DOCSLIB.ORG

The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO NAZI GERMANY The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany combines a concise narrative overview with chronological, bibliographical and tabular information to cover all major aspects of Nazi Germany. This user-friendly guide provides a compre- hensive survey of key topics such as the origins and consolidation of the Nazi regime, the Nazi dictatorship in action, Nazi foreign policy, the Second World War, the Holocaust, opposition to the regime and the legacy of Nazism. Features include: • Detailed chronologies • A discussion of Nazi ideology • Succinct historiographical overview with detailed information on more than 60 major historians of Nazism • Biographies of 150 leading figures of Nazi Germany • A glossary of terms, concepts and acronyms • Maps and tables • A concise thematic bibliography of works on the Third Reich. This indispensable reference guide to the history and historiography of Nazi Germany will appeal to students, teachers and general readers alike. Roderick Stackelberg is Emeritus Professor of History at Gonzaga University. He is the author of Hitler’s Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies (1999) and Idealism Debased: From Völkisch Ideology to National Socialism (1981), and co-editor of The Nazi Germany Sourcebook (2002). Routledge Companions to History Series Advisors: Chris Cook and John Stevenson Routledge Companions to History offer perfect reference guides to key historical events and eras, providing everything that the student or general reader needs to know. These comprehensive guides include essential apparatus for navigating through specific topics in a clear and straightforward manner – including introductory articles, biographies and chronologies – to provide accessible and indispensable surveys crammed with vital information valuable for beginner and expert alike. The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763 Chris Cook and Philip Broadhead The Routledge Companion to Medieval Europe Baerbel Brodt The Routledge Companion to Twentieth Century Britain Mark Clapson The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914 Chris Cook The Routledge Companion to European History since 1763 Chris Cook and John Stevenson The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914 Chris Cook and John Stevenson The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right Peter Davies and Derek Lynch The Routledge Companion to the Crusades Peter Lock The Routledge Companion to Historiography Alun Munslow The Routledge Companion to Decolonization Dietmar Rothermund The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Eighteenth Century, 1688–1820 John Stevenson and Jeremy Gregory The Routledge Companion to the American Civil War Era Hugh Tulloch The Routledge Companion to the Stuart Age, 1603–1714 John Wroughton THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO NAZI GERMANY Roderick Stackelberg First published 2007 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Roderick Stackelberg All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-92696-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–30860–7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–30861–5 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–30860–1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–30861–8 (pbk) CONTENTS List of illustrations vii Preface ix 1 Introduction and background 1 PART I Nazi Germany in historical perspective 7 2 Chronology 9 3 Historiography 22 4 A–Z of historians 54 PART II Nazi Germany: the major topics 105 5 Origins and consolidation of Nazi Germany 107 6 Dictatorship in action 122 7 Foreign policy, war, and the Holocaust 141 8 Opposition and legacy 164 PART III Key actors and terminology 179 9 Biographies 181 10 Glossary 254 Notes 314 Bibliography 326 Index 347 v ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS 1 The German Empire, 1871–1919 96 2 The German Reich, 1 January 1939 97 3 The height of German expansion, November 1942 98 4 Germany after 1945 99 TABLES 1 Reichstag elections, 1928–1933 100 2 Sociological structure of the NSDAP prior to 1933 102 3 Nazi concentration and extermination camps 103 vii PREFACE Like other volumes in the Routledge Companion series, this book is intended as a reference work for scholars, teachers, students, and general readers. It fits the German definition of Handbuch, a comprehensive, but handy, learning and teaching guide to a particular area of scholarship – in this case the history of Nazi Germany. It can be used in various ways: as a readily accessible