DOCSLIB.ORG

D18: Media Index for MAS in the Participating Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
D18: Media Index for MAS in the Participating Countries Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT) D18: Media Index for MAS in the participating countries Due date of deliverable: 33 Actual submission date: March 2013 Lead beneficiary: Medienhaus Wien (MHW) Work package: 1 Start date of project: February 2010 Duration: 42 months, until July 2013 Website: http://www.mediaact.eu The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 244147. Dissemination Level PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) The project MediaAcT The research project "Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe" (MediaAcT) examines media accountability and transparency in twelve Eastern and Western European states as well as two Arab countries. The project analyzes the development and impact of established media accountability instruments (e.g. press councils, codes of ethics) as well as new media accountability instruments emerging in the Internet (e.g. media criticism in blogs). The project is a joint interdisciplinary effort of a team of 14 partners from Eastern and Western Europe as well as from the Arab World, using a multi‐method approach (survey, desk studies and expert interviews) for the analysis. MediaAcT receives funding of approximately 1.5 million Euro from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme and has a duration of 3 1/2 years, starting in February 2010. For further details on the project, news and outcomes please visit http://www.mediaact.eu 2 D4: Dissemination plan of the project Introduction The quality of media accountability in a country serves as one key indicator for media pluralism and media freedom. Claude-Jean Bertrand, one of the pioneers in international comparative media accountability research, defined media accountability systems resp. instruments as “any non-State means of making media responsible towards the public.”1 Other definitions include co- regulatory tools as well. This does not, however, mean state interference, but clear frames for responsible media, financial support for press councils, or other financial subsidies bound to ethical regulations. As part of its research, the MediaAcT consortium has developed a media accountability index as a tool to regularly monitor the status quo of media accountability in EU member states, and furthermore in candidate countries. The media accountability instruments considered in this index help observing media developments in terms of media ethics and responsibility towards multiple stakeholders. Journalism and its production of a (informative, entertaining and advertising) public sphere bring along a special responsibility of media companies as they have certain society privileges and should be orientated towards the common good. Especially in times of “big media” resp. economic changes (digitalization, convergence, web 2.0 etc.) and media concentration, an index as such helps monitoring the state-of-the-art of the media accountability infrastructures in EU member states, highlights deficits in a country’s media system and identifies benchmark countries. Furthermore, this index can show decision makers the state-of-the-art of EU candidate countries in the process of accession talks. The status quo of media accountability as one key indicator of media freedom helps to evaluate the situation of freedom of expression in these countries (other key indicators and how to include them can be found in point 2). The MediaAcT media accountability index also pays tribute to the policy recommendations recently issued by the High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism. The report of the group concludes that free and pluralistic media systems are a key factor to sustain European democracy. The recommendations state: „All EU countries should have independent media councils with a politically and culturally balanced and socially diverse membership. (..) Such bodies would have competences to investigate complaints, much like a media ombudsman, but 1 Bertrand, Claude-Jean (2000): Media Ethics & Accountability Systems. New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers. 108. 3 D4: Dissemination plan of the project would also check that media organizations have published a code of conduct and have revealed ownership details, declarations of conflicts of interest, etc. Media councils should have real enforcement powers” and “should follow a set of European-wide standards and be monitored by the Commission to ensure that they comply with European values.“ The report also suggest that the EU “could establish an independent monitoring center, ideally as part of academia, which would be partially funded by the EU but would be fully independent in its activities.