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Environmental Planning Environmental Planning Prof. Roque “Popoy” A. Magno ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING URBAN and REGIONAL PLANNING • is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different elements and aspects of the environment (social, economic, physical, political) determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in concert throughout a period of time in the future and formulating and programming a set of actions and plans to attain desired results. 1 NATURE and SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING • DYNAMIC: Changes overtime, technological change; cultural norms and traditions; not static; responsive to new demands and needs of people. • CYCLIC: Unending process; Always goes back to where it started; Were the problems solved? Goals and objectives attained? At what level of satisfaction? • MULTI-DISCIPLINARY: Requires the expertise of various disciplines; economics; engineering; sociology; architecture; law; geography etc. NATURE and SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING • CONTINUOUS: Plan is prepared, approved, implemented; reviewed and evaluated; replan again based on new demands of the time. • TIME BOUND: Plan must have a time perspective; short, medium, long range; Basis for plan review and assessment. • COMPREHENSIVE: Covers all aspects of man and his environment; physical, social, economics, political adm. and the natural environment. 2 PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to achieve the functions/objectives of a sector. Programs describe in detail the kind and quantities of resources to be used. PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and facilities within a limited area within a given time period. A project deals with goods and services significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and local development plans. SECTOR is an element or sub-system of the entire community development system having specific functions and subject to program planning. STANDARD is an accepted criterion or established measure for determining performance; a rule by which something is evaluated. 3 COMMON DEFINITIONS • CONCEPT PLAN: the output of the first stage activities in the preparation of a development plan. It consists of an overall growth pattern, strategy, sectoral policies and population and employment target and forecasts. • CONSULTATION: is the process of obtaining technical advise or opinion which may be or may not be followed. That’s why we have experts in all fields of endeavor acting as consultants. COMMON DEFINITIONS • LOCAL PLANS: are the outputs of the second stage activities in the preparation of a development plan. The plan consists of action area plans, district plans, sectoral programs, and finally projects for implementation. • DEVELOPMENT PLAN: is a series of written statements accompanied by maps, illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become and how it wants to develop. It is essentially composed of community goals, objectives, policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan which translates the various sectoral plans. 4 URBAN and REGIONAL PLANNING DIFFERS FROM OTHER FORMS OF PLANNING IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT ASPECTS: 1. It is concerned primarily with public issues involving a broadly defined group of clients with diverse interests; 2. It is a deliberate, self-conscious activity that usually involves persons trained professionally as planners; 3. Its goals and objectives, as well as the means of achieving them, are often highly uncertain; 4. Urban and regional planners themselves seldom make decisions; rather they lay out major alternatives and recommendations for those elected or appointed to make such decisions; 5. Urban and regional planners employ a variety of specialized tools and methods in analyzing and presenting alternatives; 6. The results of most planning activities are discernible only 5 to 20 years after the decision has been made, making feedback and corrective measures difficult. LEVELS OF PLANNING: National, Regional, and Local Planning • AREAS OF PLANNING National City/Municipal Regional District Sub-Regional Barangay Provincial Subdivision Metropolitan Campus 5 LEVELS OF PLANNING: National, Regional, and Local Planning • SECTORS OF PLANNING Tourism Infrastructure Industry Social Residential/Housing Agriculture Economic Transport Land Use Communications Physical Utilities Land Resource Education Environmental Social Welfare Natural Resources Administrative Manpower Health Fiscal LEVELS OF PLANNING: National, Regional, and Local Planning • SCOPE OF PLANNING/COVERAGE Perspective Structure Integrated Development Concept Framework Comprehensive Detailed • TIME/DURATION OF PLAN Short Term 1 year Medium Term 5 years Long Range 10 years and above 6 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING as a PROFESSION EDUCATION ACADEME ACADEME . develop curriculum . develop linkages bet. PROGRAM PIEP