SUBSCRIPTION

EDITION . (It'be· @lto~ of tbe Jaations.

CARTHAGE THE STORY OF THE NATION S. • I. ROME. By ARTHUR GILMAN, 30. THE BYZANTINE EMPmE. M.A. Hy c. W. c. OllAN. o. THE JEWS, By Prof. J. K. 3'. : PhmDiclan, Greek HOSMER. and Roman. Hy (d. late 3. GERMANY. By Rev. S. BARING­ Prof. E. A. FREEMAN. GOULD M.A. 32. THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS, 4. . By Prof. ALFRED By. ~~LLA DUFFY. J. CHURCH. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MORFILL, S. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By M.A. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFV. 340 PARTBIA. By Prof. GEORGB 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By RAWLINSON. C STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 35. AUSTRALIAN COMMON· 7. ANCIENT EGYl'T. By Prof. WEALTH. By GREVILLE GEOR~E RAWLINSON. TREGARTHEN. 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ARMI"IU9 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. VAMBERY. 37. JAPAN. By DAVID MURRAV, 9. THE SARACENS. By ARtHUR Ph.D. GILMAN, M.A. 38. SOUTH . By GEORGB 10. IRELAND. By the HOdl EMILV M. THRAL LAWLESS., 39. VENICE. By ALETHEA WIEL II. CHALDEA. By ZtNAiDE A. 40. THE CRUSADES. By T. A. RAGOZIN. AReHg" BOd C. L. KINGS· 12. THE GOTBS. By HENBV BRAD· FORD. LEY. 4'. VEDIC INDIA. By Z. A. RA· '3. ASSYRIA. By ZtNAiDE A. RA· GOZIN. COZIN. 42. WEST INDIES Jum THE '4. TURKEY. By STAHLEV LANE- SPANISH MAIN. By JAMES POOLE. ( RODWAY.. IS. HOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 43. BOHEMIA. By C. EDMUND T..-OROLD ROGERS. (0 c MAURICE. 16. MEDLEVAL FRANCE. By 44. THB BALKANS. By W. GUSTAVE MASSON. MILLER, M.A. '7. PEP.8IA. By S. G. W. BEN- 45- CANADA. By Sir J. G. BOURI­ NOT, LL.D. 18. pa~CIA. By Prof. GEO. 46. BRITISH INDIA. By R. W. RAWLINSON. '9- MEDIA. By ZtNl.iDE A. RA­ 47. M~DERii i~CB. By ANDR4 GOZIH. LEj30H. 20. THE BANSA TOWNS, By 48. THE YRANKS. By LEWIS SER· HELEN ZIMMERN. GEANT. • 2'. EARLY BRrrAIN. By Prof. 49. AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WHIT­ ALFRED J. lHURCH. MAN. 22. THB BAltBARY CORSAIRS, so. MODERN ENGLAND. Before By STANLEY LANE~POOLE. the Reform Hill. Hy J VSTIN '3. RUSSIA. By W. R. MORFlLL, Mr.CARTHV. M.A. 5'. CHINA. By Prof. R. K. 24. THE JEWS UNDER THE DOUGLAS. ROMANS, By W. D. MORRI­ So. MODERN ENGLAND. From SON. the Reform Btll to the Pre.. 25. SCOTLAND. By JOHN MACKIN· sent Time. By J USTIH TOSH, LL.D. MCCARTHY. 26. SWITZERLAND. By Mrs LIHA 53. MODERN SPAIN. By MARTIN HUG and R. STEAD. A. S. HUME. 27. MEXICO. By SUSAN HALE. 54. MODERN . By PIETRO 28. . By H. M-"sJ! ORS'_ STEPHENS. 55. NORWAY. By H. H. BoVl!­ 29- THE NORMANS, By SARAH !OEM. OWNE JEWETT. 56. WALES. By 0. M. EDWARDS.

LoNDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. VOTIVE BAS-RELIEF TO PERSEPHONE. OR

THE EMPIRE OF AFRICA

BY ALFRED ]. CHURCH, M.A:

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. LONDON, AU1'~OR Oil ;'STOR FROM HOMER," ETC., ETC. j • . . .- WITH TH1& COLLABORATION OF . ARTHUR GItMAN,, M.A..

