode emerges.” until diluted a formed what ended, has play the “once that premise Bauman`s with accordance in precisely Hercog, pseud, January pseud, Hercog, p. 143 Ibid, Bauman,

–

refugee who distributes mobilization calls?!? Man in early thirties, looks healthy and and healthy looks thirties, early in Man calls?!? mobilization distributes who refugee ople from Serbia. And do you know how easily they get the jobs? One friend One jobs? the get they easily how know you Serbia. fromdo And ople

16 th , 1992, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam BBS, 1992, ,

–

S.T], whileS.T], he ishe 42

ia, by radical ofthose one discussants: re. 58

ther ther

CEU eTD Collection 59 Vreme, Stojan issue. this on opinions different however, were, There unfortunately remains excerpt andwhole unclearfrom her i this expressed, be to supposed was resistance this How side. their from resistance Belgrade in published Yugoslavia, in anti active most the of one and expert theater Belgrade, W The This is an excerpt from the interview of MirjanaMiocinovic, professor at the University of of University the at professor MirjanaMiocinovic, of interview the from excerpt an is This Mirjana Miočinović, Milica Lučić Čavić, The other Serbia, Performing Performing Serbia, Čavić, Lučićother The Milica Miočinović, Arts Journal, Vol.Mirjana (May, No. 2 18, p 1996), 28. perhapsIwas right.” jud this Perhaps themselves. for out look to how know think to enough cunning still but heads own their with thinking to unaccustomed conformity, into sinking fathers, their of sons the simply so the to up is It ragging. Coca of prices in interested more were they character; social a of morewas 1992 in rebellion brief their war.Even the to opposition mass of favor in not were students the school, very neo militant, the for Except indifference? their of roots the are Whereenigmas. greatest the of areone they me for students, my for“As

considered this attitude as disobedience citizens’ considered attitude this which memorial: deserves ar . h epiil epesd e dsponmn o hr tdns n te ak f open of lack the and students her of disappointment her expressed explicitly She gment is without nuances, but exceptions were too few not to make me believe that that believe me make to not few too were exceptions but nuances, without is gment

Glas cial psychologist to explain this phenomenon. For me, they were they me, For phenomenon. this explain to psychologist cial a ultn sud y the by issued bulletin a , - fascist core, whose ideologists are situated in my my in situated are ideologists whose core, fascist 43 nterview.

- war. But the fact is they never really gave a a gave really never they is fact the But war. oa hn h tril fc ta a a was war a that fact terrible the than Cola - war activists from the beginning of war of beginning the from activists war

Cerović etr f Center , journalist in the magazine the in journalist , r ni a Action War Anti or

from CEU eTD Collection 60 part or organizing considered seriously really never they example, For cyberspace. the outside activity any undertaking considered never they Therefore, passivity. their influenced wa community This observations. and information of exchange mere for space virtual a just than be else anything to intended never which communication, underground an was Sezam in Communication ent and Assertiveness phenomenon.this elucidating in helpful are BBS on Discussions resistance? passive of expression praiseworthy consequence a just passivity their dominant remained and Serbia, in younger population dominant the of stance the indeed was itself war the toward passivity and protest articulating in Passivity withdraw.honesty truthand Decency wit, humanity and weredeserted.” demobilized; wasvirtueevery to that, human Priorfuture. the in of proud be only will the wething is this sure Iam war,and the escape to waya found SerbiaBelgradeand from people of Thousands I created, wereth and best the that thought guards private and military national various when Montenegro, and Serbia reservists from mobilize People`s to Yugoslav Army tried while wars, Yugoslav beginning the of me the build to everything. is forget suggestion to best my the Therefore, is that and commemorate to nothing is there that thinks who anyone with agree not will I manner.[...]And proper a in years these of misery and drama the would that monument a lacks Belgrade that is say to want I “All Stojan

Cerović , “Spomenik , bne i cbrpc, n ter hscl eahet eand osat and constant remained detachment physical their and cyberspace, in bonded s

rrsn ae etil nt n trbts f n BS community. BBS one of attributes an not certainly are erprising

neznanom e most honest attitude is to avoid uniform, weapons or just to desert. to just or weapons uniform, avoid to is attitude honest most e