source of historical, historiographical, biographical, bibliographical, and lexical infor- mation; as a guide to major developments in recent historical scholarship; and also, especially in Part II, as a condensed narrative history text of the Third Reich. The challenge in such a work is how to summarize and simplify historical and historiographical information without diluting the inescapable complexi- ties and ambiguities of history. This book makes no claim to completeness. Some readers will inevitably disagree with my choice of events to include in the chronology, which historians to select for detailed discussion, whom to tap for extended biographical coverage, and which books to list in the bibliography. In every case my criterion for inclusion was the following question: what information will be most helpful to readers to better understand the nature, history, and historiography of Nazism? Except for the section on historiography, I have kept end-note references to a minimum, usually documenting only direct quotes. My English-language sources are acknowledged in the bibliography at the end of this volume, to which I would like to add the very useful general reference work, Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture, 1871–1990, 2 vols., edited by Dieter K. Buse and Juergen C. Doerr, New York and London, Garland, 1998. To acknowledge all my German-language sources adequately would require a separate volume. However, I would like to mention several highly useful reference works from which I retrieved a great deal of information: Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus, edited by Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml, and Hermann Weiss, Munich, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1997; Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945?, Frankfurt, S. Fischer, 2003; Biographisches Lexikon zum Dritten Reich, edited by Hermann Weiss, Frankfurt, Fischer, 1999; Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes, edited by Wolfgang Benz and Walter H. Pehle, Frankfurt, Fischer, 2001; and Lexikon des Widerstandes 1933–1945, edited by Peter Steinbach and Johannes Tuchel, 2nd edition, Munich, Beck, 1998. Space limitations precluded a full discussion of archival resources on Nazi Germany. A useful guide is Archives in Germany: ix PREFACE An Introductory Guide to Institutions and Sources, edited by Frank Schumacher with Annette M. Marciel, Reference Guide No. 13, Washington, DC, German Historical Institute, 2001. The best source for up-to-date information on research on the Holocaust are the various publications of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies in Washington, DC. I would like to acknowledge the helpful suggestions and criticisms I received from four outside readers for Routledge who evaluated my original proposal. I want to express my thanks also to the efficient interlibrary loan services at Gonzaga University and to the secretarial staff, especially Sandy Hank, for help in preparing the manuscript. My greatest debt, as always, is to my wife Sally Winkle, who took the time from her own work to read and critique the manuscript and who also provided much-appreciated emotional support. Thanks also to my son Emmet, who frequently came to the rescue when his superannuated dad had trouble with the technological intricacies of the information age. Roderick Stackelberg Spokane, Washington 5 March 2007 x 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Nazi Germany and particularly the Holocaust, the signature crime of the twentieth century, present perhaps the greatest challenge to the explanatory powers of historians. Many explanations for Nazism have been offered in the course of the nine decades since the first fascist movement was founded in Italy in 1919. The most important interpretations are discussed in the section on historiography that follows the chronology in Part I. Whether we understand why the Nazis rose to power and why the Holocaust happened any better at the beginning of the twenty-first century than contemporaries did at the time remains an open question. History is, after all, an ongoing argument conducted from different and ever-changing perspectives very much dependent on the unpredic- table course of events, changing public attitudes, and varying personal loyalties. But more than 60 years of intensive research have
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Star Wars: the Fascism Awakens Representation and Its Failure from the Weimar Republic to the Galactic Senate Chapman Rackaway University of West Georgia
