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Full Text in Pdf Format MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published August 10 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Effects of substratum instability on locomotion and pedal laceration in Metridium senile (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) Kenneth R. N. Anthony *, Ib Svane The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Kristineberg 2130, S-450 34 Fiskebackskil. Sweden ABSTRACT: On the west coast of Sweden, populations of the small morph of the sea anemone Metri- dium senile (L.) are often found associated with beds of the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.). We tested the hypothesis that instability of the secondary substratum provided by mussels affects pedal disc lacera- tion of M. senile by stimulating locomotion. The instability of a subtidal bed of M. edulis was quantified by recording movements of individual mussels. Rates of pedal disc laceration of M. senile were inves- tigated in field and laboratory experiments using live and eviscerated mussels as substrata. Field experiments showed that M. senile produced significantly more lacerates on live mussels than on mimic (eviscerated) mussels. In a laboratory flume experiment, the rate of laceration on mimic mussels increased significantly with the frequency of substratum perturbation (overturning) with maximum laceration rates of groups overturned once every 12 and 48 h. Furthermore, the rate of laceration was found to be a function of anemone body size per se. During periods between overturning of the mimics, anemones showed a significant net migration from the protected lower shell to the exposed upper shell in pace with the frequency of overturning. The presence of a vertical flow velocity gradient between and above the mimics supported the hypothesis that migration was due to a rheotactic response in M. senile. The significance of this behavioral pattern and stimulated clonal growth in structuring populations of M. senlle on unstable substrata is discussed. KEY WORDS: Disturbance . Substratum Instability . Sea anemone . Metridium senile. Laceration INTRODUCTION 1985, 1986, Lohse 1993a, b). Although benthic bivalves are generally long-lived and relatively stationary (Oka- Disturbances are important structuring agents in mura 1986), they provide an area of substratum less marine epibioses, causing mortality and subsequent stable than, for example, bedrock. The plumose sea provision of free primary substrata (e.g. Osman 1977, anemone Metn'dium senile (L.) is often found associated Sousa 1984, Connell & Keough 1985). Provision of space with the mussel Mytilus edulis (e.g. Kaplan 1984), and on secondary substrata, on the other hand, is closely in shallow (2 to 8 m deep) channels at Strommarna on linked to the life history of the organisms and to inter- the Swedish west coast, large subtidal beds of M. edulis actions between basibionts and epibionts (Wahl 1989). are nearly 100% covered by populations of M. senile. Interactions between basibionts and epibionts may Small body size (<2 cm pedal disc diameter, PDD) and involve anti-fouling agents and mechanisms, but also high rates of pedal disc laceration (the mode of asexual facilitative mechanisms which may be species specific reproduction in M. senile; Bucklin 1987) are charac- (Davis et al. 1989, Pawlik 1992). teristic features of these populations of sea anemones Epibenthic bivalves often provide secondary hard sub- (Anthony & Svane 1994).Larger forms of M. senile are stratum for epifaunal assemblages (Tsuchiya & Nishira found abundantly in sheltered and deeper localities attached directly to the rock wall and undergo pedal 'Present address: James Cook University of North Queens- laceration at lower rates (see Anthony & Svane 1994). land. Department of Marine Biology, Townsville Queensland Spatial aggregation and movements of mussels 4811. Australia; E-mail: [email protected] within patches are likely to bury part of the epifauna O Inter-Research 1995 Resale of full article not permitteo 172 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 124: 171-180, 1995 on the mussels, and can be regarded as small-scale mussels within the natural mussel bed at Rabergssund physical disturbances (Sousa 1979, Connell & Keough was monitored. A fixed station for photographic moni- 1985, Svane & Ompi 1993).Relative to sessile encrust- toring was established on the horizontal part of the ing species, hemisessile epifaunal species like Metri- mussel bed using a 3 m aluminium bar mounted dium senile may escape burial by upward/outward between 2 concrete blocks just above the mussel bed. movements, and thus lower the risk of mortality when Three spaced quadrats measuring 50 X 50 cm were host mussels are turning or aggregating. selected along the aluminium bar transect. The Pedal laceration, and hence clonal growth, in Metri- quadrats were monitored daily for a period of 5 d dium senile may be stimulated by high current veloci- followed by weekly monitoring for 7 wk using stereo- ties, and differential size-frequency distributions be- photography (see Svane 1988).Movements of mussels tween habitats are