Dezerteru” Dezerteru” f hi cnomt, s s Miočinović Ms. as conformity, their of Vreme 44 oil o h Ukon eetr Ee a the at Even Deserter. Unknown the to morial , , p. 1995, 8 3, April

celebrate and keep memory of of memory keep and celebrate until the end of the war. Was Was war. the of end the until

argues, or was it a a it was or argues, icipating in icipating 60

forcedto CEU eTD Collection 61 particularly evidential onwar indiscussions and mobilization. is It information. the processing collective and discussing as well as informing, least at but rumor, or fact verified inaccurate, or accurate be could information words, other In itself. communication of reliability the in confidence complete had yet information, of unreliability i receptioncriticalof and communication safe and uncensored for ground the provide information the sharing and communication of way form articles in believe still you that possible from expect you could else what lie, fat big a its that course like statements find be could Often discussants. of majority among prevailed media As itself. media this in as well as information the in confidence a was important most the and advantages reason their inactivity. for front.” the to us send and altogether us protest war “Anti point: one at explanation anti n h ohr ad te nomlt o cmuiain n ea poie sm specific some provided Sezam in communication of informality the hand, other the On

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- a meig, r n ohr om f rts wasee. n dsusn gv a simple a gave discussant One whatsoever. protest of form other any or meetings, war not an intentional lie. BBS discussions provided the possibility for independent way of of way independent for possibility the provided discussions BBS lie. intentional an not

setdi peiu hpe,fo tevr einn togdseift official to disbelief strong a beginning very the from chapter, previous in asserted I

nformation. The discussants were aware of the possiblethe wereofaware discussants The nformation. 61 –

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how convenient way for military officers to collect to officers military for way convenient how Politika 45

? In Sezam, however, the omnidirectional the however, Sezam, In ?

Radio Televis Radio agr hwvr ws o te only the not was however, danger, ion of Serbia of ion ? Or Is it it Is Or ? –

u of but CEU eTD Collection p. 2 July (12 1991), 14 No. army],Front, occupation 62 forces. and Government Slovenian the by it extremely against and directed terror, actions" "hatred, inhumane of because act to forced been had and SFRY the of integrity de to tried YPA of representatives The force. occupation an as presented was YPA press, Slovenian and Croatian In serve. to refused reservists and soldiers officers, Slovene and Croatian of majority the because causes Slovenia against forces of deployment and mobilization The warfare. partisan using militia Slovene of face the in ineffective proved but Slovenia, of capital the Ljubljana, in airport the and stations customs retake to intervention at YPA the later days two independence; their declared Croatia and Slovenia 1991, 25, June On war. civil for spark the mobilization making lines, ethnic along split forces d 1991 June in Croatia and Slovenia in fighting of outbreak the all As untenable. be to proved as institution Yugoslav YPA of concept this however, war, civil of case the In defense. civil and production, on attack populati external Yugoslav entire of the Yugoslavia, case the in that means This attack. external resisting in regulars YPA support and defense territorial out carry to equipped and trained contingents reserve large with c aItwas military force.conventional afor operationalmilitarydoctrine unique a had (JNA) Army People's Yugoslav The began. Army People`s Yugoslav in citizens The Conscription I

n June 1991 the process of the unofficial, yet massive and organized conscription of Serbian of conscription organized and massive yet unofficial, the of process the 1991 June n Predrag Pejčić, "Jugoslovenska narodna armija nije okupatorska" [The Yugoslav People's Army is not an is Army YugoslavPeople's [The okupatorska" nije armija narodna "Jugoslovenska Pejčić, Predrag emonstrated, in a national mobilization the active reserves and territorial defense territorial and reserves active the mobilization national a in emonstrated, fend it in the press, stating that it was preserving the territorial and constitutional and territorial the preserving was it that stating press, the in it fend

on was to be engaged in armed resistance, armaments resistance, armed in engaged be to was on

hg cii wti Ygsa Pol` Army, People`s Yugoslav within crisis huge a

onscript military system, militaryonscript system, tempted a limited limited a tempted 62

