Fake News and Freedom of the Media
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The Media Pluralism Monitor: Conceptualizing Media Pluralism for the Online Environment Elda Brogi
The Media pluralism monitor: Conceptualizing media pluralism for the online environment Elda Brogi How to cite this article: Brogi, Elda (2020). “The media pluralism monitor: Conceptualizing media pluralism for the online environment”. Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 5, e290529. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.29 Invited manuscript received on 18th October 2020 Elda Brogi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-0528 Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom European University Institute Via Boccaccio, 121/111 50133 Florence, Italy [email protected] Abstract Media pluralism is an essential feature and pillar of contemporary democracies. It is a corollary of the right to freedom of expression, as guaranteed by European national constitutions, as well as by theConvention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (art. 10) and by the Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union (art. 11). Ensuring a plural media environment is a precondition for democracy and may be seen as a policy goal. The availability and accessibility of diverse information and views create the conditions for citizens to form and express their opinions and participate in the democratic debate in an informed way. Due to technological developments and the rapid rise of digital platforms intermediating online content, the concept of media pluralism has been reinterpreted at both academic and policy level, taking into account the recent structural changes in the media sector. The Media pluralism monitor is a methodology to assess the risks to media pluralism, based on a set of 20 indicators covering a broad definition of media pluralism and, therefore, having a holistic perspective. -
The News Media Industry Defined
Spring 2006 Industry Study Final Report News Media Industry The Industrial College of the Armed Forces National Defense University Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. 20319-5062 i NEWS MEDIA 2006 ABSTRACT: The American news media industry is characterized by two competing dynamics – traditional journalistic values and market demands for profit. Most within the industry consider themselves to be journalists first. In that capacity, they fulfill two key roles: providing information that helps the public act as informed citizens, and serving as a watchdog that provides an important check on the power of the American government. At the same time, the news media is an extremely costly, market-driven, and profit-oriented industry. These sometimes conflicting interests compel the industry to weigh the public interest against what will sell. Moreover, several fast-paced trends have emerged within the industry in recent years, driven largely by changes in technology, demographics, and industry economics. They include: consolidation of news organizations, government deregulation, the emergence of new types of media, blurring of the distinction between news and entertainment, decline in international coverage, declining circulation and viewership for some of the oldest media institutions, and increased skepticism of the credibility of “mainstream media.” Looking ahead, technology will enable consumers to tailor their news and access it at their convenience – perhaps at the cost of reading the dull but important stories that make an informed citizenry. Changes in viewer preferences – combined with financial pressures and fast paced technological changes– are forcing the mainstream media to re-look their long-held business strategies. These changes will continue to impact the media’s approach to the news and the profitability of the news industry. -
Fake News and Propaganda: a Critical Discourse Research Perspective
Open Information Science 2019; 3: 197–208 Research article Iulian Vamanu* Fake News and Propaganda: A Critical Discourse Research Perspective https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2019-0014 Received September 25, 2018; accepted May 9, 2019 Abstract: Having been invoked as a disturbing factor in recent elections across the globe, fake news has become a frequent object of inquiry for scholars and practitioners in various fields of study and practice. My article draws intellectual resources from Library and Information Science, Communication Studies, Argumentation Theory, and Discourse Research to examine propagandistic dimensions of fake news and to suggest possible ways in which scientific research can inform practices of epistemic self-defense. Specifically, the article focuses on a cluster of fake news of potentially propagandistic import, employs a framework developed within Argumentation Theory to explore ten ways in which fake news may be used as propaganda, and suggests how Critical Discourse Research, an emerging cluster of theoretical and methodological approaches to discourses, may provide people with useful tools for identifying and debunking fake news stories. My study has potential implications for further research and for literacy practices. In particular, it encourages empirical studies of its guiding premise that people who became familiar with certain research methods are less susceptible to fake news. It also contributes to the design of effective research literacy practices. Keywords: post-truth, literacy, scientific research, discourse studies, persuasion “Don’t be so overly dramatic about it, Chuck. You’re saying it’s a falsehood [...] Sean Spicer, our press secretary, gave alternative facts to that.” (Kellyanne Conway, Counselor to the U.S. -
Freedom of Expression
! BRIEFING NOTE SERIES Freedom of Expression Centre for Law and Democracy International Media Support (IMS) ! FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION BRIEFING NOTE SERIES July 2014 ! This publication was produced with the generous support of the governments of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. ! Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) International Media Support (IMS) 39 Chartwell Lane Nørregade 18 Halifax, N.S. 1165 Copenhagen K B3M 3S7 Denmark Canada Tel: +1 902 431-3688 Tel: +45 8832 7000 Fax: +1 902 431-3689 Fax: +45 3312 0099 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.law-democracy.org www.mediasupport.org © CLD, Halifax and IMS, Copenhagen ISBN 978-87-92209-62-7 This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you give credit to Centre for Law and Democracy and International Media Support; do not use this work for commercial purposes; and distribute any works derived from this publication under a licence identical to this one. ! Abbreviations ACHR American Convention on Human Rights COE Council of Europe ECHR European Court of Human Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICT Information and communications technology IPC Indonesia Press Council OAS Organization of American States OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PSB Public service -
