Chapter 25 Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers
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Tape-Unyte High Density Ptfe Tape
TAPE-UNYTE® HIGH DENSITY PTFE TAPE T-TAPE-SPEC PRODUCT DESCRIPTION COLOR/CONSISTENCY TENSILE STRENGTH - LONGITUDINAL 3000 PSI max - ASTM D882 (mod) PRODUCT The tape is white in color. It shall be free of visible voids, cracks, folds, ELONGATION TAPE-UNYTE® High Density PTFE Tape contamination and has consistent physical properties. TAPE-UNYTE® has an 50% min - ASTM D882 (mod) TYPE indefinite shelf life. THICKNESS ® TAPE-UNYTE is a heavy duty, all TEMPERATURE RANGE USE purpose, non-seizing, PTFE thread sealing .0040 ± .0005 Inches - ASTM D374-42 -A compound in tape form that produces a Gases: PACKAGING leakproof seal on all types of metal and -450EF (-268EC) to 500EF (260EC) plastic threaded connections. TAPE- UNYTE® is a high density, 4 MIL PTFE Liquids: U.S. Measure: (polytetrafluoroethylene) Tape supplied on -450EF (-268EC) to 500EF (260EC) finished spools. Stock Code Size PRESSURE RANGE USE F520 ¼" x 520" (.63 cm x 13.2 m) RECOMMENDED USES T260 ½" x 260" (1.27 cm x 6.6 m) Gases: T520 ½” x 520" (1.27 cm x 13.2 m) TAPE-UNYTE® will not transfer any taste up to 10,000 PSI (1450 kPa) T1296 ½” x 1296" (1.27 cm x 32.9 m) or odor to the system being sealed. Liquids: W260 ¾" x 260" (1.9 cm x 6.6 m) Excellent for food and water systems. up to 3,000 PSI (435 kPa) W520 ¾" x 520" (1.9 cm x 13.2 m) TAPE-UNYTE® will never harden, and is an X260 1" x 260" (1.9 cm x 6.6 m) anti-galling tape making it possible to The system may be pressurized disassemble pipes and bolts easily after immediately after assembly. -
Meet Lycopene Prostate Cancer Is One of the Leading Causes of Cancer Death Among Men in the United States
UCLA Nutrition Noteworthy Title Lycopene and Mr. Prostate: Best Friends Forever Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ks510rw Journal Nutrition Noteworthy, 5(1) Author Simzar, Soheil Publication Date 2002 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Meet Lycopene Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among men in the United States. Dietary factors are considered an important risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in addition to age, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and other lifestyle factors such as smoking. Recent studies have indicated that there is a direct correlation between the occurrence of prostate cancer and the consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products. Lycopene, one of over 600 carotenoids, is one of the main carotenoids found in human plasma and it is responsible for the red pigment found in tomatoes and other foods such as watermelons and red grapefruits. It has been shown to be a very potent antioxidant, with oxygen-quenching ability greater than any other carotenoid. Recent research has indicated that its antioxidant effects help lower the risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, and different types of cancer-especially prostate cancer. Lycopene's Characteristics Lycopene is on of approximately 600 known carotenoids. Carotenoids are red, yellow, and orange pigments which are widely distributed in nature and are especially abundant in yellow- orange fruits and vegetables and dark green, leafy vegetables. They absorb light in the 400- 500nm region which gives them a red/yellow color. Only green plants and certain microorganisms such as fungi and algae can synthesize these pigments. -
Trade Names and Manufacturers
Appendix I Trade names and manufacturers In this appendix, some trade names of various polymeric materials are listed. The list is intended to cover the better known names but it is by no means exhaustive. It should be noted that the names given may or may not be registered. Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Abson ABS polymers B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Acrilan Polyacrylonitrile Chemstrand Corp. Acrylite Poly(methyl methacrylate) American Cyanamid Co. Adiprene Polyurethanes E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Afcoryl ABS polymers Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Alathon Polyethylene E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Alkathene Polyethylene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Alloprene Chlorinated natural rubber Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Ameripol cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Araldite Epoxy resins Ciba (A.R.L.) Ltd. Arnel Cellulose triacetate Celanese Corp. Arnite Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Algemene Kunstzijde Unie N.Y. Baypren Polychloroprene Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Beetle Urea-formaldehyde resins British Industrial Plastics Ltd. Ben vic Poly(vinyl chloride) Solvay & Cie S.A. Bexphane Polypropylene Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. Butacite Poly( vinyl butyral) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Butakon Butadiene copolymers Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Butaprene Styrene-butadiene copolymers Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Butvar Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan Resins Corp. Cap ran Nylon 6 Allied Chemical Corp. Carbowax Poly(ethylene oxide) Union Carbide Corp. Cariflex I cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Carina Poly(vinyl chloride) Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 457 Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Carin ex Polystyrene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Celcon Formaldehyde copolymer Celanese Plastics Co. Cellosize Hydroxyethylcellulose Union Carbide Corp. -
Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder
polymers Article Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder Tobias Bubmann 1, Andreas Seidel 2 and Volker Altstädt 1,3,* 1 Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany; [email protected] 2 Covestro Deutschland AG, Business Unit Polycarbonates, Research & Development, Development Blends, Leverkusen 51365, Germany; [email protected] 3 Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research; University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)-921-55-7471 Received: 6 November 2019; Accepted: 7 December 2019; Published: 12 December 2019 Abstract: The effect of different catalysts on reactive compatibilization of 50/50 polycarbonate (PC)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends achieved via transesterification that occurs during compounding in a twin-screw extruder was investigated on a phenomenological (optical and mechanical properties), mesoscopic (phase morphology), and molecular level (PC-graft(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation and polymer molecular weight degradation). Formation of PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer by transesterification resulting in transparent mono-phase PC/PMMA blends with obviously improved compatibility of the two polymer constituents requires use of a suitable catalyst. As a side-effect, PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation by transesterification is always accompanied by a significant simultaneous decomposition of the molecular weight (Mw) of the PC. For the first time, a colorless, transparent (mono-phase) PC/PMMA 50/50 blend was achieved by a twin-screw extrusion process that can be easily transferred into industrial scale. To achieve this milestone, 0.05 wt% of a weakly acidic phosphonium salt catalyst had to be applied. -
Blends of Polycarbonate Containing Fluorinated-Bisphenol-A and Polyvinyl Chloride
Europaisches Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 576 057 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 93201533.2 int. Ci.5; C08L 69/00, C08L 27/06, C08G 64/10, //(C08L69/00, @ Date of filing: 28.05.93 27:06),(C08L27/06,69:00) © Priority: 01.06.92 US 891032 © Applicant: ENICHEM S.p.A. Piazza della Repubblica, 16 @ Date of publication of application: 1-20124 Milano(IT) 29.12.93 Bulletin 93/52 @ Inventor: Drzewinski, Michael A. © Designated Contracting States: 371 Clarksville Road, Princeton Junction AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC New Jersey 08850(US) NL PT SE © Representative: Roggero, Sergio et al Ing. Barzano & Zanardo Milano S.p.A. Via Borgonuovo 10 1-20121 Milano (IT) © Blends of polycarbonate containing fluorinated-bisphenol-A and polyvinyl chloride. © Bisphenol A polycarbonate containing at least 15 mole % of 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (6F-Bisphenol A) can be blended with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to form a thermodynamically miscible, transpar- ent, single phase blend at all compositions. Such blends are flame resistant as well as resistant to attack by acids, bases and many organic solvents. CO Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.6/3.3. 1) EP 0 576 057 A1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention: 5 This invention pertains to mixtures of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonates which contain at least 15 mole % of fluorinated bisphenol monomer units (F-PC) such as 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- hexafluoropropane (6F-bisphenol A), herein referred to as 6F-PC. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,481,333 Fleischer Et Al
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,481,333 Fleischer et al. 45 Date of Patent: Nov. 6, 1984 54 THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITIONS 58 Field of Search ................................ 525/192, 199 COMPRISING WINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, CLPE AND FLUOROPOLYMER 56) References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 75) Inventors: Dietrich Fleischer, Darmstadt; Eckhard Weber, Liederbach; 3,005,795 10/1961 Busse et al. ......................... 525/199 3,294,871 2/1966 Schmitt et al. ...... 52.5/154 X Johannes Brandrup, Wiesbaden, all 3,299,182 1/1967 Jennings et al. ... ... 525/192 of Fed. Rep. of Germany 3,334,157 8/1967 Larsen ..................... ... 525/99 73 Assignee: Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Fed. 3,940,456 2/1976 Fey et al. ............................ 525/192 Rep. of Germany Primary Examiner-Carman J. Seccuro (21) Appl. No.: 566,207 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Connolly & Hutz 22 Filed: Dec. 28, 1983 57 ABSTRACT 30 Foreign Application Priority Data The invention relates to a thermoplastic composition which comprises vinyl chloride polymers and chlori Dec. 31, 1982 (DE Fed. Rep. of Germany ....... 