EIGHTH EDITION.

'. 1011/)011 T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE Vb7CC.- C Cy: - ~.opyrig1tt by T. FIS]IER UNWIN, 1888. •

PREFACE.

IT is difficult to tell the story of Carthage, because one has to tell it without sympathy, and from the standp~int of fler enemies. It is a great advantage, 'On the ~ther hand, that the materials are of amanage­ able amount, and that a fairly complete narrative may be given within a moderate.compass: • I have made it a rule to go to the original authori­ ties. At the same time I have to express my obliga­ tions to several modern works, to. the geographical treatises of Heer~n, the histories of Grote, Arnold and Mommsen, Mr. Bosworth Smith's admirable "Car­ thage .and the Carthaginians," and the learned and exhaustive .. History of Art in Phcenicia and its Depenaenciefl,"'br Messieurs Georges Perrot and . Charles Chipiez, ~s translated and edited by Mr. Walter Armstrong. To this last I am indebted for most of the illustrations of this book. I have had much help also from Mr. W. W. Capes' edition of" ": xxi., xxii. I* x PREFACE. I have not thought it necessary to discuss the critical questions which have been raised about the Duilian column (p. 135). The ins~ription, a~ it at present exists, may be supposed to bear a general, though not a faithful, resemblance to the original. a.C CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Leo Carthage founded by • 850 The Campaigns of MaIchus 550 The Battle of Alalia • • 536 Yust Treaty with Rome • 509 First Battle of 480 Second TJalaty with Rome 440 invades Sicily 410 Third Treaty with Rome •• 405 Capture of Agrigentum •• • 406 Treaty between Carthage and Dionysius 405 Renewal of the War • • 397 of Syracuse by . 396 Return of Himilco to Africa • 396 invades Sicily 393 Treaty of Peace with Bionysius 392 Renewal of the War 383 Dionysius attacks Carthage • • • 368 Death of Dionysius 367 The Conspiracy of Hanno • 340 The Battle of Crimessns • 339 Death of'llimoleon • • 337 Agathoc1es defeated at Himera 310 He transfers the War to Mrica 1 • 3 0 He returns to Sicily 307 Pyrrbus invades Sicily • 278 He leaves Sicily 276 Beginning of • • 264 Defeat of the Carthaginian Fleet by Dullius at Mylz 260 Victory of Regnlus at Ecnomus • • 256 xii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. a.Co Landing of Regulus in Mrica 256 Defeat of Regulus by Xantippus 255 The Siege of Lilybreum begun 249 Defeat of the Roman Fleet under Claudius at Drepanum 249 Barca comes into Sicily"" 247 Death of Hannibal. 'ir' • • • 247 Defeat of Carthaginian Fleet by Catulus at JEgusa 241 Conclusion of First Punic War 241 War ofthe cJ241-236 invades Spain 236 Death of Hamilcar • 229 Assassination of Hasdrubal 221 Capture of Saguntum by Hannibal and Commencement of 218 Battles of Ticinus and Trebia 218 Battle of Trasumennus • 217 Battle of Cannae . 216 Hannibal winters in Capua 2 15 . Roman Conquest of Syracuse ,.. 212 Hannibal takes Tarentum • • • 212 Defeat and Death of the 'Scipios in Spain 211 Hannibal marches on Rome-.,.Fall of Capua 211 Publius Scipio goes to Spain' 210 He captures New Carthage 209 Death of Marcellus • 208 Hasdrubal enters Italy • 207 His defeat at Metauru; 207 Scipio sails to Africa 204 Hannibal returns to Carthage 203 Defeat at Zama (,. • 202 End of Second Punic War 201 Death of Hannibal 183 Roman Embassy at Carthage 174 .The Third Punic War begins 149 Fall of Carthage 146 LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN. PATERNl;)STERSQUARE. E.C. CONTENTS.

PART}.

L~GEND AND EARLY HISTORY. I, THE LEGEND OF DIDO

The ~uilding of Carthage, S':-Dido.' and Mneas, 7.

II. THE GROWTH OF C#-RTHAGE The Tyrian traders, It-Malchus and Mago, 13-Treaties with Rome, IS-Carthaginian possessions, 17; -

;: . • PART II.