    STAR WARS: THE FASCISM AWAKENS 7 Star Wars: The Fascism Awakens Representation and its Failure from the Weimar Republic to the Galactic Senate Chapman Rackaway University of West Georgia Whether in science fiction or the establishment of an earthly democracy, constitutional design matters especially in the realm of representation. Democracies, no matter how strong or fragile, can fail under the influence of a poorly constructed representation plan. Two strong examples of representational failure emerge from the post-WWI Weimar Republic and the Galactic Republic’s Senate from the Star Wars saga. Both legislatures featured a combination of overbroad representation without minimum thresholds for minor parties to be elected to the legislature and multiple non- citizen constituencies represented in the body. As a result both the Weimar Reichstag and the Galactic Senate fell prey to a power-hungry manipulating zealot who used the divisions within their legislature to accumulate power. As a result, both democracies failed and became tyrannical governments under despotic leaders who eventually would be removed but only after wars of massive casualties. Representation matters, and both the Weimer legislature and Galactic Senate show the problems in designing democratic governments to fairly represent diverse populations while simultaneously limiting the ability of fringe groups to emerge. “The only thing necessary for the triumph of representative democracies. A poor evil is for good men to do nothing.” constitutional design can even lead to tyranny. – Edmund Burke (1848) Among the flaws most potentially damaging to a republic is a faulty representational “So this is how liberty dies … with structure. Republics can actually build too thunderous applause.” - Padme Amidala (Star much representation into their structures, the Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith, 2005) result of which is tyranny as a byproduct of democratic failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Das Testament Hindenburgs Vom 11. Mai 1934
    HORST MÜHLEISEN DAS TESTAMENT HINDENBURGS VOM 11. MAI 1934 I. Im Frühjahr 1934 zeigten sich beim Reichspräsidenten Paul von Beneckendorff und Hindenburg, der im siebenundachtzigsten Lebensjahre stand, die ersten Anzeichen jener Krankheit, die am 2. August desselben Jahres zu seinem Tode führen sollte. Edgar J.Jung, Mitarbeiter Franz von Papens, des „Stellvertreters des Reichskanz­ lers", drängte deshalb Anfang März 1934 den Vizekanzler, festzustellen, ob Hin­ denburg beabsichtige, ein Testament oder einen letzten Willen zu hinterlassen. Jung meinte, das Staatsoberhaupt müsse dafür gewonnen werden, sich für die Wie­ dereinführung der Monarchie auszusprechen; dadurch solle verhindert werden, daß zusätzlich zum Amt des Reichskanzlers auch das des Reichspräsidenten der NSDAP zufalle. Papen erwiderte, er werde erst dann an Hindenburg herantreten, wenn Hitler ihm mitgeteilt habe, wie er sich die Nachfolge des Reichspräsidenten vorstelle. Diese Initiative scheint nicht die einzige gewesen zu sein. Staatssekretär Otto Meissner, der Leiter des „Büros des Reichspräsidenten", berichtet, daß Hindenburg ihm schon Anfang 1934 erzählt habe, er werde von verschiedenen Seiten gedrängt, eine politische Willensäußerung zu hinterlassen, habe aber keine Neigung dazu. Was er dem deutschen Volke zu sagen habe, sei in den Schlußworten seines nach dem Ersten Weltkriege erschienenen Buches „Aus meinem Leben" niedergelegt. Die­ ser Auffassung hatte Meissner zugestimmt. Am 8. März 1934 fand das Gespräch zwischen Papen und Hitler statt1. Der Vize­ kanzler erörterte mit dem Reichskanzler die Frage der Nachfolge des Staatsober­ hauptes und schlug vor, das Amt des Reichspräsidenten und des Reichskanzlers auch künftig getrennt zu belassen. Papen legte, seinem Bericht zufolge, dar, wie schwierig es für Hitler sein müsse, die Leitung der NS-Bewegung in andere Hände zu legen, falls er selbst die Absicht habe, Hindenburgs Nachfolger zu werden.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurt Von Schleicher the Soldier and Politics in the Run-Up to National Socialism: a Case Study of Civil-Military Relations
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-06 Kurt von Schleicher the soldier and politics in the run-up to national socialism: a case study of civil-military relations Bitter, Alexander B. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34631 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS KURT VON SCHLEICHER—THE SOLDIER AND POLITICS IN THE RUN-UP TO NATIONAL SOCIALISM: A CASE STUDY OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS by Alexander B. Bitter June 2013 Thesis Co-Advisors: Donald Abenheim Carolyn Halladay Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS KURT VON SCHLEICHER—THE SOLDIER AND POLITICS IN THE RUN-UP TO NATIONAL SOCIALISM: A CASE STUDY OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Flrtttowj Tannenburg Monument, the Queror'' of Morocco