“2 The index the MediaAcT team proposes can serve as an important instrument in following these recommendations: It monitors the activities of media professionals and media organizations in EU countries, as the index evaluates the status quo of media accountability in EU member states. It enables decision‐makers to create a ranking in order to find country‐specific deficits – where media policy makers might wish to set incentives to improve the situation – and best practice countries – which might serve as a model and “laboratory” for successful media accountability practices. Furthermore, the index can also be used as an instrument in order to set up a European standard in the field of media accountability expected for example from ascending countries. The instruments and practices evaluated in this index, online or offline alike, create transparency on different levels: news production, ownership, working conditions, sources etc. They contribute to public debates on media freedom and editorial independence by opening up the journalistic process of selecting and framing news. The analyzed tools also help citizens to participate in this process of news production. Furthermore, these instruments help the audience reflecting their own media consumption and the process of opinion-making. As a result, these instruments are a major prerequisite for pluralistic media in a functioning democracy, and they are important for strengthening the media’s position as the fourth estate. As Bertrand defines, these tools help to “improve the services of the media to the public; restore the prestige of media in the eyes of the population; diversely protect freedom of speech and press; 2 Vīķe-Freiberga, Vaira; Däubler-Gmelin, Herta; Hammersley, Ben; Poiares Pessoa Maduro, Luís Miguel (2013): A free and pluralistic media to sustain European democracy. Accessed January 28, 2013. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media_taskforce/doc/pluralism/hlg/hlg_final_report.pdf 7. 4 D4: Dissemination plan of the project obtain, for the profession, the autonomy that it needs to play its part in the expansion of democracy and the betterment of the fate of mankind”.3 One major goal in the creation of this index is repeatability, as we suggest measuring the status quo of media accountability across countries on an annual or bi-annual basis. Therefore this index also includes emerging practices of online media accountability which will most likely gain more power in the near future. In order to facilitate tracking of the development of media accountability structures in different countries, we suggest updating and repeating the index in regular intervals by a coordinating institution. A regular monitoring of media accountability structures in EU states – as well as in candidate countries and countries beyond Europe – will allow media policy makers to better assess the state-of-the-art of media accountability of each country and help to base policy decisions upon solid evaluation. Moreover, it will stimulate a discussion about media accountability practices among media professionals on a European and national level. The media coverage achieved by an index as such will increase awareness of media accountability issues among viewers and readers. Similar to the Reporters without Borders annual press freedom index, the EU Index of Media Accountability will generate responsiveness across borders. To guarantee the highest level of transparency and accessibility the EU Index of Media Accountability will be promoted by an manageable publication (e.g. as a free download “Green Book Media Accountability”). 3 Bertrand, Claude-Jean (2000): Media Ethics & Accountability Systems. New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers. 151. 5 D4: Dissemination plan of the project MediaAcT: Instruments, practices and journalists' perception The MediaAcT research consortium has collected over one hundred practices and instruments of media accountability through desk research and qualitative studies. After analyzing and identifying the most important and promising ones, the research consortium created a typology of media accountability practices, distinguishing between their degree of institutionalization within the journalistic profession or news organizations (high versus low), and by their position as internal or external tools in journalism. MEDIA ACCOUNTABILITY INSTRUMENTS INSIDE JOURNALISM – HIGH DEGREE OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION Ombudsman: Is usually a senior editor within a media organization taking audience complaints and following up on them with the respective journalists. Complaints regarding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The News Media Industry Defined
    Spring 2006 Industry Study Final Report News Media Industry The Industrial College of the Armed Forces National Defense University Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. 20319-5062 i NEWS MEDIA 2006 ABSTRACT: The American news media industry is characterized by two competing dynamics – traditional journalistic values and market demands for profit. Most within the industry consider themselves to be journalists first. In that capacity, they fulfill two key roles: providing information that helps the public act as informed citizens, and serving as a watchdog that provides an important check on the power of the American government. At the same time, the news media is an extremely costly, market-driven, and profit-oriented industry. These sometimes conflicting interests compel the industry to weigh the public interest against what will sell. Moreover, several fast-paced trends have emerged within the industry in recent years, driven largely by changes in technology, demographics, and industry economics. They include: consolidation of news organizations, government deregulation, the emergence of new types of media, blurring of the distinction between news and entertainment, decline in international coverage, declining circulation and viewership for some of the oldest media institutions, and increased skepticism of the credibility of “mainstream media.” Looking ahead, technology will enable consumers to tailor their news and access it at their convenience – perhaps at the cost of reading the dull but important stories that make an informed citizenry. Changes in viewer preferences – combined with financial pressures and fast paced technological changes– are forcing the mainstream media to re-look their long-held business strategies. These changes will continue to impact the media’s approach to the news and the profitability of the news industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Integrity Matters