CARTHAGE AND GREECK

L HAMILCAR AND HANNIBAL 21-34 Hamilcar's army, 2s-The fate of Hamilcar, 27-Hannibal before Selinus, 29-Attack on Himera, 3I-HannibaI's venge­ ance, .3, xiv CONTENTS.

II. 'AG' CARTHAGE AND DIONYSIUS (406-4°5) 35-45 Siege of Agrigentum, 37-Execution of tbe genemls, 39- Agrigentum evacuated, 41- abandoned, 43-The plague at Carthage, 45.

III. CARTHAGB AND DIONYSIUS (397) Siege oC , 47-Motya assaulted, 49-Himilco'. ad. vance, 51-Baule of Catana, 53-Siege oC Syracuse, 55- Plague in Himilco'l camp, 57 -lIimilco'l acape, 59- Carthage laved, 63-

IV. THE LAST STRUGGLB WITH DIONYSIUS Mago defeated, 65-DeCeat of Dionysiul, 67-The enJ of the war, 69-

'V. CARTHAGE AND TIMOLEON Timoleon declarea war against Cartbage, 'I-llaule of the CrimellUS, 73- c Vi. CARTHAGE ANI? AGATHOCLES Agathoclea in extremitiea, 77-Agathoclea Invadea Africa, 81 - Rnalt of Bomi1car, 85 - Pyrrhlll, 89-Pyrrhus leavea Sicily, 91.

PAR1 Ill.

THE INTERNAL HISTORY OF CARTHAGE. I. CARTHAGINIAN DISCOYERERS • 95-101 Along tbe African Cout, 97-C'lorillu, 99-A It range lale, 101. CONTENTS. xv • IL THE CONSTJTUT(ON AND RELIGION or CARTHAGE 102-114 Magistrates of Carthage, I03-Estates of the realm in Carthage, lOS:'" Justice and religion, 109 - Carthaginian Deities. 11]0

III.

THE RxvEtroB AND .TRADE or CARTHAGE • 115-125 Carthaginian Mines. 117-Trade, I19-Ivory and precious stones, 121-Art and literature, 123-Wealth and IlIIUry, 125-

PARTlY.

CARTHAGE AND ROME. I. THE WAR IN SICILY AND ON THE SEA. • 129-14° The Romans gain Messana, 131-Capture of Agrigentum, 133 -Battle of MyJae, 137-Baltle of Ecnomus, c39-

II. THE INVASION or AnuCA 141-151 De£eat of Hamilcar, 143 - Xantippus, 145 - DGfeat of Regulus, 147 - Horace on Regulus, 149 - Reyenge for Regulus, 151.

ilL IN SICILY AGAIN Roman Losses at sea, 153 - Roman disasters, 157 - The Romans gainErp:, 159-Hasdrubal's succ:esses, 161-Battleof JEgates Island, 163-Conclusion of War, 165- xvi CONTENTS. t, fAGB IV. CARTHAGE AND HER MERCENARIES 166-1 77 Revolt of the mercenaries, 167 - Siege of Utica, 171- Massacre of prisoners, 17s-End of war with mercenaril'S, 177.

V.

CARTHAGE AND SPAIN

Hamilcar in Spain, I 79-Hannibal, 181-Siege of Sagun. tum, 183. ,.

VI.

FROM THE EBRO TO ITALY • ,185-194 P~e of the Rhone, 187-Route over the AIps. 18!)-Rocka split with vinegar, 193. " VII. THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN ITALY Scipio retires to ,the Trebia, 199 - Sempronius eager to light, 201-The Cartbaginians victorious, ~s.

VIII.

TRASUMENNUS 206-211 Lake Trasumennus, 207-Slaughter of the Romans, 209- Hannibal's policy, 211.

IX. FABIUS AND HIS TACTICS 212-217 Hannibal a master of stratagem, 213-Fabius and Minu· cius. 2ls-Varro and Paull us in command, 217. CONTENTS • xvii

• PAGB x. CANNM. 218--224 Hannibal's army, 219-The struggle, 221-Will he march on Rome? 223. XI.