ht was What - CEU eTD Collection 5 198, p. br. 64 1998 Rights. Humanfor Commissioner the High of Office Rights, NationsHuman United 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77". 63 long. how for and taken were they where information any and explanation without night, the during taken sometimes picked, selectively were People itself. conscription of policythe was as dubious mongering war the despite beginning, very the from strong was resistance Passive Belgrade. in 15% only and province Serbian in 50% were mobilization the to responses the 1991, autumn In conscription. Y in war civil the in part take to 1998. in later, years several defined was religion or conscience thought, of freedom of ground the on organizations military with and whowere concernedabout themost issue. this call military the to respond to obliged were who men young especially people, among confusion determin never were Army People`s Yugoslav of objectives war the Moreover, mobilization. citizens` its total and announced Serbia never of and provinces Republic the in war of state the proclaimed officially never Montenegro, prov her Serbia, of representatives to reduced actually was which Yugoslavia, of Presidency The mobilization. to call to respond Serbian to refused also ofreservists number significant a that fact the was Command High YPA for surprising really osiniu ojcin s n ntttoal rcgie hmn r human recognized institutionally an as objection Conscientious Ofelija Baćković, Milos Vasić, Aleksandar Vasović Aleksandar Vasić, Milos Baćković, Ofelija resolu Rights Human on Commission militaryservice, to objection "Conscientious

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, “Ko to rado ide u vojnike ide rado “Koto , 47 ed and publicly announced. This led to utter utter to led This announced. publicly and ed

h mtos f osrpin ee as were conscription of methods The inces Kosovo and Vojvodina and and Vojvodina and Kosovo inces

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CEU eTD Collection 66 “Ceo inarticle statement this 65 you,not hearyou sudden longcall girl agoa gives ora all of ifunknown call… did you whom from army the from mate old the if careful be And telegrams. and mails receive “I a way, issue bonded conscription theBBSany more community other. than In decision. such of consequences legal the be would whatand mobilization, avoid to order in do we There doors. their on knocked officers military when situation the in advice for search could people young where places the of one was BBS Sezam mobilization, to regards With streets. the from and homes the from people collected mo avoid to how advices shared Users Sezam. of purpose practical one stress to important is Here frustration. of vent a as well as communication safe and information f alternativethis and wayinforming.communication of of advantages the of aware became participants sudden, a of All place. first the at be to supposed entertainment, plain beyond far and important more far communication this made society in situation the of seriousness The issues. discussed most the of one became conscription the infl situation This When our discussants encountered a real danger of forced mobilization and being sent being and mobilization forced of danger real a encountered discussants our When ront war. isnot in Serbia statement that repeated often Milosevic`s Slobodan to heream I referring Bandit, pseud, November 11 November pseud, Bandit, yu o’ wn t b pc up pick be to want don’t you f from the from

country which officially “was not in war” in not “was officially which country uenced considerably the course of the discussions at Sezam conferences, and and conferences, Sezam at discussions the of course the considerably uenced

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CEU eTD Collection which experiences The people. the among present less and less became dilemmas the Croatia, first the got and mobilized, were participants o some as however, Soon, men. to assigned traditionally duty a was obedience military and today, even elements traditional of lot a has society Serbian Finally, men. young among decision the war, the about media in rhetoric ambivalent and manipulative unclear, the despite and positions, and aims clear articulate to failed institutions state and military that fact the despite hand, other the On of themtotally deterrent, symbol their and Army People`s Yugoslav the Yugoslavia, of protection The objectives. war to comes it when irresoluteness was them for problem main the a declared themselves them of Some opinion. positive a with participants few very a with critical, distinctively was issue this on attitude Prevailing war. in participate to refuse to motives strong very several at points discussions Sezam the of survey A were having sometimes discussions, treatises.form serious real themost moral a ofa exp war on Discussions media. state the from information the from significantly differed which Croatia, in places the from information real the and experience their shared back, come On morale and moral On moraleand Those who were mo were who Those

bilized and during this experience were lucky enough to stay unharmed and and stayunharmedto enough luckyexperience were during this and bilized to avoid military obligation and participation in war caused certain anxiety certain caused war in participation and obligation military avoid to if notmeaningless, objectives. war