    I Quiet Death Comes to Von Hindenhurg after Life Through Hell of War the state department officially to chief of staff, Marshal Paul Von notify the government of the death Hinder burg. fallen. of the Tribute Paid World War\ president. But the Allies went through. On October 1 the French took fit. The German over the em- • • flag DDENBURG iiti 9s I GREAT CRISIS 4 and October 5 the Brit- OLD GIRAL * * • I was lowered to half mast as Quentin by * bassy Canadians Began Attack soon as word was received from )Sb had consolidated their position. Berlin that Von Hindenburg was Canadians launched the attack on the in General All dead and embassy, common i two weeks after Hin- by Powers; NOW TO FACE MASTERMIND Aug. 26, 1918. LIE IN • ••••• #••••• ••••*# with the entire German govern- WILL •«••• ment, went Into official mourning denburg had seen his advantage Boundary Employe until after Von Hindenburg's fun- vanish. The Dominion soldiers and Save* Man’s Life eral. British tommies bore the brunt of to The Herald) World BEHIND* WAR (Special Entire GERMANY,SAID The and all of- embassy embassy SOLITARY SPOT Mourning ——.- the battle, although Americans got SAN BENITO. Aug. 2- L. A. • ,f' 11*1 ficials also cancelled all social into it more than a month later. reichswchr engagement*. Bayllaa, junior engineering aide * WASHINGTON. Aug. 2. UP/—Sec. doubt whether the (reg- WASHINGTON. Aug. 2. —<*>— (By the Associated Press* (Copyright. 1934. by the AP.) Yankee and French forces were the ular army) will be aa loyal to him The death of Von Hindenburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictatorship and the German Constitution: 1933-1937
    DICTATORSHIP AND THE GERMAN CONSTITUTION: 1933-1937 KARL Lo wENsTEIN* FTER National Socialism had seized power in Germany on Janu- ary 3o, 1933, the transformation of the constitutional law of the German Reich was accomplished at an exceedingly rapid rate. During the first two years of National Socialist rule there was an enor- mous output of statutes of basic importance. This rather hectic process of constitutional reconstruction evidently had reached a climax when, on August i, 1934, Adolf Hitler united the functions of the Reich President and of the Reich-Chancellor in his person, because the plenitude of ab- solute power bestowed on the Supreme Leader of the Reich (Reichsfiihrer) was incapable of being further increased. Since then the pace in rebuild- ing the constitutional structure has ostensibly slackened and it seems safe to state that the outlines of constitutional law as they appear today em- body the governmental form of the Third Reich in its final shape. Among the vast mass of statutes passed during the first four years of National Socialist rule some are considered as of fundamental nature and are spoken of as the basic or organic acts of the Third Reich (Grund- gesetz). This official designation, however, does not imply that these acts became integral parts of the fundamental charter (Verfassung im formel- len Sinn). Although it has been repeatedly hinted that a completely new constitutional document will be drawn up which would supersede the Weimar Constitution of August 11, 1918, the plan, if ever seriously con- templated, has not as yet materialized. Should a new constitutional charter be adopted, it would scarcely differ much from the constitutional set-up reflected today in the so-called basic acts, ordinary statutes and to a large extent also, in governmental habits or conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Vortrag RK Und Gen.D.Inf. Von Schleicher
    Kurt von Schleicher Reichskanzler (Dezember 1932 – Januar 1933) und General der Infanterie Vortrag vor dem Militärhistorischen Arbeitskreis Bonn- Rheinbach am 7. Oktober 2010 Urheberrechtlich geschützt. Verwendung, auch auszugsweise, nur nach Autorisierung. Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel 1 Jugend, Erziehung und Krieg Kapitel 2 Das Kriegsende und der Übergang in den Frieden Kapitel 3 1919 – 1923 Die ersten Jahre der Weimarer Republik Dienst im Reichswehrministerium Kapitel 4 1924 – 1930 Die Konsolidierung der Reichswehr und auf dem Weg in die „große“ Politik Kapitel 5 Januar 1931 – Dezember 1932 Die Zeit der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Nationalsozialismus Kapitel 6 3. Dezember 1932 – 28.Januar 1933 Reichskanzler von Schleicher Kapitel 7 Das Versagen der Generalität der Reichswehr /der Wehrmacht im Mordfall Schleicher. Schleichers Bild in der Geschichte Kapitel 1 Jugend, Erziehung und Krieg Der Reichskanzler und General der Infanterie Kurt von Schleicher wird von Historikern sehr unterschiedlich beurteilt. Wenige urteilen positiv über ihn und sein Leistungen, manche charakterisieren ihn als eine „schillernde Persönlichkeit“, manche sehen ihn negativ. Meine Absicht ist es, Schleichers Vita bei einer tatsächlich „schillernden“ Quellenlage aufzuzeigen und dann zu urteilen. Kurt von Schleicher wurde am 7.April 1882 in Brandenburg an der Havel geboren. Dort diente sein Vater, aus einer preußischen Offiziersfamilie stammend, als Oberleutnant in einem Infanterieregiment. Seine Karriere endete als Oberstleutnant und Bataillonskommandeur in dem Städtchen Calau im Spreewald. Plehwe schreibt, dass der Vater „einen begrenzten beruflichen Ehrgeiz gehabt habe und dass ihn der Dienst und das private Leben in der kleinen Garnison zufrieden gestellt habe “1. Der Vater konnte somit für den Sohn nicht das Beispiel für eine durch Einsatz, Ehrgeiz und Erfolg gestaltete Karriere gewesen sein.
    [Show full text]
  • Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948
    Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 By Nicole M. Eaton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Yuri Slezkine, chair Professor John Connelly Professor Victoria Bonnell Fall 2013 Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 © 2013 By Nicole M. Eaton 1 Abstract Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 by Nicole M. Eaton Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair “Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948,” looks at the history of one city in both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Russia, follow- ing the transformation of Königsberg from an East Prussian city into a Nazi German city, its destruction in the war, and its postwar rebirth as the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad. The city is peculiar in the history of Europe as a double exclave, first separated from Germany by the Polish Corridor, later separated from the mainland of Soviet Russia. The dissertation analyzes the ways in which each regime tried to transform the city and its inhabitants, fo- cusing on Nazi and Soviet attempts to reconfigure urban space (the physical and symbolic landscape of the city, its public areas, markets, streets, and buildings); refashion the body (through work, leisure, nutrition, and healthcare); and reconstitute the mind (through vari- ous forms of education and propaganda). Between these two urban revolutions, it tells the story of the violent encounter between them in the spring of 1945: one of the largest offen- sives of the Second World War, one of the greatest civilian exoduses in human history, and one of the most violent encounters between the Soviet army and a civilian population.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historiography of Hitler's Rise to Power Author(S): J
    'Machtergreifung' or 'Due Process of History': The Historiography of Hitler's Rise to Power Author(s): J. S. Conway Source: The Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1965), pp. 399-413 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020433 Accessed: 15-04-2020 14:57 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Historical Journal This content downloaded from 103.115.195.112 on Wed, 15 Apr 2020 14:57:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Historical yournal, VIII, 3 (I965), pp. 399-423 Printed in Great Britain REVIEW ARTICLE 'MACHTERGREIFUNG' OR'DUE PROCESS OF HISTORY' The Historiography of Hitler's Rise to Power There is still no single acceptable or convincing explanation of the rise of Nazism to preponderant power in Germany and Europe. The most widely read account in the English-speaking world is probably that of William Shirer in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (i960)1 which, while commendable for its scope, has undoubtedly reinforced many prejudices. A more careful and scholarly summary of the previous interpretations has been provided up to I957 by Professor Andrew Whiteside.2 Since then all scholars have become deeply indebted to Professor Karl Dietrich Bracher, formerly of Berlin, now of Bonn, for two notable and indispensable studies of the rise of Nazism, Die Auzflisung der Weimarer Republik (Cologne, 1955), and its equally valuable sequel Die Nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung (Cologne, I960).