AliTER <;;ANNlE 225-2 3 1 Mago at Carthage, 227-Hannibal's prospects, 229-Taren­ tum gained, 231.

XII. THE TURN OF THE TIDE 232- 244 Attempted relief of Capun, 233 -Capua lost to Hannibal, 235- Carthage loses Sicily, 237-Roman successes in Spain, 2~9- Death efthe Scipios, 241-Capture of New Carthage, 243 •

• XIIL THE LAST CHANCE OF VICTORY The death of Marcellus, 247-Nero's gteat march, 249-0de from Horace, 251 •• • XIV. THE LAST STRUGGLE Scipio and , 257-Hannibal recalled, 259--Zama, 261 -Terms of peace, 263.

xv. HANNIBAL IN EXILE Hannibal with Antiochus, 267-Hannibal in Bithynia, 269- Character of Hannibal, 271, I * xviii CONTENTS.

XVI.

THE BEGINNING OF THE END Cato's hostility to Carthage, 273-Africanus the Younger, 275 -Expedition against Carthage, a77-War declared, 279.

XVII.

THE SIEGE AND FALL OF CARTHAGE 280-301 The walls of Carthage, 281-TJie Romans lose their ally Masi. nissa, 28S-Scipio in command, 289-Attack on the Me­ gam, 293-Engagements between the Beets, 29S-Fighting in the city, 297-SuCC<$Sors of Cartbage, 301.

INDEX. . ( . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

PAC. VOTIVE BAS-RELIEF TO PERSEPHONf , . F ronlt'spiece CARTHAGINIAN STELE FROM SULCI (SARDlNIAj, 16 PLAN AND SECTION OF A CARTHAGINIAN TOMB AT • 17 PHCENTCIAN SARCOPHAGUS FOUND AT SOLUNTE (SICILY) 23 ONE OF THE TOWERS OF 36 CARfHAGlNTAN PLATTER-SILVER 40 THE WALL OF MOTVA 48 VOTIVE BAS-RELIEF TO PERSEI'HONI:. .' 61 AFRICAN AQUEDUCf . ' 79 RURAL CISTERNS • 8] PLAN OF THE RUINS OF UTICA 87 VOTIVE STELE FROM CARTHAGE (HIPPOPOTAMUS) 98 V01'IYE STELE TO TAN IT , .. 107 A STELE TO TANIT 110

VOTIVE STELE TO TANIT FROM CARTHAGE III VOTIVE STELES FRo"M CARTHAGE I13 CARTHAGINIAN COIN liS CARTHAGINIAN COIN (ELECfRUM) 116 xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAC. CARTHAGINIAN COIN (SILVER) 116 VOTIVE STELE FROM CARTHAGE 121 WRITING-CASE • 123 VOTIVE STELE (BULL) 124 DttlLiAN COLUMN 135

RESERVOIRS OF CARTHAGE . ( 142 CROSS SECTION OF CISTERN WALL. (FROM DAUX) 143 STELE AT LILYBtEUM ISS COIN: THE TEMPLE AND RAMPARTS OF ERYX 159 PH

ITALIA MERIDlO~ALlS 2SS THE TRIPLE WALL OF THAPSUS 281 THE GREAT 'iALL AT THAPSUS :a8J PORt OF CARTHAGE (FROM SARCOPHAGI) 287 THE HARBOURS OF CARTHAGE (ACCORDING TO BEULE) 2«)0 HARBOURS 01' CARTHAGE (ACCORDING TO DAUX) 291 ARRANGEMENTS 01' THE BERTHS (ACCORDING TO BEULE) 293 PLAN 01' WALL AT BYRSA 293 AFRICAN COLISEUM 299 INDEX TO THE TEXT AND TH& NOTES.