- 49 ad xeine bu stain n h fot in fronts the in situation about experience hand

–

s pacifists, while others claimed that claimed others while pacifists, s

a five pointed star pointed five a –

were for many for were

erience f the the f CEU eTD Collection 67 further.” to him prevent way that and him to whistled we Anyway, drunk. just or fool, was complete he whether sure not were We manner. worst the of speech political a us give to tried he to direction the us show to know not did He question. our any to answer to able not was he that out turned It us. to addressed lieutenant YPA one when rage a into out turned anxiety Our something. or tag dog documents identification any have not the did we Moreover, service. for intelligence or forces reconnaissance nor mention to Not communication. battles, night the for equipment the neither corps, medical no had We vehicles. no ammunition, enough have not is did We something army. that the with there wrong seriously and then realized […]We ammunition. and guns uniforms, the get we where BackaPalanka mobi to arrived was we belong first At I Belgrade]. in which [municipality municipalityVracar to unit Military you. of be many would for hopefully useful which and experience interesting personal my is story following the promised, I “As the ar in morale on discussions The army. Yugoslav the in officers the of dishonesty and incapability the was most the people these astounded What leadership. military the among decline moral ex might one as discourse, this in predominating all at not were way, the by (which, stories war dreadful the of because not was It mobilization. the to respond to not choice their about uncertain still were who those of dilemmas fron from return their after mobilized were who those by shared Mkiric pseud, September 22 September pseud, Mkiric my resonatedmy with thediscussionson moral publicgeneral. sphereand in society in 67

Vukovar or Ilok, although he was a person who supposed to be ourhead. Instead, ourhead. be to supposed who person a was he although Ilok, or Vukovar

nd , 1991, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam 1991, BBS, ,

et, u bcue hi eprec asrs tes f total a of others assures experience their because but pect), –

military 50

IDs were taken from us, and we did not get any any get not did we and us, from taken were IDs

, epd n ovn moral solving in helped t,

amr, o battle nor armors, r ie in lized speak

CEU eTD Collection 69 Women's Studies 68 give to trying then Rather paper. this in given been has it than research more and attention more Mobilization Serbia. sons. their of return a and war the to end an for called mothers the statements, public and officials to July19 Movement, (Mother’s war" civil the of their In 1991. disgrace July the to reaction spontaneous feminine 2 a is mothers of protests on "The said, they statement Belgrade in Assembly National Serbian the in men, conscripted hundred several by held was war the against protest large first The Itthe project a ofpoliticians. adisgracefratricidal is war." towin is purposes imperialist for lives their give should they That declared. been even not has that war re bit least the not are they which for war a in participate to have they deceived: clear. been not are have for sons Our sons our sacrifice should we goals militarists. senselessThe the articulating precisely alternative, peace who wer attitudes ofthose the for advocates active of role the took They Belgrade. in movement peace the of participants and organizers of majority the were general in b mostly organized was Belgrade, in 1991 summer voice. their raise to hesitate not did who those anti their express openly to ashamed or afraid was men young the If Hughes, Donna M., Lepa Donna M., Hughes, Hughes, Donna M., LepaMladjenović, and ZoricaMršević and LepaMladjenović, Donna M., Hughes, 69

This movement was starting point for the foundation of liberal civil society groups in groups society civil liberal of foundation the for point starting was movement This

rss s pcfc riuain f ii poet n eba scey ned deserves indeed society Serbian in protest civic of articulation specific as crisis

2, no. 4 (1995): 509 (1995): 4 no. 2,

Mladjenović, and Zorica and Mladjenović, e labeled as deserters: "We as deserters: e labeled of become thevictims oursons refuse that

- 532, p. 5011 532,

Mršević. "Feminist resistance in Serbia." Serbia." in resistance "Feminist Mršević. 91). Repeatedly, throughout the summer, in lettersin summer, the Repeatedly,throughout 91). 51 The first active protest, which took place during during place took which protest, active first The , ibid, p.512 ibid, ,

y mothers of conscripted young men. Womenmen. young conscripted of mothers y

parents, mostly mothers of of mothers mostly parents, - war attitude, women were women attitude, war European Journal of of Journal European sponsible, in a in sponsible, CEU eTD Collection 70 and meaningless as regarded was dishonest. war that surprising very not is it elite, ideological the concept, and state apparatus the in distrust public of circumstances the In sense. abstract very tribute a as morale as well as government, the and people between harmony of danger”. any by undismayed c in be to people the causes Law Morale “The competence. military in principles universal five among law morale of principle the indicates Tzu Sun War, of Art The treatise, military famous the In calls, were notvery surprising. desert conscription, the to citizens the of response negative The military elites. and political the of decline moral of extent full the showed propaganda, mongering The people. all un among discontent enormous caused unexplained, publicly moves, obscure and seemingly its neutralposition with republics, inother war toward position sustain ambiguous they as people, the and elites political its the with discordance was there Sezam, and from correspondence the to According institutions citizens. state the between gap insuperable the proves crisis mobilization his that w toward Serbia of citizens of attitude the of judgment moral Tzu, Sun. Tzu, official conscription, without proclaimed war and war objectives,but with orchestrated war war orchestrated with objectives,but war and war proclaimed without conscription, official omplete accord to their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, lives, their of regardless him follow will they that so ruler, their to accord omplete The art of war of art The

