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',';';'';' """"':""";"""";;'~""~"""''''<ij.);.;...i'''<, ,;,;:",,-.' S f ~'" ,"/'- '- '" "". '~.:t,;",;;, ..,: - ,,,,.t .,,~.,j,,!j, ..~£J;&r..,. -""''JP''''I~\.~i".' ~"\""a~ ';;; ,"" ..,..' ".".,,, "'" ,...,".,,< *'" .,,~' " ""," ",['1' """'" .,;' -"' " ",' f' ..-, ', .I ,$~ ,; j " , '1, 67", (' 1 ,',..I "\ ,i 68 REGIONAL PLANNING: CHALLENGE AND PROSPECTS provision was made to add others,in the event that additional uses were found prior to completion of the study. In the course of thirty years, the pur- poses of comprehensive water resource planning had expanded fourfold, and one can assume that the col- lective skills and competence required from water resource planners had increased in some proportional measure. In terms of fundamental objectives, theories, and concepts, the field of environmental planning today is probably at the same level that water re- source planning was in 1933. Yet the commitment and expectations evidenced by the environmental pro- grams and policies in varying levels of government rival present goals of water resource development. Specific programs seem designed to either preserve, order, manipulate, or create aspects of the natural and artificial environment. The intent of each program is not difficult to identify. The more dif- ficult task is to attempt to generalize these in- tents, forming objectives that can bring together isolated programs in a comprehensive planning framework. i"':...,,.."ft.. ~~I,;~. ~.- - Objectives of Environmental Planning The objectives found in the specialized lit- eratureof individual programs when reduced to the smallest number of common denominators. are (as shown in Figure 1) physical and mental health, sensory and participatory pleasure, and economic value. Programs are justified in terms of the prevention of sickness (as is pollution control) and the provision of pleasure--either through aesthetic stimulation of the senses (for example, highway beautification) or through providing op- portunities for participating in pleasurable, en- vironmentally oriented activities (for example, outdoor recreation). Economic value as a goal may take the form of preserving present values (for example, reducing corrosion-inducing pollutants in the atmosphere) or enhancement (for example, in- creasing the value of real property through archi- tecturalcontrol). If these are the irreducible objectives of-environmental planning, then the centra~ obstacle to developing more comprehensive planning may be the lack of a common currency with which to mutually relate these objectives. In any event, a model"\>fcomprehensive planning will not spring easily from the matrix of single~purpose activities that\is presently ingrained in our public life. 69 70 REGIONAL PLANNING: CHALLENGE AND PROSPECTS COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING 71 Enclosed Space, a Model of Comprehensive Environmental Planning THE WHY AND HOW OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: THE INVESTMENT DECISION MODEL However, a model does readily exist on a much reduced scale, and one needs but to look around the The investment decision model provides for the room, wherein almost all aspects of the physical statement of a single or multiple objective with a environment have been manipulated and organized. suitable set of constraints. To make these objec- The light, temperature, and even the content of the tives operational, a set of design criteria is atmosphere have been ordered; the boundaries of adopted that will translate objectives into a set of space have been circumscribed and given color, and physical outputs through investment in productive objects have been set within it, designed to facil- inputs. These design criteria then lead to the itate one form of activity or another. formulation of alternative plans. The adequacy of each respective alternative is measured in terms of A room, with its traditional form and its well- its efficacy in fulfilling the stated objective. To defined function, is also a dynamic environmental complete the cycle, the initial objectives are re- system. If it is well designed, it should provide considered in the light of this evaluation.2 for incorporating its human occupants into the sur- roundings. As elements of the environment, some of In Chapter 2, Hufschmidt discussed the model in its occupants give off smoke; all of them radiate a broad context of applications. Rather than repeat heat, absorb and reflect light and sound, consume that discussion, some of the special problems of oxygen, and increase the carbon dioxide content. If applying the model to present and future environ- it is planned well, the room will provide an environ- mental planning will be focused upon. ment capable of fulfilling its major function and of adjusting toa variety of stimuli as well. The Objective Function t',.'" i!; The objectives of environmental planning to ~ ~." 'f,)of,;.. The role of the planner of the larger environ- " mental space is related to that of the planner of date have been concerned with physical and mental the more limited space. The room was designed for health, pleasure arising from both the senses and human and, hopefully, humane purposes. Its planner activities, and wealth--either from preservation of consciously organized and manipulated all aspects of existing value or the creation of new value. How- the physical environment toward that purpose. By ever, in the broad context of activity related to analogy, comprehensive environmental planning might city and regional planning, environmental programs be defined as planning, over extensive space, the are seldom stated as objectives; in the main, they conscious organization and manipulation of all as- serve as constraints. Although this broad intent of pects'of the physical environment for human ends. planning activities often is not clear, objectives frequently involve the maximization of national and As one assesses the present scope and content regional income, accessibility, and the like. En- of environmental planning, there is a sense of move- vironmental planning adds to these objectives the ment from individual, single-purpose programs to proviso, "subject to the constraint that you do not comprehensive programs. A central problem is how significantly harm humans, property values or to relate the disparate objectives of health, aesthetic pleasure." wealth, and pleasure. A central need is to relate the process of environmental.planning to the already S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup deals with the issue of ongoing programs in city planning, regional develop- conflicting objective functions and constraints.3 ment, or natural resource management. The diffi- As an example, one might note that 160-acre limita- culties might best be explored by considering tions on farm size serve as a constraint in an Hufschmidt's investment decision model presented in optimizing calculus for efficient irrigation Chapter 2. development. But to many proponents of irrigation, the objective of the irrigation was not the contri- bution to national income but the constraint itself --that is, the encouragement and maintenance of 72 REGIONAL PLANNING: CHALLENGE AND PROSPECTS COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING 73 family-size farms. A similar situation arises in placed on the activities of the Federal Power Com- dealing with the environment.
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