    [Show full text]
  • Ftmtonti Queror” of State Observance
    uiet Death Comes to Von Hindenburg after Life Hell of War " "" " Through .. if — Ill—■ ... * ™' I. the state deportment officially to chief of staff, Marshal Paul Von September 39 the wtrve Urn had notify the government of the death Hindenburg. fallen. Tribute Paid World War of the president. % But the Allies went through. On October 1 the French took St. OLD GENERAL GREAT CRISIS The German flag over the em- HINDENBURG was lowered to mast as Quentin and by October ft the Brit- bassy half Canadians Began Attack soon as word was received from ish had consolidated their position. Berlin that Von Hindenburg was Canadians launched the attack on General All dead and the embassy, in common Powers; NOW TO FACE two weeks after Hin- by MASTERMIND Aug. 36, 1911, WILL LIE IN entire Germsn with tile govern- ment, 'vent into official mourning denburg had seen his advantage Boundary Employe until after Von Hlndenburg's fun- vanish. The Dominion soldiers and eral. Saves Man’s Life Entire World BEHWD British tommies bore the brunt of WAR to The Herald) GERMANY,SAID and all (Special SOUTARYSPOl r Mourning The embassy embassy of- I ficials also cancelled all social the battle, although Americans got SAN BENITO, Aug. 2.— L. A. into It more than a 2. doubt whether the rekhswehr (.reg- engagements. month later. Bayllss, junior engineering 1934. the AP.» WASHINGTON, Aug. iAV-Sec, WASHINGTON, Aug. 2. —<A*>— (By the Associated Press» (Copyright. by will a* to him Yankee and Trench forces mere official Thurs- ular army) be loyal The death of Von Hindenburg, Even as Pres.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannes Heer Paul Von Hindenburg Darmstadt 6
    Hannes Heer Paul von Hindenburg Darmstadt 6. Mai 2014 Bei meiner Expertise im Rahmen der Aktion zur Umbenennung der Hindenburg-Straße orientiere ich mich bei Darstellung und Bewertung des Lebens von Hindenburg an den Maßstäben, die von der Stadtverordnetenversammlung am 19. Februar 2013 für Namensgeber von Darmstädter Straßen formuliert worden sind: Demnach sollen alle diejenigen Personen, „deren Leben bzw. politische Einstellung sich nicht mit den Werten einer freiheitlich demokratischen Gesellschaft vereinbaren lassen“ von Straßenschildern der Wissenschaftsstadt Darmstadt verbannt werden.1 Die Darstellung stützt sich auf die 2007 erschiene profunde Hindenburg-Biographie von Wolfram Pyta und die Studien, die Karl- Dietrich Bracher, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Hans Mommsen, Horst Möller, Ulrich Kluge, Ian Kershaw und Richard Evans zur Weimarer Republik und zum Machtantritt Hitlers verfasst haben. 1. Krieg und Frieden Paul von Beneckendorf und von Hindenburg wurde 1847 als Sohn eines Gutsbesitzers in Posen geboren. Nach dem Besuch der Kadettenanstalt nahm er 1866 als Leutnant am Krieg Preußens gegen Österreich und am deutsch-französischen Krieg 1970/71 teil. Er besuchte die Kriegsakademie und wurde nach deren Abschluss in den Großen Generalstab, danach ins Kriegsministerium versetzt. Nach Posten als Chef des Generalstabs, Divisionskommandeur und Kommandierender General nahm er 1911 im Alter von 6 Jahren seinen Abschied und lebte als Pensionär in Hannover. Verbittert über seine Nichtverwendung bemühte er sich nach Kriegsbeginn mit allen Kräften vergebens um ein Frontkommando. Aber erst am 22. August 1914 wurde er angesichts des drohenden Zusammenbruchs der Front in Ostpreußen reaktiviert und zum OB der 8. Armee ernannt: Aufgrund der Pläne seines genialen Stabschefs Erich Ludendorff gelang es, zwischen dem 25.