A Archagalhus, 8S-8 Archimedel) 236 Acerbas, 3, 6 Aristotle, 102-108 Acra, 96 Armenia, 269 'J , 157 Artaxata, 269 Adrumetum, 16a Ashtaroth, 113 lEgusa, 163 lEgates Islands, battle of, 163, Athenaeus, 125 Avit:'7lus, 100 0 164 lEschines, 122 .JI!:scula{lius, temple of, 297 B lEthioplans, 97 Balearic Islands, 35, 7S lElna., eruption of, 53 Baltic Sea, 12~· .iKtna (town), SS Beneventum, battle of, 230 Agathocles, tyrant of Symcuse, Boarding apparatus, 134 7S; dereated at the Himern, Bomilcar, Sufl"etc of Carthage, his :, 76; besieged in Symcuse, 77; treachery, 8a ; attempts a revo· escapes, .6.; lands in Africa, lutiQrl and is put .to death, 83 80; dereats the Carthaginians, Britain, 100, 122 8a ; takes Utica, 8S; returns to Bruttii, 226, 253 Syracuse, ill.; comes back to Byrsa, 293 ~. Africa, 86; impri!IMed by his 20 soldiers, 88; escapes, 89 Agrigentum, 22, 27; taken by C Himilco, 41, .67, l2a; taken by Cabala, battle •• 66 .:... the Romans, 132, 133; 237, Camarina, taken by Himilco (I). 298 43, 158 ) Alalia, battle of, 14 Cambyses, king of Persi" plans Aletes, 117, ISo the conqu~t of Carthage, 18 , 89 Campanian mercenaries, 37, 129 Allobrogcs, 188, Cannae, battle of, 2 I 8-224 Amber, 122 Capua, joins Hannibal, 22S; be· Anagnia, 234 sieged" by the Romans, 232; Anio, 234 . I~ surrenders, 23§ ; its severe Antiochus, 254, 266,:;268 punishment, i6. . , 128, 279, 281, 277 Camvans, 118, 119 Arambys, 96 . Carbuncle, see.. Carthaginian stOlle. 304 INDEX 7'0 THE TEXT AND THE NOTES.

Caricon, 96 . war against Carthage, 47; at· Carth:tginian stone, 121 tacks Motya, ill.; take! it by Carthalo. 13 storm, 50; defeated by Hi .... ilco Catana,53 eat Catana, 53 ; retreats to S1rs. Catapults, newly invented, 49 cuse, 55 ; makes successful at­ Cato, the Elder, 273. 277, 286 tack on Himilco, 57; allows Catulus (Lutatius), 163 Himilco to escape, 59 ; declares Censorinus.277-2b6 • war with Carthage and defeats Cercina, 266 Mago, 64; renews the war, 66 ; Ceme, 97,98 is defeated at Cronium, 67; his Chretes,97 death,68 Chronos, see Moloch Dionysius (the Younger), tyrant of Cineas, 89, 90 Syracuse, 70 CI~tidium, 200 Drepanum, battle of, 157, 158, C1audYus (Appius), 131, 132 ·160, 163 Claudius (Appius), 2, :a6 Ducarius, 209 Claudius (Nero) in Spain, 241; Duilius, 137 marches to .join his colleague • Livius, 249; defeats Hasdrubal E at the Metaurus, 250-252 Ecnomus, battle of, 138-140 Claudius (Publius), 157, 158 Egesta, 28, 298 Clubs at Carthag... 109 • Elba, 122 C1ypea, 147, 152 Elephants, 121. See also accounts Common meals, 106 c of battles Corinth, mother-city of Syracuse, Elissa, see Dido 70 Entellus, 68 , 25, 122 Eryx, 36, 68, 159-165 Cothon, 296 Etruscans, 14,81, 117 Crete, 268, 269 . Eumenes, 269 Crimessus, battle of, 72-74 Crispinus, 247 Crocodiles, 98 F Cronium, Dionysius defeated at, Fabius, appointed dictator, 212; 67 I his pohcy of delay, 212, 213; Crotona, 226, 253 • outwitted, by Hannibal, til.; Customs-duties, u6, 117 his unpo\fularity, ib.; recovers Cyprus, 4 . Tarentum, 246; crowned at Cyrene, JI7 Rome, 260; dies, til. . Fair Promontory,<14, IS D.. I Flaminius, defeated and killed at Dagon, 113, II4 Trasumennus, 207-211 Daphoous, 38, 39 • I Flaminius (ambassador to Prussia), Deinocrates, 75 270 Demeter, worship of, at Carthage, Fregelhe, 234 60 Fulvius, 234, 2+:j Dexippus, 37, 41 Dido, 3-8 Diodorus, II 7. G Dionysius (the Elder), ·attempts to Gades, 186 relieve Gela, f3; makes peace Gala, 210 with Carthage, ,,44; declares Gauls,81• INDEX TO THE TEXT AND THE NOTES. 305

