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Distribution of the Cleveland Black Shale in Ohio

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Distribution of the Cleveland Black Shale in Ohio JOSEPH F SCHWIETERING I Department of Geology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 Distribution of the Cleveland Black Shale in Ohio ABSTRACT lower black shale member of the Ohio Shale) and the Chagrin Shale (the middle gray mem- The authors present evidence that the varia- ber of the Ohio Shale); as an eastern extension ble thickness of the Cleveland Shale (Late of the Huron Shale; and as a western facies of Devonian) from northern to southern Ohio dis- the Chagrin Shale. The relationship recognized plays a pattern resulting from the entry into a in this paper is that described by Pepper and black mud environment of some clastic sedi- others (1954), in which two black shale units ments introduced by distributing currents flow- (Huron and Cleveland) are separated by the ing westward from the Catskill delta. westward thinning Chagrin gray shale facies. Gushing (1912) applied the name Olmsted INTRODUCTION Shale to a sequence of soft, blackish shales with This study was undertaken to determine the bands of bluish shale in the vicinity of Cleve- distribution of the Cleveland Shale in Ohio and land. He considered the Olmsted to be a sepa- to define the depositional patterns prevailing rate formation wedging out eastward between during Late Devonian time. the Cleveland and the underlying Chagrin Shale and thickening westward with concurrent Method of Study thinning of the Chagrin. Pepper and others Exposures of Devonian and Mississippian (1954) considered the Olmsted to be a mem- rocks in northern and central Ohio were mea- ber of the Cleveland Shale because of the iden- sured at 31 localities (Fig. 1). Field measure- tical nature, noted by Hass (1947), of ments were correlated with data from conodonts from both units. gamma-ray neutron logs from 103 wells drilled GEOLOGIC SETTING through the Devonian rocks of Ohio (Fig. 1). In addition, well cuttings from 7 wells in widely Field Relations scattered areas were examined to check reliabil- The Cleveland black shale units of northern ity of detection of subsurface units on gamma- Ohio are easily traced out in surface exposures, ray neutron logs. Two cross sections drawn except toward their western limits (Huron from representative stratigraphic sections trans- River Valley, Lorain Co., Fig. 1). They can be verse and longitudinal to the basin of deposi- traced eastward to the west side of the Grand tion reveal the lateral facies changes (Fig. 2), River Valley in Ashtabula County. The Cleve- and an isopach map (Fig. 3) displays the thick- land reaches maximum thickness in western ness variations. (For a list of borings used in Cuyahoga County, then thins eastward and cross sections, see Table 1.) westward across northern Ohio. Silt content of the black shale is relatively Previous Work high (average 63 percent), but is masked by the The Cleveland Shale is the uppermost black organic content. Generally, silt content in- shale member of the Ohio Shale. General re- creases eastward. Black shale units become less gional facies descriptions of the Cleveland pyritic and increasingly calcareous westward as Shale have been provided by Newberry reflected in the greater frequency of concre- (1871), Ulrich (1912), Gushing (1912), Kin- tions, lensoid cone-in-cone structures, dis- dle (1912), Prosser (1913), Verwiebe (1917), seminated calcite grains, and thin interbedded Chadwick (1925), Lamborn (1934), Pepper limestone and calcareous siltstones. Nelson and others (1954), Nelson (1955), and summa- (1955) reported similar findings and also re- rized by Hoover (I960). The Cleveland Shale ported mineralogical variations of clays (over-all has, at various times, been considered as a sepa- dominant quartz-illite-chlorite, deficient in kao- rate formation overlying the Huron Shale (the linite) within the various facies. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 3477-3482, 4 figs., December 1971 3477 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/82/12/3477/3417818/i0016-7606-82-12-3477.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 LAKE 1 ASHTABULA GEAUGA JT SANDUSKY J HURON .. Tr*- * .,Tk ' j PORTAGE . SUMMIT ; ! SENECA .' |_ F" MEDINA J " " .•J MAHONING —* | ' ' Ij CRAWFORD !I• • iUSHLAN • D j I * WAYN* E STARK i COLUMBIANA I * 4 A I * I 1 ! ! • I I r—J 1 I • | RICHLAND u. J • i T i ' ! 3 .* ! r-1 i——V L.. r"1 T I r • I L CARROLL r MARION I • i j J_ ! I r I MORROW ( I * • ' j ••I J • ! HOLMES ] ' (JEFFERSON j I j . I* . • T TUSCARAWASJ" "~J I "1 i KNOX | * L". i I I ' T-1 . : COSHOCTON I p" HARRISON | I DELAWARE . I 1 J, * J i I L--1' xv. i..-. • •- u. , ---- - | I—, ' 1 j ------- ( LICKING x ----- r I • I MUSKINGUM I GUERNSEY ! BELMONT 1 • ' • I P FRANKLIN I • • i I J--J --- \\ ®COLUXBUV J_1 » 1"1 rL 1 |_J | *-] NOBLE I MONROE j j FAIRFIELD ]• ~] PICKAWAY i !