    a lbania M edia integrity Matters reClaiMing publiC serviCe values in Media and journalisM This book is an Media attempt to address obstacles to a democratic development of media systems in the countries of South East Europe by mapping patterns of corrupt relations and prac­ bosnia and Herzegovina tices in media policy development, media ownership and financing, public service broadcasting, and journalism as a profession. It introduces the concept of media in­ tegrity to denote public service values in media and journalism. Five countries were integrity covered by the research presented in this book: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia / MaCedonia / serbia Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia. The research – conducted between July 2013 and February 2014 – was part of the regional project South East European Media Obser­ vatory – Building Capacities and Coalitions for Monitoring Media Integrity and Ad­ vancing Media Reforms, coordinated by the Peace Institute in Ljubljana. Matters reClaiMing publiC serviCe values in Media and journalisM Media integrity M a tters ISBN 978-961-6455-70-0 9 7 8 9 6 1 6 4 5 5 7 0 0 ovitek.indd 1 3.6.2014 8:50:48 ALBANIA MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS RECLAIMING PUBLIC SERVICE VALUES IN MEDIA AND JOURNALISM Th is book is an attempt to address obstacles to a democratic development of media systems in the MEDIA countries of South East Europe by mapping patterns of corrupt relations and prac- BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA tices in media policy development, media ownership and fi nancing, public service broadcasting, and journalism as a profession. It introduces the concept of media in- tegrity to denote public service values in media and journalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Defending Activists and Journalists
    Civic Space Defending Activists and Journalists Open Government Partnership Global Report DEMOCRACY BEYOND THE BALLOT BOX Key points Without activists and journalists, open government is severely weakened. They serve as critical intermediaries, connecting public institutions and decision-makers with everyday citizens. They inform and raise awareness of issues–as well as demand accountability when it is needed. Protecting this essential watchdog role also protects the people who use open government every day to create change. Freedoms required by activists and journalists continue to face threats around the world. This section explores specific challenges within OGP countries and possible solutions. Key findings include: • Activists are diverse. They come from all ages, genders and backgrounds, and have different needs, particularly when it comes to women, LGBT+, and marginalized groups. They are often communities of people, not just individuals or professional organizations. • In four out of five OGP countries, journalists report harassment, often from non-state actors. • In a small but notable minority of OGP countries, activists face harassment, stigmatization, detention, and violence. • In 50 OGP countries, there is inadequate investigation and prosecution of threats against activists and journalists. • OGP members can use their action plans to help activists and journalists by limiting harmful practices, establishing accountability against officials, strengthening investigative and prosecutorial bodies that can redress harms, and proactively communicating the important role journalists play in society. Photo by Stockphoto mania, Adobe Stock 2 OGP GLOBAL REPORT FIRST EDITION Defending Activists and Journalists NR.indd 2 5/17/19 11:50 AM ime and again, OGP members have publicly committed T to protect expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Corruption in the Media in Developing Countries