3248.731 nated polyethylene and which contains finely divided 51) Int. Cl. ...................... C08L 23/28; C08L 27/06; fluoropolymers and has a markedly improved process C08L 27/18 ability, particularly when shaped by extrusion. 52 U.S. C. .................................... 525/192; 525/199; 525/239 7 Claims, No Drawings 4,481,333 2 iaries and do not provide a solution to the present prob THERMOPLASTC COMPOSITIONS lem. COMPRISINGVINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Page Page Flare & Compression - Nut Assemblies Coupling for use w/ Copper Flare Outlets Connections .................................................................. 3 74755 Series ........................................................ 16-17 74750 Series ..............................................................17 74750S Series ............................................................17 Straight Couplings 74776 Series ..............................................................17 74753 Series ................................................................ 4 74776S Series ............................................................17 74754 Series ................................................................ 5 74758 Series .............................................................6-9 74755 Series ..............................................................15 Di-Electric Unions 74756 Series ..............................................................21 74755DB Series ..........................................................16 74758DB Series ............................................................ 9 3 Part Union w/ Internal Pipe Stop 74759 Series ..............................................................10 Y-Branches 708Y Series ........................................................... 18-19 Tees 74760 Series ........................................................ 10-11 74762, 74763, & 74764 Series..................................12 U-Branches 708U Series ......................................................... -
Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL
United States Office of Pollution EPA 744-B-97-001 Environmental Protection Prevention and Toxics June 1997 Agency (7406) Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL 5/22/97 A technical manual to accompany, but not supersede the "Premanufacture Notification Exemptions; Revisions of Exemptions for Polymers; Final Rule" found at 40 CFR Part 723, (60) FR 16316-16336, published Wednesday, March 29, 1995 Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460-0001 Copies of this document are available through the TSCA Assistance Information Service at (202) 554-1404 or by faxing requests to (202) 554-5603. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF EQUATIONS............................ ii LIST OF FIGURES............................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................. ii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................ 1 2. HISTORY............................... 2 3. DEFINITIONS............................. 3 4. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................... 4 4.1. MEETING THE DEFINITION OF A POLYMER AT 40 CFR §723.250(b)... 5 4.2. SUBSTANCES EXCLUDED FROM THE EXEMPTION AT 40 CFR §723.250(d) . 7 4.2.1. EXCLUSIONS FOR CATIONIC AND POTENTIALLY CATIONIC POLYMERS ....................... 8 4.2.1.1. CATIONIC POLYMERS NOT EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION 8 4.2.2. EXCLUSIONS FOR ELEMENTAL CRITERIA........... 9 4.2.3. EXCLUSIONS FOR DEGRADABLE OR UNSTABLE POLYMERS .... 9 4.2.4. EXCLUSIONS BY REACTANTS................ 9 4.2.5. EXCLUSIONS FOR WATER-ABSORBING POLYMERS........ 10 4.3. CATEGORIES WHICH ARE NO LONGER EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION .... 10 4.4. MEETING EXEMPTION CRITERIA AT 40 CFR §723.250(e) ....... 10 4.4.1. THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION CRITERIA............. 10 4.4.1.1. LOW-CONCERN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION................. -
Chain-Growth Polymerization, Version of 1/5/05
Chapter Three, Chain-growth polymerization, Version of 1/5/05 3 Chain-growth polymerization 3.1 Introduction We indicated in Chapter 1 that the category of addition polymers is best characterized by the mechanism of the polymerization reaction, rather than by the addition reaction itself. This is known to be a chain mechanism, so in the case of addition polymers we have chain reactions producing chain molecules. One thing to bear in mind is the two uses of the word chain in this discussion. The word chain continues to offer the best description of large polymer molecules. A chain reaction, on the other hand, describes a whole series of successive events triggered by some initial occurrence. We sometimes encounter this description of highway accidents in which one traffic mishap on a fogbound highway results in a pileup of colliding vehicles that can extend for miles. In nuclear reactors a cascade of fission reactions occurs which is initiated by the capture of the first neutron. In both of these examples some initiating event is required. This is also true in chain-growth polymerization. In the above examples the size of the chain can be measured by considering the number of automobile collisions that result from the first accident, or the number of fission reactions which follow from the first neutron capture. When we think about the number of monomers that react as a result of a single initiation step, we are led directly to the degree of polymerization of the resulting molecule. In this way the chain mechanism and the properties of the polymer chains are directly related. -
