Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

PATTERN OF HISAR`S AGRICULTURAL MARKETING: PARADIGM CHANGES AND EMERGENCE OF NEW CHANNELS

VAIBHAV VERMA Research Scholar Department of Economics, KUK

DEEPAK SHARMA Assistant Professor, Department of Economics Dayanand College, HisarGJU

ABSTRACT

The Indian agricultural sector accounts for 18 percent of 's gross domestic product (GDP) and provides jobs for 50 percent of the country's workforce. India is the world's largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, spices and spice products. India has become the second largest producer of fruit and vegetables in the world. is a small state in the but its soil is very fertile. In 2016-2017, Haryana produced around 6.21 percent of total food grains compared to total production of food grains in India. This research paper examines the geographic pattern of production of the main crops in and examines the relative position of Hisar district in Haryana agricultural production. This research paper also analyzes to assess the level of trade on agricultural markets for the period 2006-2019.

Keywords: E-NAM, APMC, AGMARKNET, Commercial Agriculture, Marginal Farmers

INTRODUCTION

Hisar district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana. Eastern, Central and South-Eastern Hisar district falls in between Dhrishadvati River and Yamuna River. North Hisar district falls in doab between Ghagghar River flowing through and paleo channel of Dhrishadvati River flowing through the Naenaul tehsil. Western Hisar district is part of Bagar Tract. Wheat is an important crop of Hisar district. It is a Rabi crop. The highest production of wheat in Hisar district in the year 2012-13 and lowest in the year 2007-08 during the period 2006-07 to 2016-17. For agricultural marketing, the most traditional

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

method is to sell away surplus produce to village moneylenders cum traders. Farmers can also sell their produce in weekly or biweekly markets known as hats. But in recent times, as all villages, particularly in Haryana, have been connected by cemented road with mandis in small and large towns, has become more convenient and profitable to sell produce in these mandies through ‘arhatiyas’. As seasonal purchase centresare also established for wheat and paddy in their respective seasons in villages, which are at a distance from mandis in towns, the significance of weekly and biweekly markets has also been reduced very much. That is why we do not find such type of markets in Haryana these days. At present the agricultural marketing system regulated by Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) with the help of Electronic - National Agriculture Marketing (E-NAM) in all State & UTs. It reduce asymmetry information & and transaction costs.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objectives are:

1. To examine the geographical pattern of production of major crops of Hisar District. 2. To assess the changes in the sowing pattern of different crops due to change in monsoon and water table. 3. To consider the relative position of Hisar District in Overall agricultural production of Haryana. 4. To analyze the paradigm changes and emergence of new channelsHisar agriculture.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Vilas B, G. (2017) has stated that agricultural marketing is crucial to the farmers. The paper based on the study of NAFED, its growth of share capital, reserve and other funds, gross and net profit and loss and also business turnover from 2006-07 to 2015-16. The paper has also focused on the type and issues of agricultural marketing and the remedial measures to tackle the problem. The result of the study that main area like credit expansion, infrastructural development, irrigation, warehousing and most important strict lows needed to be improved.

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

Solanki, S. and Attari, S. (2016) have stated that there are many problem and challenges in agricultural marketing eg. Low level of literacy among the farmers, limited access to the market information and poor infrastructural etc. The study based on descriptive analysis. The result of the study that an appropriate / suitable policy and regulatory environment is necessary.

Chand, R. (2012) has discussed various policies related to agricultural marketing since the early 1960s, when important steps were taken for their transformation. The study analysedhow these policies have executed and their relevance, given changing consumption and production patterns and commercial and technological developments. The study based on descriptive analysis. The result of the study that the best marketing model/ policy for consumers and producers where producers sell their products to consumers, either as some sort of organisation or as individuals.

Wankhade et al.(2010) have analysed the marketing of Soybean in Amarawati District of Maharashtra. The objective of the paper, to study the price spread, marketing cost and marketing channel of Soybean. The study based on primary data of the year 2006-07. And the data related to marketing was selected from APMC, Amarwati. Total sample size was 120 farmers. It is concluded from the study that Soybean is major oilseeds of crop in Vidarbha region and total marketing cost incurred by different functionaries in consumer’s price was to the extent of 9.98% in which the share of wholesaler, producer, processor and retailer accounted for 4.04%, 3.08%, 1.75% and 1.11% respectively. It was also found that the producers share in consumer price was 72.30%.

Landes and Burfisher(2009) have uses a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model with agricultural commodity detail and households disaggregated by rural, urban and income class to know the potential impacts of reforms that achieve efficiency profits in agricultural marketing and reduce agricultural import tariffs and input subsidies. The study based on secondary data. The result of the study that measures to improve agricultural marketing efficiency including strengthening public and private marketing institutions and improving the regulatory climate for private agribusiness investment, may substantially and broadly benefit India’s economy.