FOLLOWING a COLUMNIST AP English Language Originated by Jim Veal; Modified by V
WAYS TO IMPROVE MEMORY: FOLLOWING A COLUMNIST AP English Language Originated by Jim Veal; modified by V. Stevenson 3/30/2009; reprint: 5/24/2012 Some of the most prominent practitioners of stylish written rhetoric in our culture are newspaper columnists. Sometimes they are called pundits – that is, sources of opinion, or critics. On the reverse side find a list of well-know newspaper columnists. Select one (or another one that I approve of) and complete the tasks below. Please start a new page and label as TASK # each time you start a new task. TASK 1—Brief Biography. Write a brief (100-200 word) biography of the columnist. Make sure you cite your source(s) at the bottom of the page. I suggest you import a picture of the author if possible. TASK 2—Five Annotated Columns. Make copies from newspapers or magazines or download them from the internet. I suggest cutting and pasting the columns into Microsoft word and double-spacing them because it makes them easier to annotate and work with. Your annotations should emphasize such things as: - the central idea of the column - identify appeals to logos, pathos, or ethos - (by what means does the columnist seek to convince readers of the truth of his central idea?) - the chief rhetorical and stylistic devices at work in the column - the tone (or tones) of the column - errors of logic (if any) that appear in the column - the way the author uses sources, the type of sources the author uses (Be sure to pay attention to this one!) - the apparent audience the author is writing for Add a few final comments to each column that summarizes your general response to the piece— do not summarize the column! This task is hand-written. -
Towards a Global Movement: a Framework for Today’S Anti-Apartheid Activism
Grassroots Palestinian Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign Towards a Global Movement: A framework for today’s anti-apartheid activism June 2007 ii Abstract Building and strengthening a global boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) movement has become a core aim for many involved in today’s solidarity work for Palestine. This report assesses the current state of the BDS movements – within the general context of Palestine solidarity work – and makes recommendations for improvement. Developing clarity, cohesion and coordination across the numerous local and national initiatives, campaigns and movements from around the world is crucial if solidarity is to be more effective. Our discussion and framework for action explores the central issues pertaining to any BDS strategy and sets out how global activism can have an important role to play in advancing the Palestinian cause and struggle. Reflections upon previous BDS strategies used to isolate Israel, from within and outside the Middle East, are explored together with a comprehensive study of the campaigns pursued by the anti-apartheid movement against South Africa. An evaluation seeks to learn from past BDS experiences and the implications for Palestine campaign work today. The findings are addressed to solidarity movements, trade unions and social justice organizations around the world, with the intention of creating stronger global networks and alliances with Palestine at a grassroots and civil society level. Moreover, they build upon the Palestinian Call (2005) for BDS as a means of support for -
Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference by Fletcher Schoen and Christopher J
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 11 Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference by Fletcher Schoen and Christopher J. Lamb Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Complex Operations, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Center for Transatlantic Security Studies, and Conflict Records Research Center. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Unified Combatant Commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Kathleen Bailey presents evidence of forgeries to the press corps. Credit: The Washington Times Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference By Fletcher Schoen and Christopher J. Lamb Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 11 Series Editor: Nicholas Rostow National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. June 2012 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. -
Grumbles from the Grave
GRUMBLES FROM THE GRAVE Robert A. Heinlein Edited by Virginia Heinlein A Del Rey Book BALLANTINE BOOKS • NEW YORK For Heinlein's Children A Del Rey Book Published by Ballantine Books Copyright © 1989 by the Robert A. and Virginia Heinlein Trust, UDT 20 June 1983 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Ballantine Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint the following material: Davis Publications, Inc. Excerpts from ten letters written by John W. Campbell as editor of Astounding Science Fiction. Copyright ® 1989 by Davis Publications, Inc. Putnam Publishing Group: Excerpt from the original manuscript of Podkayne of Mars by Robert A. Heinlein. Copyright ® 1963 by Robert A. Heinlein. Reprinted by permission of the Putnam Publishing Group. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-6859 ISBN 0-345-36941-6 Manufactured in the United States of America First Hardcover Edition: January 1990 First Mass Market Edition: December 1990 CONTENTS Foreword A Short Biography of Robert A. Heinlein by Virginia Heinlein CHAPTER I In the Beginning CHAPTER II Beginnings CHAPTER III The Slicks and the Scribner's Juveniles CHAPTER IV The Last of the Juveniles CHAPTER V The Best Laid Plans CHAPTER VI About Writing Methods and Cutting CHAPTER VII Building CHAPTER VIII Fan Mail and Other Time Wasters CHAPTER IX Miscellany CHAPTER X Sales and Rejections CHAPTER XI Adult Novels CHAPTER XII Travel CHAPTER XIII Potpourri CHAPTER XIV Stranger CHAPTER XV Echoes from Stranger AFTERWORD APPENDIX A Cuts in Red Planet APPENDIX B Postlude to Podkayne of Mars—Original Version APPENDIX C Heinlein Retrospective, October 6, 1988 Bibliography Index FOREWORD This book does not contain the polished prose one normally associates with the Heinlein stories and articles of later years. -