Toxicity of the Pyrolysis and Combustion Products of Poly (Vinyl Chlorides): a Literature Assessment
FIRE AND MATERIALS VOL. II, 131-142 (1987) Toxicity of the Pyrolysis and Combustion Products of Poly (Vinyl Chlorides): A Literature Assessment Clayton Huggett and Barbara C. Levin* us Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, National Engineering Laboratory, Center for Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) constitute a major class of synthetic plastics. Many surveys of the voluminous literature have been performed. This report reviews the literature published in English from 1969 through 1984 and endeavors to be more interpretive than comprehensive. pve compounds, in general, are among the more fire resistant common organic polymers, natural or synthetic. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant). The LCso values calculated for a series of natural and synthetic materials thermally decomposed according to the NBS toxicity test method ranged from 0.045 to 57 mgl-l in the flaming mode and from 0.045 to > 40mgl-l in the non-flaming mode. The LCso results for a PVC resin decomposed under the same conditions were 17 mg 1- 1 in the flaming mode and 20 mg 1- 1 in the non-flaming mode. These results indicate that PVC decomposition products are not extremely toxic when compared with those from other common building materials. When the combustion toxicity (based on their HCI content) of PVC materials is compared with pure HCI experiments, it appears that much of the post-exposure toxicity can be explained by the HCI tha t is genera ted. -
33 34 35 Lipid Synthesis Laptop
BI/CH 422/622 Liver cytosol ANABOLISM OUTLINE: Photosynthesis Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Animals Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids Fatty Acids Triacylglycerides contrasts Membrane lipids location & transport Glycerophospholipids Synthesis Sphingolipids acetyl-CoA carboxylase Isoprene lipids: fatty acid synthase Ketone Bodies ACP priming 4 steps Cholesterol Control of fatty acid metabolism isoprene synth. ACC Joining Reciprocal control of b-ox Cholesterol Synth. Diversification of fatty acids Fates Eicosanoids Cholesterol esters Bile acids Prostaglandins,Thromboxanes, Steroid Hormones and Leukotrienes Metabolism & transport Control ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids Lipid Fat Biosynthesis Catabolism Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Synthesis Degradation Ketone body Utilization Isoprene Biosynthesis 1 Cholesterol and Steroid Biosynthesis mevalonate kinase Mevalonate to Activated Isoprenes • Two phosphates are transferred stepwise from ATP to mevalonate. • A third phosphate from ATP is added at the hydroxyl, followed by decarboxylation and elimination catalyzed by pyrophospho- mevalonate decarboxylase creates a pyrophosphorylated 5-C product: D3-isopentyl pyrophosphate (IPP) (isoprene). • Isomerization to a second isoprene dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP) gives two activated isoprene IPP compounds that act as precursors for D3-isopentyl pyrophosphate Isopentyl-D-pyrophosphate all of the other lipids in this class isomerase DMAPP Cholesterol and Steroid Biosynthesis mevalonate kinase Mevalonate to Activated Isoprenes • Two phosphates -
Tribology of Polymer Blends PBT + PTFE
materials Article Tribology of Polymer Blends PBT + PTFE Constantin Georgescu 1,* , Lorena Deleanu 1,*, Larisa Chiper Titire 1 and Alina Cantaragiu Ceoromila 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] 2 Department of Applied Sciences, Cross-Border Faculty, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (L.D.); Tel.: +40-743-105-835 (L.D.) Abstract: This paper presents results on tribological characteristics for polymer blends made of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). This blend is relatively new in research as PBT has restricted processability because of its processing temperature near the degradation one. Tests were done block-on-ring tribotester, in dry regime, the variables being the PTFE concentration (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% wt) and the sliding regime parameters (load: 1, 2.5 and 5 N, the sliding speed: 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 m/s, and the sliding distance: 2500, 5000 and 7500 m). Results are encouraging as PBT as neat polymer has very good tribological characteristics in terms of friction coefficient and wear rate. SEM investigation reveals a quite uniform dispersion of PTFE drops in the PBT matrix. Either considered a composite or a blend, the mixture PBT + 15% PTFE exhibits a very good tribological behavior, the resulting material gathering both stable and low friction coefficient and a linear wear rate lower than each component when tested under the same conditions. Keywords: polybutylene terephthalate (PBT); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); blend PBT + PTFE; block-on-ring test; linear wear rate; friction coefficient Citation: Georgescu, C.; Deleanu, L.; Chiper Titire, L.; Ceoromila, A.C.