    www.transparency.org www.cmi.no Overview of corruption in the media in developing countries Query Can you please give a short overview on corruption in the media in developing countries? Are there any recommendations, activities, best practices, structures (also inside the media) to counteract corrupt practices? Content resources, opaque or government controlled ownership structures, inadequate and undemocratic legal 1. Corruption in the media frameworks. Types of corruption in the media vary from 2. Fighting corruption in the media bribery in the form of cash for news, staged or fake 3. References news, gift giving, concealed advertisement to nepotism and capture by vested private or political interests. 4. Additional Information Fighting corruption in the media can involve a wide range of approaches, varying from raising awareness of Summary ethical standards, strengthening the freedom of the The media is often referred to as the fourth pillar in press, introducing adequate media policies and democracy. It has a key role to play in monitoring and legislation, promoting media accountability as well as investigating the actions of those in power and supporting investigative journalism through technical informing citizens about them. Yet, the media and training. journalists are not immune to corruption. While there is only limited research and awareness on corruption within the media, there is a broad consensus that the 1. Corruption in the media development of independent, legally protected, professionally managed, and economically viable news The role of the media in fighting media is essential for ensuring accountable, responsible and ethical media. corruption The literature on corruption and the media primarily In developing countries, the media is often confronted focuses on the role of the media in fighting corruption by a combination of factors that create fertile grounds and there is very limited research on corruption in the for corruption, such as lack of training and technical media.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of Speech and Media
    CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY 1 SPRING 2021 ISSUE 013 CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL Freedom of Speech and Media Reimagining Rights & Responsibilities in the U.S. 2 CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY Reimagining Rights & Responsibilities in the United States: Freedom of Speech and Media Carr Center for Human Rights Policy Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University February 15, 2021 John Shattuck Carr Center Senior Fellow; Former US Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor; Professor of Practice, Fletcher School, Tufts University Mathias Risse Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Philosophy and Public Administration; Director for the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy The authors’ institutional affiliations are provided for purposes of author identification, not as indications of institutional endorsement of the report. This report is part of a Carr Center project on Reimagining Rights and Responsibilities in the United States, directed by John Shattuck. The project has been overseen by a faculty committee chaired by Mathias Risse, with the collaboration of Executive Director Sushma Raman, and the support of the Carr Center staff. This research paper was drafted by Kathleen Addison (RA). The authors are grateful to Michael Blanding and Mayumi Cornejo for editing, and Alexandra Geller for editorial and design. CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY 1 Table of Contents 2. Introduction 5. Polarization and Attacks on Speech 9. Social Media and Its Impact on the Information Ecosystem 14. Recommendations 17. How to Reimagine Rights and Responsibilities 2 CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY Introduction As the first line of defense against The First Amendment guarantees some of the most fundamental governmental overreach, the press rights provided to Americans under the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Transparency and Trust in Journalism: an Examination of Values, Practices and Effects
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: TRANSPARENCY AND TRUST IN JOURNALISM: AN EXAMINATION OF VALUES, PRACTICES AND EFFECTS Michael Koliska, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Directed By: Professor Linda Steiner, Philip Merrill College of Journalism Journalism scholars and practitioners have repeatedly argued that transparency is crucial to generate trust in the news media, which, over the years, has faced continues decline in public trust. As news organizations have been encouraged to implement transparency in their daily work, transparency has increasingly gained the status of a professional norm in journalism. However, very little is actually known about how journalists think and apply transparency in their everyday practices or how news organizations in the United States implement transparency. Similarly, normative assumptions about the trust-generating effects of transparency have not been consistently shown to exist. This dissertation examined to what extent journalists at 12 national news outlets embraced transparency on a day-to-day basis and how these news organizations implement transparency online at the news item level. Moreover, this dissertation tested whether existing features of transparency (hyperlinks, editorial explanations, corrections, staff biographies etc.) impact audiences’ trust perception of a news story. The results of the mixed method approach showed that transparency in journalism is far from being a professional norm, which guides journalists’ news production processes. An analysis of 27 in-depth interviews found that journalists rarely consider transparency in their work. Journalists agreed that the notion of transparency has value. They repeatedly suggested that the news outlets they work for utilize transparency as a promotional tool to engage audiences and to appear transparent, rather than significantly disclosing information about the inner workings of their news organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of Expression and the Media: Standard-Setting by the Council of Europe (II) Parliamentary Assembly