Gela, taken by Himilco (I), 43; takes it, 184; in winter quarters besieged by Hamilcar, 76 at New Carthage, 185; crosses G110n, of Syracuse, defeats Ha~- the Ebro, 186; his dream, ill.; car (2), 26, 27 crosses the Pyrenees, ill. ; Gisco, 166-175 crosses the Rhone, 187 ; crosses Gisco, father of Hannibal (I), 29 the Alps, 189-194; descends Gisco, father of Hasdrubal, 240 into Italy, 194; his losses, iIJ. ; Gisco, 218 " attacks the Taurini, 195; con­ Gorillas, 99 quers the Romans at the Grhcchus, Tib. 5 •• 230 Ticinus, 196-199; at the Gracchus (the Younger), 301 Trebia, 201-205; winters in Gulussa, 286, 289, 295 Liguria, 206; in peril of his life, iIJ. " crosses the marshes H of the Arno, iIJ.; la;~ an eye, 207; defeats the Romans Halycus, river, 67, 74 at Tdisumennus, 207-209; Hamilcar (I), son of Mago, con- repulsed at Spoletium, 210; quers , 17 rests at Hailria, 21 I; his Hamilcar (2) invades Sicily, 22-27 policy, ill.; his c!ampaign with Hamilcar (3) commands Cartha- Fabius, 212-216; wintering_ ginian army against Agatho- ~t Geronium, 217; defeats cles, 75 ; is victorious at Himera, Romans at Oannre, 222 i refuses 76; besieges Syracuse, 77 ; his to marrJt on Rome, 223; gains death, 82 Capua, 225; sends Mago to Hamilcar (4), commander at Carthage, 227; neglected by Ecnomus, 138 the homo government, 228; Hamilcar Barca (5), appointed to winters in Capua, i6. ; besieges command Beet and army, 160; Nola, i6.; attempts to seize holds Hercta, ill.; holds Eryx, Tarentum, 229; gains Taren- ill.; maintains war against tum, 231; attempts to relieve Romans, 161-164; makes fa- Capua, 232; marches on Rome, vourable terms of peace, 165; 233 ; retires, 235 ; defeats Ful- takes command against merce· vius at Herdonia, 245; hears naries, 171 ; breaks blockade of of HasdrubaI's death, 252 ; his Carthage, 172; .!wfeats merce- mast!rly generalship in South naries, i6... attacks camp at Italy, 253 ; recaIl~d home, 259; Tunes, 176; finishes war witlf defeated at Zama, 262; advises mercenari~ 177; crosses into peace, 263; in power at Car- Spain, 178 ; his conquests and thage, 265 i his reforms, ill.; death, 1,79 Bies, 266; 1ft the court of An· Hannibal (I) invades Sicily. tiochus, 267; his al}swer to 28-34; invades it again, 35,; Antiochds. 268; possibly at dies, 38 Crete, 269; with Prusias of Hannibal (2), cpmmanderinSicily, Bithynia, 269, 270; his death 132, 133, 134, 137 and character, 270, 271 Hannibal (J), lieutenant in mer· Hannoe(I), Suffete of Carthage, cenary war, 176, '177 killed in battle, 82 HanniJ>a1 (4) swears hatred against Hanno (2), the nbigator. 95-100 Rome, 181 ; his cha"cter, 181 ; Hanno (3). 131 campaign against Spanish tribes. Hanno (4). 1331 133, 139, 140 IS2; besieges Saguntllm, i6.; Ha"lno (51,.63, 164 21 of 3q6 INDEX TO THE TEXT ANJj THE /iOTES.