—j I MORGAN i _f\^ I ; •• i—' L-i I r~ L-r-J • r~ i *! J 2 | HOCKING .._. j i .^-'WASHINGTON / .1 ; * T / ROSS to MILES X LOCATION OF MEASURED SECTIONS . GALLIA LOCATION OF WELLS \ LAWRENCE L. Figure 1. Map showing the location of measured sections and wells. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/82/12/3477/3417818/i0016-7606-82-12-3477.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 A A' WEST I 4 EAST SUNBURV SH. BEREA SS. • BEREA SS. BEDFORD SH. • BEDFORD SH. CLEVELAND SH. OLIJSTED SH CHAGRIN SH. a 0 40 MILES HURON SH. -•«. -N.SiMILES- -2I± MILES- -9±MILES- B El SOUTH 5 NORTH GR N GR N -02± MILES- -2S.S± MILES- -251 MILES- -22.5+MILES- Figure 2. Cross sections showing the correlation of Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian formation in Ohio. Lewis and Schwietering, Figure 2 Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 12 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/82/12/3477/3417818/i0016-7606-82-12-3477.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 GEOLOGIC SETTING 3479 The lower units of the Cleveland are com- TABLE 1. LIST OF BORINGS USED IN CROSS SECTIONS monly made up of regularly bedded very thin to thin-bedded siltstones, intercalated with Cross Operator Section and medium to dark gray and very dark gray to Number Well Name Location black shales. Locally, this is referred to as the Olmsted facies (Gushing and others, 1931). Be- 1 Hudson Ohio Oil Co. cause of admixture of gray and black shale Willet no. 1 Lot no. 33, Ripley units, the Olmsted boundary with the underly- Twp., Huron Co. ing Chagrin Shale is arbitrary. However, the 2 Dalton and Hanna Olmsted generally differs from the Chagrin Eshtruth no. 1 Lot no. 14, Ruggles Shale in that it is characterized by a higher per- Twp., centage of siltstones, excellent bedding plane (4/qtr.) Ashland Co. and internal structures, absence of bioturbation 3 Ohio Fuel Gas Co. Reynolds no. 1 Lot no. 57, Westfield features, numerous horizontally interbedded Twp., black shale laminae, and flaser bedding. In- Medina dividual siltstones commonly display partial Co. 4 Parker and Chapman representation of graded beds, parallel lamina- Shafer no. 3 Sec. 19, Milton Twp., tions, and current ripple lamination. The Wayne Co. Olmsted facies has not been recognized in cen- 5 Young and tral and southern Ohio, nor has it been sepa- Henneberger Will no. 1 Sec. 17, Harrison rated from the Cleveland in the subsurface Twp., Scioto records. Co. In northern Ohio, the Olmsted facies pinches 6 Clark Oil and out southeastward in a belt parallel with the Refinery northeast-southwest-trending 20-ft isopach of Corp., Heiss no. 1 Sec. 15, Clear Creek Twp., Fair- the Cleveland Shale (Fig. 3). The upper part of field Co. the Cleveland extends farther southeastward. 7 Howard Atha In surface exposures, the Olmsted pinches out Roberts no. 1 Lot no. 2, Hartford eastward and southward in southeastern Twp., (3/qtr.) Liking Co. Cuyahoga County and thickens westward in Hudson Ohio Oil Co. those areas where Cleveland black shale sec- Augustine no. 1 Sec. 34, Troy Twp., tions thicken. Individual major siltstones Richland Co. (traced for 2 mi along lake exposures west of East Ohio Gas Co. Born no. 1 Lot no. 8, Henrietta Cleveland) also thicken westward toward areas Twp., of thick Cleveland Shale, then thin progres- Lorain Co. sively westward. The frequency of intercalated silty gray shales and individual major siltstones decreases to the west, and there is a correspond- pinchout, intertonguing is suggested in places ing increase of black shale laminae and com- where thin beds of shale with relatively high plete black shale units directly above and below gamma-ray readings occur in the upper part of major siltstones. A similar isolation of siltstones the Chagrin Shale and lower units of the Bed- by black shale units occurs where the Olmsted ford Shale. thins and pinches out on top of the Chagrin The Cleveland Shale lies in a narrow band Shale. nearly parallel to the outcrop belt of Devonian Shales (Fig. 3). The approximate position of the Subsurface Relations eastern edge of the Cleveland Shale where it The subsurface units under discussion are pinches out between the Bedford and Chagrin generally easily recognized on the gamma-ray Shales is shown by the zero isopach line (Fig. neutron logs. The black carbonaceous Cleve- 3). At present, the western limit of the Cleve- land and Huron Shales have higher gamma-ray land Shale is the north-south Devonian shale readings than the gray shales and siltstones of outcrop belt passing through central Ohio. the Chagrin and the red and gray shales of the During Devonian time, the Cleveland Shale Bedford (Fig. 2). may have extended farther to the west, as is An eastward pinchout of the Cleveland Shale indicated by its thickness near the outcrop belt.
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