. Orange Publishing, 2013, 4 p. 2013, Orange Publishing, . 70

were parallel universes. An attempt of political elites in Serbia to Serbia in elites political of attempt An universes. parallel were

The meaning of the morale is here twofold here is morale the of meaning The

ar and mobilization, I would argue would I mobilization, and ar ing and ignoring military ignoring and ing –

it means a principle principle a means it

of the ruler, in a a in ruler, the of CEU eTD Collection 71 war about spoke group one While Sezam. the in arguments and criticisms sharp the faced claims this and ironical, claims this found discussants other of of majority institution, The of politicians. instead state, term used discussant the Continuously, citizens. its of name not, or war in participate principle” general of matter a only but decision, personal of matter a be not could “it out pointed discussant one as abolished, be to duty this for reason a is there If danger. The however, majority ofthem, s in state the defend to is citizens as duty their because war, in participate to citizens of expect to right a has state the that argued discussants Several war. in participate to individual the of abou discussions precisely,the wereMore side. these other the on such, as war of necessity the about idea an of critics and side one from pacifism of critics contained which group one specific here distinguish to like would I place. first the at were they as passionate remained and however group This discussants. inclined nationalistic disintegrated placefor and leaves the of group the among discourse of patterns transmitted find could we so peak, its on propaganda media and potential, full its nationalistic building and war for preparation of period the in turmoil, nationalistic extreme of period the at like looks it how see we chapter, previous the Th pacifism and rights On individual It does not mean that BBS community achieved peaceful consensus; the discussions continued discussions the consensus; peaceful achieved community BBS that mean not does It

Crveni pseud, Crveni pseud, e BBS discussions are excellent source for tracing the evolution of nationalistic sentiments. In sentiments. nationalistic of evolution the tracing for source excellent are discussions BBS e October 23rd 1995, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam 1995, BBS, 23rd October of discussions. discussions. of

therefore remains exclusive right of a state to make this decision in the the in decision this make to state a of right exclusive remains therefore

These were discussion about general, normative meanings of war,of meanings normative general, about discussion were These the new, more sophisticated group sophisticated more nonconformists.the new, of trongly disagreed withthem.

legitimacy. The indoctrination was in was indoctrination The legitimacy. 71

Right to decide whether to whether decide to Right t moral obligation obligation moral t and similar similar and

CEU eTD Collection 72 that accept and perspective the change to left, possibility one Only country. alternative there Therefore, Serbs. and toward Serbia countries and nations other all often of hostility is about This argument inevitability. additional with historical supported as condition its and state their accept to is individual thi from arising conclusion The damage. the for accountability all from released was regime Hereby, circumstances. external from but it, in develop not was which de the of idea the with replaced was state the of responsibility of notion the rhetoric, this In or flood. earthquake as inevitable is which nation and state the for moment historical fateful about b gradually discourse wrong. Nationalistic or right beyond is which asorganism state the for obligation moral of ideas the from disobedience civil or pacifism of choice moral their defend to capable equally were discussants Thi theotherdignityopponent.” side, showsi.e.the itdoesnotrecognize pride because 3) non for to them guide could I subject, the in interested those to (but pacifism of analysis of details into go not would I untenable position. ethical is “pacifism that claimed participants the of one nationalism, disguised scholarly, in state and war and duties, aim rights, of about lack spoke and other failures, meaning, victims, concrete its with time, this during happened which Crveni, pseud, October 23 October pseud, Crveni, stiny. It was sophisticated nationalism which tried to portray the fate of Serbia as something something as Serbia of fate the portray to tried which nationalism sophisticated was It stiny. s and similar posts caused an enormous arguments on arguments enormous an caused posts similar and s - ilto 1 pv te a fr h trny f h srnet ) nagr h personal the endanger 2) strongest the of tyranny the for way the pave 1) violation

1995, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam 1995, BBS,

literature). I would just assert that pacifism as an universal claim universal an as pacifism that assert just would I literature). ecame disguised in seemingly patriotic and ethical truisms truisms ethical and patriotic seemingly in disguised ecame s o hscl sae rm hs iuto, hr i no is there situation, this from escape physical no is 54

Sezam eea trs I a anr of manner a In terms. general , proving that majority of other other of majority that proving , s argument is that duty of the the of duty that is argument s