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

Acharya, S.S.(2006) has stated that efficient agricultural marketing and rural credit system are inter-related. Marketing system is the critical link between farm production sector and non-farm production sector. The objective of the study is to identify the main problem in agricultural marketing and rural credit and suggest agricultural policies that can be implemented for strengthening Indian agriculture. The paper is divided into six sections and it based on secondary data. The study suggested agenda for reforms includes, 1) redefining the role of state marketing boards and market committees. 2) repeal of ECA except under emergencies .3) revision in the state APMR legislation.

Production and Market Arrivals in Hisar District

The share of rice production in Hisar district compared to total Haryana production increases continuously after the year 2013-14, before there were fluctuations in the share of Hisar district compared to the total production of Haryana. We find that rice production in Hisar district more than doubled from 2006-07 to 2016-17. The share of Hisar district rice in total rice production in Haryana was 1.72% in 2006-07 and 3.61% in 2016-17. The share of Hisar district rice in total Haryana rice production in 2016-2017 is the highest, but the highest share of Haryana rice compared to India was the highest in 2009-10. Wheat is an important crop in the district of Hisar. It is a Rabi culture. The highest wheat production in the Hisar district in 2012-13 and the lowest in 2007-08 in the period 2006-07 to 2016-17. The share of wheat in 2012-13 was 5.98% and that of 2016-17 was 3.60%. Wheat production in the Hisar district increased more than twice between 2006-07 and 2017-18.

Table 1: Share of Hisar District in Major Crops Production of Haryana (In 000 Tones) Production Rice Wheat Cotton Oilseeds Year Hisar Haryana Hisar Haryana Hisar Haryana Hisar Haryana 2006-07 57.9 3371 138.5 10059 106.5 1805 N.A. 837 2007-08 57.9 3606 138.5 10232 106.5 1882 N.A. 617 2008-09 68.1 3299 363.3 11360 74.1 1862 N.A. 911 2009-10 69.1 3628 532.8 10488 67.6 1919 36.7 862

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

2010-11 86.1 3465 445 11578 91.9 1747 65.7 965 2011-12 89.1 3757 492.1 13119 163.9 2616 36.6 758 2012-13 73.5 3941 665 11117 239.3 2378 25.2 968 2013-14 82.5 4041 425.8 11800 165.8 2027 24.2 899 2014-15 101.6 4006 461.8 10354 92 1943 29.5 706 2015-16 112.7 4145 501.3 11352 38.7 1993 32.4 855 2016-17 160.6 4453 446.2 12382 73.9 2041 24.8 946 2017-18 175.8 4880 483.5 12,263 800 1626 38.7 1122 Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana, Various Issues.

Figure 1: Percentage Share of Hisar District in Major Crops Production of Haryana

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0 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Rice wheat cotton oilseeds

The percentage contribution of Hisar to total Haryana production is increasing, but Haryana's contribution to total wheat production in India has decreased slightly. Cotton production in the Hisar district is constantly fluctuating. The share of cotton was 5.90 in 2006-07 and it almost doubled from 10.06 in 2012-13. The share of wheat was highest in 2012-13. But from

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

2012-13 to 2015-16 wheat production in the district of Hisar is in continuous decline. The share of Hisar district compared to Haryana is 3.62% in 2016-2017.

In the Hisar district, 4 main agricultural markets are connected to E – NAM; these are the Hansi, Barwala, Narnound and Adampur markets. We observe that in 2016-2017, Haryana produced about 6.21% of the total food grains compared to the total production of food grains in India, which is lower than the share of total food grains of 6, 79% in 2006-07.

Table 2 : Market Arrivals inHisar District (2006-07 to 2018-19)

2010- 2012- 2015- Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2011-12 2013-14 2014-15 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 11 13 16 Wheat 1385 1385 2977 5328 4450 4921 6650 4258 4618 5013 4462 4,835 5,930 Barley 56 56 129 194 62 110 96 151 29 46 27 36 18.9 Maize 5 5 1 -- 1 1 1 2 19 -- 41 19 2.7 Bajra 122 122 167 20 163 39 10 17 21 23 89 23 40.4 Paddy 579 579 651 691 861 891 735 825 1016 1127 1606 1758 1,891 Gram 43 43 21 65 30 60 21 41 29 14 41 63 45.72 Pulses 9 9 11 6 16 5 6 6 7 5 7 9 8.11 Sarson, 542 ------ToriaTaramira Oilseeds ------330 802 366 252 242 295 324 248 387 355 Cotton Seeds ------20 8 42 6 26 5 3 8 16 11 4.7 Cotton 1065 1065 938 676 919 1639 2393 1218 920 387 739 800 1104 Gawar ------367 657 1207 660 1218 1407 723 756 587 479 Onion 85 85 84 86 70 99 89 73 88 91 124 163 173 Vegetable & Fruits 655 655 742 779 694 896 839 852 958 966 1044 1277 1257 Chillies 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 2 6 1 2 Gur/ 14 14 787 15 19 18 18 16 8 6 5 2 0.45 ShakkarKhandsari Ground Nut 57 57 45 41 51 73 55 53 56 88 85 91 102.84 Potato 151 151 181 181 208 250 200 213 198 247 279 333 290.69 Others 711 711 52 47 205 32 29 44 50 56 20 37 1432.42 Yearly Total 5480 4938 6807 8835 9251 10618 12081 9236 9724 9126 9595 10433 13,142 Arrivals

Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana, Various Issues

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

Figure 2 : Aggregate Arrivals inHisar District (2006-07 to 2018-19)

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0 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Wheat arrivals in the Hisar district in 2006-07 were 1,385 (00 tonnes) and almost three times in 2009-2010 they were 5,328 (00 tonnes). And after two years, wheat arrivals are increasing and they have grown to 6,650 in 2012-13. Fluctuations continue in wheat arrivals in the district of Hisar between the years 2006-07 to 2018-19. In 2016-2017, wheat arrivals were 4,462 (00 tonnes), which is a drop from last year. Paddy arrivals are increasing year by year. Market arrivals in 2006-07 were 579 (00 tonnes) and became 1,606 (00 tonnes) in 2016-2017. The arrivals on the market of Bajra decrease from year to year because the production of bajra also decreases in the district of Hisar. The arrivals of bajra on the market between the years 2006-07 to 2008-09 increase but next year they decrease many times and they went from 20 (00 Tons) to 167 (00 Tons). The lowest bajra market arrivals were 10 (00 tonnes) in 2012-13.

Emergence of New Channels

 AGMARKNET (Agricultural Products Marketing Information Network)was launched in March 2000 by the Union Ministry of Agriculture. The Marketing and Inspection Directorate (DMI), under the supervision of the Ministry, links some 7,000 wholesale agricultural markets in India with state agricultural marketing boards and directorates for effective information exchange. This AGMARKNET electronic governance portal, implemented by the National Informatics Center (NIC), facilitates the generation and transmission of prices, information on the arrival of products on the markets for agricultural

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

products and web dissemination to producers. , consumers, traders and policy makers in a transparent and fast way.

 APMC (Agricultural Produce Market Committees) Union Government had prepared a Model APMC Act in 2003. The Act makes provisions for establishment of farmers to sell their agricultural produce to consumers. In India, agricultural produce marketing activities are regulated by APMC restricting trade within the notified area of APMCs.

 Electronic - National Agriculture Market (E-Nam) TheNAM is all India electronic trading portal which networks the already existing APMCs mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. E- NAM announced by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi at April14, 2016.The E-NAM portal provides a single window service and information of all APMC mandis. It includes commodity prices & arrivals, provision to respond to trade offers, buy & sell trade offers, among other services. Agriculture produce continue to happen through markets (mandis) an online market reduces information asymmetry and transaction costs.

SUGGESTIONS

In order to increase the agricultural production of Hisar District there are the following suggestion:  Regular and up to date market information should be provided to the farmers so that they can organise their produce according to the requirements of the market.  Different varieties of agricultural produce must be graded properly. The gradation and standardisation will fetch remunerative prices to the farmers for their produce.  There is a need for multipurpose societies which can look upon all requirements of the farmers in an integrated way particular emphasis needs of the laid on the integration of agriculture processing, credit and marketing activities.  There should be improvement in E-NAM because it is not understand by the small and marginal farmers properly and many problem faced by farmers in this e- marketing system.

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 Integrated website for all agencies of both State and Central Government involved in agricultural marketing services like APMCs, CWC, CACP, DMI, FCI, JCI, NAFED, TRIFED, NHB, SAMB, STC, KVKs must be launched.  Dissemination of market information through ICT media, electronic media, telecommunication media and print media should be undertaken on priority.

CONCLUSION

Haryana is a small state in area but its soil is very fertile. Here we are comparing the production between years 2006-07 to 2018-19. If we compare the food grain production in Haryana with respect to India, the result find that Haryana was producing about 3.61 per cent rice, 13.27 per cent wheat, 7.99 per cent cotton, 3.44 per cent oilseeds and 2.71 per cent of sugarcane during 2006-07. Haryana was contributing 6.79 per cent of total food grain production in India during 2006-07. During year 2018-19 Haryana is producing about 6.21 per cent of total food grain in comparison with total food grain producing in India which is less than the share of total food grain 6.79 per cent in the year 2006-07. It conclude that wheat is the first major crop in Hisar District. The total arrivals of wheat during 2006-07 to 2018-19 are 45447 (00 Tonnes).The second largest crop grown in Hisar District is cotton. Total market arrivals of cotton are 11959 (00 Tonnes) during the consideration period.The third place is of paddy. It total arrivals are 9561 (00 Tonnes) during 2006-07 to 2018- 19.Whereas vegetable & fruits can be placed at fourth position. Total market arrivals of it in the area 9080 (00 Tonnes). The consumption of vegetable & fruits is directly related to the income, status, living standard and educational level of the people.

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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 12, Issue 4, April 2021 Impact Factor: 6.737,ISSN: (2229-4104) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected]

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