The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes and Human Rights in the World
STUDY Requested by the DROI subcommittee The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world @Adobe Stock Authors: Carme COLOMINA, Héctor SÁNCHEZ MARGALEF, Richard YOUNGS European Parliament coordinator: Policy Department for External Relations EN Directorate General for External Policies of the Union PE 653.635 - April 2021 DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world ABSTRACT Around the world, disinformation is spreading and becoming a more complex phenomenon based on emerging techniques of deception. Disinformation undermines human rights and many elements of good quality democracy; but counter-disinformation measures can also have a prejudicial impact on human rights and democracy. COVID-19 compounds both these dynamics and has unleashed more intense waves of disinformation, allied to human rights and democracy setbacks. Effective responses to disinformation are needed at multiple levels, including formal laws and regulations, corporate measures and civil society action. While the EU has begun to tackle disinformation in its external actions, it has scope to place greater stress on the human rights dimension of this challenge. In doing so, the EU can draw upon best practice examples from around the world that tackle disinformation through a human rights lens. This study proposes steps the EU can take to build counter-disinformation more seamlessly into its global human rights and democracy policies. -
Should Kids Be Allowed to Buy
DECEMBER 21, 2020 ISSN 1554-2440 No. 10 Vol. 89 Vol. BIG DEBATE Should Kids Be Allowed to Buy Some places in WATCH Mexico have banned THESE VIDEOS! . SCHOLASTIC.COM/SN56 kids from buying junk Find out what’s hiding in junk food food. Should we do Titanic. the same in the U.S.? Explore the Become an expert on hurricanes. BIG DEBATE Should You Be Banned From Buying AS YOU READ, THINK ABOUT: What are ways that eating too much junk food can affect your health? magine going to a store and not being allowed to buy a bag of chips. The reason? You’re too young! What exactly is That’s what may happen in one state in Mexico, which junk food? I It’s food and drinks that recently banned the sale of unhealthy snacks and sugar- sweetened drinks to kids younger than 18. Several other are high in fat, salt, or Mexican states are considering passing similar laws. sugar and have little The goal of these bans is to improve kids’ health. nutritional value. Research shows that eating too much junk food can lead to obesity—the condition of being severely overweight. People with obesity are at higher risk for health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes. But some people argue that a ban on buying junk WORDS TO KNOW food isn’t a good way to change kids’ eating habits. calories noun, plural. units that measure the amount of energy Should states in the U.S. also consider banning the released by food in the body sale of junk food to kids? consequences noun, plural. -
Denotation and Connotation in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump: Discourse Analysis of the 2016 Presidential Debates
UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales Degree in Translation and Interpreting Final Degree Project Denotation and Connotation in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump: Discourse analysis of the 2016 presidential debates Student: Markel Lezana Escribano Director: Dr Susan Jeffrey Campbell Madrid, 8th June 2017 Index List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….i 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 2. Theoretical Framework............................................................................................. 5 2.1 Semantics ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Discourse Analysis ................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Functional Discourse Analysis ........................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ........................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Political Discourse Analysis .......................................................................... 10 2.3 Pragmatics ............................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Tools of Analysis .................................................................................................. 11 2.4.1 Functions of Language ................................................................................. -
LANGUAGE and TRANSLATION an Introduction to Language and Translation for Global Online Communications, Localized Websites and International Social Media
LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION An introduction to language and translation for global online communications, localized websites and international social media www.ibt.onl An IBT Online ebook publication© Inside your Ebook IBT Online : Go Global with Website Localization WHO SHOULD BE READING THIS EBOOK? 3 LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD 4 LANGUAGE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 5 TRANSLATION INDUSTRY 6 TRANSLATION SUPPLIERS 7 TRANSLATION SERVICES 8 TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGY 10 TRANSLATION ONLINE (WEB PAGES, PRESENCE, HOSTING) 13 TRANSLATION ONLINE (SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION, 15 SOCIAL MEDIA) TRANSLATION TOP TEN TRENDS 19 NEXT STEPS AND ABOUT IBT ONLINE 21 Produced by IBT Online publications team. More resources available at: www.ibt.onl/resources www.ibt.onl Language and Translation 2 Who should be reading this? This ebook provides an introduction to language and translation for global online communications used for localized websites and international social media You should be reading this ebook, if you want an introduction to: Languages used for online communications, social media, localized websites and search engine optimization The translation service industry Translation suppliers and services Translation technologies Translation online This ebook is designed for business owners, marketing directors, international business development managers who are looking to grow their exports and business globally and would like guidance on how to manage language and translation in their target markets. This ebook is both informative and practical. It will