CEU eTD Collection 74 73 co mere the was neither 1990s, the of beginning the in Serbia in youngpeople free choice the not was resistance passive that conclusion the draw would I discussions these From think you sounds pretty don`t but terms, general in pacifism of shortcomings or institution as state a of which justifi completely is pacifism o conducted not was war this it call should I (or resolution ideal the with result would hardly gen the even that is situation And situation. concrete our in pacifism the ratherof but principle,universal an as pacifism a of issue an not course,is of“Here, opinion responses opposed of lot a caused pacifism on elaboration above The moral obligations.” an legal denying for enough good reasons are live we which in periods historical the of quality” wheth is here question real of period the in yourself imagine known Just periods. historical all from ones, unusual most the nor worst the not are times these that me to seems It this out. live to had citizens its and state which pathos, a destiny, a is happens what everything 23 October pseud, Crveni, Supers, pseud, October 24 October pseud, Supers, discussan otherwise

one ofthe concise most and t pointed cynical

will be sacrificed for nothing. I could not argue with you about the justification the about you with argue not could I nothing. for sacrificed be will 73

in this state and war,in this promises this which nogood?”

out a rd th , 1995, Sezam 1995, BBS , , 1995, , 1995, er anomalies in the in anomalies er little little

d hn h wr ae ot n dac, eas i svs h lives the saves it because advance, in lost are wars the when ed l wt temltr methods, military the with nly

Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam BBS, bit bit illustrative further: , accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed ,

55 functioning of the state and unusuality and “less and unusuality and state the of functioning at the same time: at

inquisition and you will feel better. feel will you and inquisition eral response to the military calls calls military the to response eral by no means. My means. no by

final solution final

n eei oe n my in one, is here and , 74

, right?) Because right?) , opinion nformity. It nformity.

is that that is The The As it d

CEU eTD Collection 75 possibility EverythingI todie inthe trench.[…] I acquired, toscramblefor.” had that that. like be will always and right, makes might state this In life. for struggle mere the except nothing perspective, any protection, any me offer not does now, living am I where state, [Serbia] “This it puts discussions the in participants the of one As them shared things ofwhatregardless thefeelinghappen that they door not. of many that seems It correspondence. their from read be could which powerlessness of sense retr to decided they Instead, metaphor). Vonnegut`s Kurt use (to slaughterhouse the into them pressed which regime the to resistance active open, consideredthey never that thesense passive in were They indeed decision. theirwas moral rather

Saxon pseud, October 12, 1995, Sezam BBS, accessed on telnet.sezampro.rs on accessed Sezam 1995, BBS, 12, October Saxonpseud,

il e nuh o m al ute ricrain. hs tt ofrd e ohn bt the but nothing me offered state This reincarnations. further all my for enough be will

a cmltl, n rao fr ht s the is that for reason and completely, eat I have seen so many awful things awful many so seen have I

here here CEU eTD Collection society of decline moral and political the understanding in contributes examination its and masses the of nationalization the of problem complex a into insight new a brings sphere i communication The However, communication of form underrepresented one in insight the intersect, media wa the in perspective updated an bring to attempt an In potent weapon most its with conducted was manipulation This respectively. republics the of each in those with replaced been has party Communist of hegemony ideological where enforcement, legal or institutional the replace increasingly would opinion of Manipulation tension political the with Along sphere. public the form identity civic of disappearance by characterized was 1990`s the of beginning and eighties late of Period Yugoslavia. in war for preparation and identity civicimmature this ofdevelopment The charge. political of lack in resulted scene political official the of participants and institutions the toward attitude elitist and contemptuous Their social. and political than rather movements, w more much identified were identities civic these 1980`s since Even identity. civic a of forerunner a was movements cultural alternative the with together Yugoslavia, in 1980s De ConcThe - ideologized ideologized s, the discourse itself has become a scene and an object of struggles in Yugoslav society. society. Yugoslav in struggles of object an and scene a become has itself discourse the s, –

monopoly control overof expression a the and control public discourse.monopoly formation

specific source used in this thesis hasspecific sourcetheadvantages usedthesis both inthis astheas shortcomings. well l usion consciousness of younger population in relatively liberalized atmosphere in the the in atmosphere liberalized relatively in population younger of consciousness

n Sezam BBS and reflection of its users on the overall political and social and political overall the on users its of reflection and BBS Sezam n