generally assumed to result from between days of monitoring were analysed only in the the effect of different current regimes, and/or geneti- plane parallel to the focal plane. Each slide taken by cally determined differences in rate of laceration the right camera was projected onto a white cardboard among clones (Shick 1991, Anthony & Svane 1994). with a 1 X 1 cm grid so that quadrats were projected However, pedal disc laceration may also be a conse- 1:2. The outlines of identifiable mussels and their quence of pedal disc locomotion in M. senile, and siphons photographed on Day 1 were traced onto the escape-recolonization events in pace with the dynam- board with a fine marker. Successive photographs of ics within mussel patches are therefore likely to be the same quadrat were projected onto the tracings, imporlant features contributing to both individual and mussels moved >l cm or turned >15" were scored (polyp) and clonal size of M. senile inhabiting mussel as 'moved'. beds. Preparation of substrata: live and mimic mussels. In this study, we test the hypothesis that substratum Approximately 200 live Mytilus edulis, measuring instability affects laceration by stimulating pedal 8.0 + 1.5 cm in length, and carrying a group of Metri- disc locomotion. We demonstrate experimentally the dium senile attached to each shell, were collected capacity of Metridium senile to (1)undergo pedal lac- haphazardly in Rdbergssund and placed in a holding eration at different rates on stable and unstable sub- tank. For the construction of mimics, approximately strata, (2) escape burial caused by movements of host 100 mussels were subsampled and eviscerated while mussels, and (3) rapidly recolonize small cleared submerged in sea water, taking care not to damage patches provided by overturned mussels. The signifi- the attached anemones. Pebbles were embedded be- cance of this pattern of asexual reproduction and tween the corresponding shells in order to ensure migratory behavior in structuring populations of M. negative buoyancy of the mimics, and the shells were senile in mussel beds is discussed. kept together with a piece of string. On both live and mimic mussels, excess anemones and lacerates were gently removed with a spatula, leaving 10 to 25 ane- MATERIALS AND METHODS mones at a size of 0.5 to 2.5 cm PDD. This method was considered advantageous, since anemones were al- Study site. Strommarna is an area of narrow chan- ready established on their natural secondary substra- nels connecting the Gullmarsfjord with the Koljofjord tum. Bias resulting from transplantation to an alien on the Swedish west coast (see Anthony & Svane substratum, with the following initial phase of locomo- 1994). The channel chosen as the experimental site tory activity described by Wahl (1985), was thereby (RBbergssund) is 15 to 20 m wide and has nearly minimized. Live and mimic mussels with the attached vertical walls to depths of 2 to 8 m. Current velocities in anemones were kept in sea water tables until used in the channel periodically exceed 100 cm S-', primarily the experiments. generated by winds since the tidal range in this area is Effects of mussel movements on the rate of lacera- small (-30 cm). The rock walls and the bottom of the tion: field experiment. Mussels (30 live and 30 mimic) channel are dominated by a dense bed of mussels with Metndium senile attached to the valves were sub- (Mytilus edulis), colonial ascidians [Botryllus schlossen divided into 2 X 6 groups and each group of 5 mussels (Pallas) and Botrylloides leachii (Savigny)] and large (or mimics) were placed in an open cage consisting of patches of sponges (Halichondria and Haliclona sp.). a PVC pipe (7 cm tall X 16 cm inner diameter) closed in The mussel bed is covered up to nearly 90% by a the bottom by a 1 mm nylon mesh. Subsequently, the dense population of small Metridium senile (median 12 cages were distributed haphazardly on the mussel pedal disc diameter <l cm). bed in Rdbergssund, and each cage was lowered lnto Movements of Mytilus edulis. In order to estimate the bed so that the mussels (or mimics) inside the cage the dynamics or instability of the secondary substratum were at the same level as the surrounding mussel bed. for Metridium senile, the pattern of movements of Although movements of live mussels or disturbances to Anthony & Svane: Substratum instability and Metrjdium senile mimics caused by flow forces in the cages were not recorded, substratum stability was assumed to be higher in cages with mimics relative to cages with live mussels. Prior to deployment in the field, homogeneity of size (PDD) and number of anemones between groups (live, mimics), among replicates (cages) and on individual mimics or mussels within each group was verified using a nested 2-factor ANOVA (Sokal & Rohlf 1981). During daily surveys, large starfish Asterias rubens L., which may cause physical disturbances if preying upon the mussels, were removed from the area within approximately 2 m from the cages. Follow- ing 24 d of incubation in the field, the cages were retrieved and the number of adult anemones and lac- erates on mussels and mimics were recorded.
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