    [Show full text]
  • HINDENBURG the WOODEN TITAN by the Same Author
    HINDENBURG THE WOODEN TITAN By the same author Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918 Munich: Prologue to Tragedy The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918-1945 King George VI: His Life and Reign John Anderson: Viscount Waverley A Wreath to Clio E. Briber, Berlin PRESIDENT VON HINDENBURG HINDENBURG THE WOODEN TITAN JOHN W. WHEELER-BENNETT Palgrave Macmillan This book is copyright in all countries which are signatorieB of the Berne Convention ~Preface and new Bibliographical Note: John W. Wheeler-Bennett 1967 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1967 978-0-333-04550-3 First published 1936 Reissued with Preface and new Bibliographical Note 1967 ISBN 978-0-333-08269-0 ISBN 978-1-349-15236-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15236-0 MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED Little EsBex Street London WC2 also Bombay Calcutta Madras Melbourne THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED 70 Bond Street Toronto 2 ST MARTIN'S PRESS INC 176 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10010 Library of CongreBB Catalog Card number: 67-15778 TO GERALD PALMER AND TO HIS MOTHER I DEDICATE THIS BOOK WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE REISSUE ix BmLIOGRAPHICAL NoTE TO THE REISSUE X'V PART I: TANNENBERG AND PLESS 1 PART II: KREUZNACH AND SPA • 77 PART III: WEIMAR AND NEUDECK 225 INDEX 477 Vll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS President von Hindenburg frontispiece Jollou·iny pn(Je 270 Hammering Nails into the Wooden Statue Hindenburg with Wounded Men on his 70th birthday, October 2nd, 1917 The Wooden Statue in the Siegesallee, Berlin Hindenburg at Spa, June
    [Show full text]
  • Prologue: Weimar Society in Retrospect
    1 Prologue: Weimar Society in Retrospect GUNTER W. REMMLING The social system of Heimar Germany has always been controversial. From the start 1leimar society was c;laracterized by a peculiar fluidity: between 1913 and 1933, the German Reich, commonly referred to as the \Veimar Republic, v1as a virtual laboratory of sociocultural experimentation. In the streets of German ·towns and cities, political armies competed for followers--a orocess punctuated by assassinations and advertised by street battles embroiling monarchists, imperial militarists, nihilistic war veterans, Communists, Socialists, anarchists, and National Socialists. Parliamentary activity involved about twenty-five political parties whose shifting alliances produced twenty governmental cabinets with an average lifespan of less than nine months. The political circus performed in an economic crazy house: the hungry post\var years skidded into an inflationary period during which the German mark--valued before the war at 4.2 per dollar--plummeted to the value of 4.2 billioa to the dollar. At this point, in November 1923, individuals paid a billion marks to send a letter abroad and the German Republic verged on complete financial bankruptcy and political disintegration. An era of political and econouic reconstruction began in 1924; by 1929 Germany had become the leading industrial power on the European continent. The Great DeDression, announced by the crash of the New York Stock Sxchange in October 1929, brought the ~eimar Republic to the brink of disaster: by the end of 1932, nearly half of the German labor force was unemployed. Hany jobless men provoked arrest, seeking shelter and food in prison, others swelled the ranks of the Red Front and, ominously, those of l!itler's Storm Troops.
    [Show full text]