    T hemes An electronic publication series from the European Audiovisual Observatory This volume was done in collaboration with Freedom of Tarlach McGonagle, IViR Expression and the Media: Standard-setting by the Council of Europe (II) Parliamentary Assembly IRIS Themes Freedom of Expression and the Media: Standard-setting by the Council of Europe (II) Parliamentary Assembly An electronic publication series from the European Audiovisual Observatory Director of the Publication: Wolfgang Closs, Executive Director of the European Audiovisual Observatory E-mail: [email protected] Editor and Coordinator: Dr Susanne Nikoltchev, LL.M. (Florence/Italy, Ann Arbor/MI) Head of the Department for Legal Information E-mail: [email protected] Co-editor: Dr Tarlach McGonagle, IViR E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Assistant: Michelle Ganter E-mail: [email protected] Research Assistance and Formatting: Kim de Beer, IViR Cover Layout: Pointillés, Hoenheim (France) Publisher: European Audiovisual Observatory 76 Allée de la Robertsau F-67000 Strasbourg Tel.: +33 (0)3 90 21 60 00 Fax: +33 (0)3 90 21 60 19 E-mail: [email protected] www.obs.coe.int Contributing Partner Institution : Institute for Information Law (IViR) Kloveniersburgwal 48 NL-1012 CX Amsterdam Tel.: +31 (0) 20 525 34 06 Fax: +31 (0) 20 525 30 33 E-mail: [email protected] www.ivir.nl Please quote this publication as: Freedom of Expression and the Media: Standard-setting by the Council of Europe, (II) Parliamentary Assembly (Susanne Nikoltchev & Tarlach McGonagle (Eds.), European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg 2011) © European Audiovisual Observatory, 2011 Opinions expressed in this publication are personal and do not necessarily represent the views of the Observatory, its members or the Council of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Freedom of Media Information
    Sunlight Where It’s Needed: The Case for Freedom of Media Information Roy Peled* 1. INTRODUCTION On September 5, 2016, Aftenposten, Norway’s most widely circulated newspaper,1 ran a front-page story reporting how Facebook has suspended an account on the social network, after its owner uploaded to his feed a status that included the iconic “napalm girl” picture taken during the Vietnam War. The paper naturally linked to the report from its Facebook account that morning. Facebook consequently deleted that post from the newspaper’s page, citing the girl’s nudity as the reason. Aftenposten editor-in-chief replied with a front-page open letter to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, crowning him “the world’s most powerful editor” but expressing fear of what he is “about to do to a mainstay of our democratic society.”2 At the time of writing, this letter remains unanswered. Facebook may or may not have had good reasons for banning the picture from its platform. We will never know what they were, which is key for my discussion here. Twenty years earlier, in 1996, CBS’s chief correspondent Roberta Baskin reported a story exposing how employees in the factories producing Nike shoes in Vietnam were systematically abused.3 The story caused much outrage despite denials from Nike management. As Baskin was working on * Associate Professor, Striks Law School at the College of Management in Rishon le-Zion. Board member, Movement for Freedom of Information in Israel. 1. According to data compiled at the Media Studies department of the University of Bergen. See Circulation of Norwegian Newspapers, MEDIANORWAY, http://medienorge.uib.no/ english/?cat=statistikk&medium=avis&queryID=190 (last visited Mar.
    [Show full text]
  • Transparency: Problems in the New Conceptual Framework of Global Communication
    Deceptive Transparency: Problems in the New Conceptual Framework of Global Communication Allen Palmer, Ph.D. Brigham Young University ABSTRACT The new conceptual language of “transparency” that pervades much of the dialogue about globalization is the logical result of dramatic expansion in the scope and sweep of technological, political and social changes. A sampling of the uses of transparency by global interests reveals that it is used inconsistently across various spheres of discourse. Further, its popular usage poses a contradiction in terms of the naïve realism that it connotes. In spite of numerous efforts to promote, cultivate and measure “media transparency”, the concept remains poorly defined. One of the lessons to be gleaned from this new idiom for democracy is, more specifically, how transparency denies the power of mediation. This essay samples some of the divergent uses of transparency in its technological, political and social-cultural dimensions. The discussion focuses on the varied uses of the transparency metaphor in global communication; the implications for technological and institutional spheres; and clarification of how the public sphere can subordinate the “hidden transcripts” of marginalized social groups. Deceptive Transparency: Problems in the New Conceptual Framework of Global Communication The global aspirations of democratization and openness are captured in the conceptual language of transparency. Transparency encompasses the new pervasiveness of electronic technology and political accountability. As one internationalist observed, it is, “the new buzzword of the international community, cropping up in all of the official communiqués” (Anjaria, 1999). From an idealistic perspective, global communication assumes a substantial degree of transparency. It arises from the convergence of forces, including: (A) The technologies of surveillance that form a convincing backdrop of transparency (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Trust in the Western Balkans: Together Apart