disciplines ENVIRON- REGULATION PRC PROJECT GOVERNMENT MENTAL OF BOARD OF . train environmental PLANNING PROFESSION IMPLEMEN- EP planners TATION . policy making PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE PRACTICE PRIVATE SECTOR PIEP and PRC . complement GOVERNMENT . implement PD 1308 government efforts . link EP to socio-econ. plans . monitor educational . set example for best . spatial implications of socio- activities practice cultural-economic policies . monitor professional . comply with PD 1308 . update implementation of practice . cooperate with planning laws . administer relevant NGO’s . implement PD 1308 exams FRAMEWORK OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIP among the THREE ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE CIVIL BUSINESS SOCIETY SECTOR PROD. SECTOR GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT ~ creates a conducive political and legal environment BUSINESS SECTOR ~ generates values, jobs and income CIVIL SOCIETY ~ facilitates political and social interaction mobilizing groups to participate in economic, social, political activities PRODUCTIVE SECTOR ~ is the term used to describe the objective of what an effective governance wants to attain 7 POLICY PLANNING and COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING They differ in the following respects: SCOPE: Policy planning is directed at a particular issue, whereas comprehensive planning considers all aspects of a system simultaneously, whether or not any specific problem or opportunity relating to that aspect has been identified. Comprehensive Transport Plan considers (usage, costs, facilities, pollution, population, employment, land uses, travel patterns, etc.) while a Policy Plan focuses on a specific issue, such as the regulation of taxicabs at the airport. PRODUCT: Comprehensive planners usually develop a plan. The product of policy planning include memoranda, position papers, draft legislations, and even letters or phone calls. POLICY PLANNING and COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING …..They differ in the following respects: CLIENT: The client of traditional comprehensive planning is the public interest; planners guess at the joint preferences and opinions of this mythical client and interpret these opinions as they see fit. The client of policy planning is very real. A mayor, department secretary, a vice president of a company, a director or whoever commissioned the analysis. POLITICS: Traditional comprehensive planning embraces an apolitical approach to the process of implementation; policy planning maybe very political. Government planning uses both while private clients will only be interested in policy planning. 8 ROSTOW’s FIVE STAGES OF GROWTH I. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY. One whose structure is developed within limited production functions, where economy is characterized by a low level of savings. II. PRE-CONDITIONS FOR TAKE-OFF. Period of transition between the traditional society and take- off when the pre-conditions for an increase in output are developed. There are changes in attitudes and values brought about by internal and external change. III. TAKE-OFF PERIOD. Start of self-sustaining growth, the rate of I increases as a fraction of output as new industries expand and profits are reinvested. ROSTOW’s FIVE STAGES OF GROWTH IV. THE DRIVE TO MATURITY. The stage where techniques in production improve, new industries accelerate, and the economy takes its place in the international trading community. It demonstrates its capacity to move beyond take-off. V. THE AGE OF HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION. The stage where real per capita income increases such that more people have a command over consumptions; welfare considerations emerge and the services sector becomes the dominant sector. 9 LOW PRODUCTION LOW CAPITAL FORMATION LOW INCOMES LOW INVESTMENTS LOW SAVINGS THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF POVERTY EKISTICS = Study of Human Settlements (Constantino Doxiadis, Greek Planner) NATURE SHELL MAN SOCIETY NETWORK MAN and His Environment MAN Biological Needs SOCIETY SHELL Emotional Needs Population Housing Moral Values Social classes Community Services Five Senses Cultural patterns Shopping Centers Economic Dev’t Recreational Facilities NATURE Education Civic & Business Center Geological resources Health and Welfare Industry Topographic resources Law and Adm. Transportation Centers Soil resources NETWORK Water resources Water Supply System Sewerage and Drainage Plant life Power Supply System Physical layout Animal life Transportation System Climate Communication System Air, Sun, Rain 10 EKISTIC UNITS MICRO-SPACE MAN ARCHITECTURAL ROOM SPACE DWELLING DWELLING GROUP SITE PLANNING SMALL NEIGBORHOOD SUBDIVISION PLANNING DISTRICT MIDDLE SCALE SMALL TOWN TOWN PLANNING TOWN CITY PLANNING LARGE CITY URBAN PLANNING MACRO-SCALE METROPOLIS REGIONAL PLANNING CONURBATION METROPOLITAN PLANNING MEGALOPOLIS
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