was stopped in the beginning of nationalistic turmoil nationalistic of beginning the in stopped was 57

ys notions of nationalism, liberalism and liberalism nationalism, of notions ys

of nationalistic parties parties nationalistic of is quite compelling. quite is

ith cultural ith in general. in CEU eTD Collection o form mere that argue would I although sphere, public the of out withdrawal and closeness their with relation in is This influence. real its of terms in concern first the was discussions these in participate who people of group the users thousand several exceeded not was number their that certainty with claim could butwe the1990`s, the beginning of communication this in many exactlyused people This and attitudes, beliefs, of change of trajectory the amongdisillusionment thosepeople. tracing of possibility the provides It observed. and identified be could community this within fallacies and dilemmas questions, di of spectrum a provided discussions these were, it as Polarized people. these of resistance passive otherwise the of content articulated the finally, and ”truth” is This hardly otherwise who people between manner communicate other. between each debating a in communication specific allowed it Finally, communication. of way advanced provides and digressions, and jumps allows t of movements spontaneous the to adapted better seems of communication this Moreover, people. of group one of opinion anbuilding as wellperception, as process the petrified it since authenticity, its in is correspondence BBS of advantage The source however brought certain methodological concerns. It is impossible to find out how out find to impossible is It concerns. methodological certain brought however source

at the same time oasis which provide free speech, the space for deconstructing the official official the deconstructing for space speech,the freeprovide which oasis time same the at

f communication was neither the only nor the most important reason for for reason important most the nor only the neither was communication f

hought because it enables ideas to grow, grow, to ideas enables it because hought fferent opinions where all the all where opinions fferent . The limited scope of scope limited The . CEU eTD Collection about vaineffortconstraint.in illusion They no have the rather but choice, free the not was passivity their that confirms again which disillusionment, this their of expression physical concrete, only probablythe is This period. very this in abroad people of consequence concrete youn the of and emigration massive the was involvement active Immediate without reality the deconstructing sphere. public other, the with interacting in the with habitus, own their built they something where sphere invisible change the in withdrawal to The fail. to attempt doomed was actively every that attitude the in embedded more even people many sp private the in identities civic closing of process the of continuation a was emigration internal of out go to refusal and closure The amplified discoursein this like under theglass. magnifying lin The reality. outside about also but community very this about speaks it, supporting and maintaining or discourse mainstream the of deconstruction was it either discussants, the among reality political the of perception The permanent importance thisdiscourse about inthe doubt polit the of a brought which space, virtual closed, one in discourse counter the encapsulated was It sphere. self seemingly remains their with equated discou this invisible, easily Albeit period. given be the in factor political could or social a withdrawal as insignificance Their sphere. public the in absence their ternal representations of external structures means specific activity without without activity specific means structures external of representations ternal - eptaig n wtot nlec twrs h misra public mainstream the towards influence without and perpetuating eage of grandiose failures in recent Yugoslav history was was history Yugoslav recent in failures grandiose of eage here from the early 1980`s. The oppressive regime made made regime oppressive The 1980`s. early the from here 59

the losing

battle. ical reality inYugoslavia.

rse g CEU eTD Collection DonnaLepaMladjenović,Zorica"Feminist MHughes,Mršević. resistan and Yugoslavia, March 28 of Yugoslavia.”,course“Philosophy at presented paper the and IUC, Social Science”,Dubrovnik, DarkaAdam,Frane “Democratiz Podmenik, forCommissioner Human Rights. 1998 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77". 54th United NationsCHR Office Human the Rights, High of Conscientious objection tomilitary onHuman Rights service, Commission resolution1998/77, al.(eds) (1995) Aleksandar theSerb Dissidenceand National "Intellectual Pavković. Pavkovic Question." et Marshall McLuhan. in Yugoslavia." Anthony "The manipulationofethnicity: Oberschall. cooperation fromtoviolence ethnic and war Secondary literature Front (Belgrade) Vreme (Belgrade) Pogledi (Kragujevac) (Belgrade)Politika Press Sezam BBS correspondence, availableontelnet.sezampro.rs Primary sources Bibliography

Ethnic and racialstudies Ethnic and

Understanding media: man The of Understanding extensions

–

April 8

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. MIT 1994. press, ce inSerbia."

–

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liens

– Orange Publishing, 2013

friends Serbian translation), or Biblioteka XX enemies,(from vek,

Soviet Thought, Vol. l, 1981) l,

ntellectual