    RESILIENCE: For Media Free of Hate and Disinformation MEDIA TRUST IN THE WESTERN BALKANS: TOGETHER APART ALBANIA / BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA / KOSOVO MONTENEGRO / NORTH MACEDONIA / SERBIA RESILIENCE : For Media Free of Hate and Disinformation The regional project ‘RESILIENCE: Civil society action to reaffirm media freedom and counter disinformation and hateful propaganda in the Western Balkans and Turkey’ is implemented with the financial support of the European Union by partner organizations SEENPM, the Albanian Media Institute, Mediacentar Sarajevo, Kosovo 2.0, the Montenegro Media Institute, the Macedonian Institute for Media, the Novi Sad School of Journalism, the Peace Institute and bianet. Info: https://seenpm.org/ Contact: [email protected] MEDIA TRUST IN THE WESTERN BALKANS: TOGETHER APART Authors: Brankica Petković, Sandra B. Hrvatin, Sanela Hodžić, Ilda Londo, Anida Sokol, Jeton Mehmeti, Milica Bogdanović, Vesna Nikodinoska, Jelena Jovović and Dubravka Valić Nedeljković Editor, regional lead researcher: Brankica Petković Language editor: Fiona Thompson Design: Špela Kranjec for Filip Kranjec s.p., Ljubljana, Slovenia Publishers: Peace Institute, Ljubljana and SEENPM, Tirana Ljubljana, June 2021 © Peace Institute, SEENPM and the authors Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID=68652035 ISBN 978-961-6455-95-4 (Mirovni inštitut, PDF) This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors
    [Show full text]
  • Media in Europe: the Big Picture of Ownership
    European Federation of Journalists European Federation of Journalists No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The contents of this publication are copyrighted and the rights to use of contributions rests with the authors themselves. Publisher: Aidan White, IFJ General Secretary Design: Ruth Harland • Mosaik • [email protected] Managing Editor – Marc Gruber Printed by Druk. Hoeilaart, Belgium Published in Belgium by the International Federation of Journalists © 005 International Federation of Journalists International Press Centre • Residence Palace, Block C 155 rue de la Loi • B - 1040 Brussels • Belgium The research for this report was completed in August 005. The EFJ would like to acknowledge the following contributors: Granville Williams for research and drafting of the original report Adrien Collin for the country reports on Eastern Europe Media Power in Europe: The Big Picture of Ownership Katrin Heyeckaus for the 005 Report and Rachel Cohen for assistance Media Power in Europe: The Big Picture of Ownership Media Power in Europe: The Big Picture of Ownership Media Power in Europe: The Big Picture of Ownership European Federation of Journalists Contents Contents Media Power in Europe: The Big Picture of Ownership ..............................................1 Preface ....................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Doctoral Thesis MEDIA TRANSPARENCY THROUGH JOURNALISTS` INTERPRETATIONS: RESEARCH in UKRAINE
    1 UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA Departament de Comunicació Audiovisual i Publicitat Continguts de Comunicació a l'Era Digital and NATIONAL UNIVERISTY OF KYIV-MOHYLA ACADEMY Mohyla school of journalism (joint PhD-program) Doctoral Thesis MEDIA TRANSPARENCY THROUGH JOURNALISTS` INTERPRETATIONS: RESEARCH IN UKRAINE by Anastasiia Grynko Supervisors: Dr. Serhiy Kvit National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Dr. Carles Llorens, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona September 2012 2 Aknowledgement I would like to acknowledge several special people without whom this thesis would not have been possible. First and foremost, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my advisors Dr. Serhiy Kvit and Dr. Carles Llorens, whose profound knowledge and scholarly experience have guided me throughout my studies. I deeply appreciate their advices, encouragement and support on every stage of my PhD-study, without which this work would not have been a success. Their patience, guidance and recommendations helped to improve this work notably. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my dear colleagues at the Mohyla School of journalism (MSJ), and especially to Dr. Yevhen Fedchenko, director of the MSJ, for his enthusiasm, encouragement, and continuous support during my study and research work. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support of the Rinat Akhmetov’s Foundation for Development of Ukraine that provided possibility for my library research and participation in the number of academic events. I am giving my appreciations to Dr. Katerina Tsetsura for giving the precise advices, sharing her expertise and experience in media transparency research. Thank you to Dr. John Conbere, Dr. Alla Heorhiadi and Dr.
    [Show full text]