A Companion to Environmental Geography Blackwell Companions to Geography
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A Companion to Environmental Geography Blackwell Companions to Geography Blackwell Companions to Geography is a blue-chip, comprehensive series covering each major subdiscipline of human geography in detail. Edited and contributed by the disciplines’ leading authorities each book provides the most up to date and authoritative syntheses available in its fi eld. The overviews provided in each Com- panion will be an indispensable introduction to the fi eld for students of all levels, while the cutting-edge, critical direction will engage students, teachers and practi- tioners alike. Published 1. A Companion to the City Edited by Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson 2. A Companion to Economic Geography Edited by Eric Sheppard and Trevor J. Barnes 3. A Companion to Political Geography Edited by John Agnew, Katharyne Mitchell and Gerard Toal (Gearóid Ó Tuathail) 4. A Companion to Cultural Geography Edited by James S. Duncan, Nuala C. Johnson and Richard H. Schein 5. A Companion to Tourism Edited by Alan A. Lew, C. Michael Hall and Allan M. Williams 6. A Companion to Feminist Geography Edited by Lise Nelson and Joni Seager 7. A Companion to Environmental Geography Edited by Noel Castree, David Demeritt, Diana Liverman and Bruce Rhoads 8. Handbook to GIS Edited by John Wilson and Stewart Fotheringham A Companion to Environmental Geography Edited by Noel Castree, David Demeritt, Diana Liverman & Bruce Rhoads A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Noel Castree, David Demeritt, Diana Liverman and Bruce Rhoads to be identifi ed as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to environmental geography / edited by Noel Castree . [et al.]. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to geography) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-5622-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Environmental geography. I. Castree, Noel, 1968– G143.C66 2009 333.709–dc22 2008040245 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12pt Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by Utopia Press Pte Ltd 1 2009 Contents Acknowledgements viii List of Contributors ix 1 Introduction: Making Sense of Environmental Geography 1 Noel Castree, David Demeritt and Diana Liverman Part I Concepts 17 2 Nature 19 Bruce Braun 3 Sustainability 37 Becky Mansfi eld 4 Biodiversity 50 Karl S. Zimmerer 5 Complexity, Chaos and Emergence 66 Steven M. Manson 6 Uncertainty and Risk 81 James D. Brown and Sarah L. Damery 7 Scale 95 Nathan F. Sayre 8 Vulnerability and Resilience to Environmental Change: Ecological and Social Perspectives 109 W. Neil Adger and Katrina Brown 9 Commodifi cation 123 Scott Prudham vi CONTENTS Part II Approaches 143 10 Earth-System Science 145 John Wainwright 11 Land Change (Systems) Science 168 B. L. Turner II 12 Ecology: Natural and Political 181 Matthew D. Turner 13 Quaternary Geography and the Human Past 198 Jamie Woodward 14 Environmental History 223 Georgina H. Endfi eld 15 Landscape, Culture and Regional Studies: Connecting the Dots 238 Kenneth R. Olwig 16 Ecological Modernisation and Industrial Transformation 253 Arthur P. J. Mol and Gert Spaargaren 17 Marxist Political Economy and the Environment 266 George Henderson 18 After Nature: Entangled Worlds 294 Owain Jones Part III Practices 313 19 Remote Sensing and Earth Observation 315 Heiko Balzter 20 Modelling and Simulation 336 George L. W. Perry 21 Integrated Assessment 357 James Tansey 22 Ethnography 370 Kevin St. Martin and Marianna Pavlovskaya 23 Analysing Environmental Discourses and Representations 385 Tom Mels 24 Deliberative and Participatory Approaches in Environmental Geography 400 Jason Chilvers Part IV Topics 419 25 Ecosystem Prediction and Management 421 Robert A. Francis CONTENTS vii 26 Environment and Development 442 Tom Perreault 27 Natural Hazards 461 Daanish Mustafa 28 Environmental Governance 475 Gavin Bridge and Tom Perreault 29 Commons 498 James McCarthy 30 Water 515 Karen Bakker 31 Energy Transformations and Geographic Research 533 Scott Jiusto 32 Food and Agriculture in a Globalising World 552 Richard Le Heron 33 Environment and Health 567 Hilda E. Kurtz and Karen E. Smoyer-Tomic Index 580 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the contributors for writing and revising their chapters in such a timely fashion. At Wiley-Blackwell, Justin Vaughn secured the contract and Ben Thatcher was a terrifi c point-person throughout. We extend our thanks to both of them. We also thank Maria Escobar for creating the index and Peter Howard for helping to convert a number of fi gures from colour to black and white. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for use of copyright material. The publisher apologises for any errors or omissions and would be grateful if notifi ed of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of the book. Finally, NC would like to dedicate this big book to a very small person: Felicity Marie Brasset. DL would like to dedicate this book to her parents, Peggy and John Liverman. Contributors Neil Adger is Professor of Environmental Economics in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. He has led the research programme on adaptation in the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research since its inception in 2000 and is a member of the Resilience Alliance. His latest book is Governing Sustainability (Cambridge University Press). Karen Bakker is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Her research interests span political economy, political ecology and environmental policy. She has published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Antipode, Economic Geogra- phy, Political Geography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, and World Development. Her books include An Uncooperative Commodity: Privatizing Water in England and Wales (2004, Oxford University Press) and the forthcoming Beyond Privatization: Environment, Development, and the Commons (Cornell Uni- versity Press). Heiko Balzter is Professor in Physical Geography at the University of Leicester (UK) and Director of the Centre for Environmental Research. He obtained his PhD in 1998 from Justus-Liebig-University in Giessen, Germany. His current research inter- ests include the fi re regimes in Africa and Siberia, carbon cycle research and bio- sphere/climate interactions, SAR and LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure and dynamics, land surface and climate impacts modelling. His key publications so far have been published in IEEE Transactions in Geoscience and Remote Sensing; Journal of Climate; Remote Sensing of Environment; International Journal of Remote Sensing; Water, Air and Soil Pollution; Geophysical Research Letters; Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing; Forest Ecology; and Management and Eco- logical Modelling. Bruce Braun teaches environmental and political geography at the University of Minnesota. His work focuses on the conceptualisation of nature–society relation- ships in social and political thought, technicity and human life, and the intersections of biopolitics, biocapital and biosecurity. x CONTRIBUTORS Gavin Bridge is a Reader in Economic Geography in the School of Environment and Development at the University of Manchester. His research centres on the political economy of extractive industries, and examines the new geographies of resource access and environmental governance associated with the oil,