Hanno, the Great (6), 171-177 escapes to Carthage, 59; com· HallOo, !eader of peace party at mits suicide, 60 Carthage (7), 183, 227 Himilco (2), discoverer, 100, 101 Hanno (8), 187 Hi'lilco (3), 154 " Hanno (9),. defeated at Beneven­ Hitnilco (4), 236 ~um, 230 Hippo, 168, 286 Hanno (10), commands in Sicily, Hippopotamus, 98 237 Hom, Southern, 99 Hanno (n), commands in Spain, Hom, Western, 99 238 Horace, 149, 250 Hasdrubal (I), son of Mago, 16, 17 . Human sacrifices, 28, 33, 38, 86. Hnsdrubal (2), (son-in-law of 1I0 Hamilcar Barca), his campaigns in., Spain, 179, 180; assassi­ I naleo, 180 Iad:Jas, 6 Hasdrubal, lieutenant oi Hanni­ . See Spanish troopl bal (3), 219 Iberus (Ebro), 180 Hasdrubal, brotlter of Hannibal Illiturgis, 239 "(4), left in command in Spain, Intibilis, 239 186; his campaigns with the Iron, 122 Scipios, 238-241 ; eludes Nero, Isere, 188 241 ; defeated by.,8cipio Afrita­ Italian mercenaries, 25, 29, 35, nus, 243; crosses into Italy, 37, 55, 65· See also Cam­ 248; defeated and slLin at the panian mercenaries Metaurus, 250 Ivory, 122 Hasdrubal, son of Gisco (5), 240- 289 ] Hasdrubal (6), commands in the Junins, 158 last siege of Carthage, 280-300 Hebrew names, 11 K Hebrews, their relations to Tyre, Kings of Carthage, 102, 103 10, 11 Helisyki, Volscians (1), 25 Hercta, 160 L , 3, 4. See Melc..rth Lrelius, 258, 2f!2 Hercules, Pill"rs of, 96, 118 Lrelins (the \'iiunger), 295 Herodotus, 113, 1I8 "revinus, 237 Hiera, 163, 164 Leather money, 122, 123 Hiero, 130-132, 176, 229 Leontini, 44 • Hieronymus, 229, a;J6 Leptines (brother of Dionysius), Himera, first battle of, 26, 27; 53, 54, 57; killed at the battle secondllbattle of, 32, destroyed of Cronium, 67 . by Hannibal (I), 33; third Leptis, II5 battle of, 76_ Liby-Phrenicians, 96 Himilco (I) invades Sicily, 35-45; Ligyes (Lignrians),o25. 206 operates against DionYsV1s, 4S- Lilybreum. fort of, besieged by 49; returns to <:ar!hage, 49; . Dionysius, 68, 72; attacked by again appoin$ed ta &emmand, Pyrrhus, 9 I; besieged by 5 I ; takes Massana, marches on Romans, 154-165 Syracuse, besie~es the city, re., LilybreuJIlf promontory, 73 duced to extremiVea. 52-58; Lipara, 122, 1.14 .: INDBX· 'TO THB TBXT .AND THE NOTES. 30 7 • Liris, river, 234 Carthage, 266; en~ches on Livius (colleague of Nero), 248. Carthaginian dominions, 274; .249 .L defeated by Hasdrubal, 27S; Livius (in command at Tarent"f'), is victorious, i6.; triumphant 2JO, 231, 246 over Carthage, 277 i dies, 286 Livy (historian), 128, 181, IB4, Matho, 167-179 193, 222, 2J4, 23S. 253, 259, Megara, the, 293 26.t. 276 • Melcarth, 110-113, 186 Lints:, 97, 98 Melita, 96 Lims, river. 97 Menander, 120 Menes, 19 M Messana, 440 1)0-132 Metaurus, battle of, 249-252 Macar, river. 171 Mines, 117 •• Macedonia, 272 • Minucius, 21S, 216 Magnesia, battle of, z68 Moloch,~8, los. 109 Mago (I), king of Carthage, 13 Motya, besieged by Dionysius, Mago (2), Admiral, 53 47-5 r; recogeRd by Himilco, Mago (3), Carthaginian general, 51 • • attacks Dionysius, 64; defeated Mutines, 237 by, ill.; invades Sicily, 65; is M rIa; battle of, 137 killed at Cabala, 66 Mago (4), writer on agriculture, • N 124 Naravasu~ 176 Mago (5), brother of Hannibal, Native Carthaginian troops, 66, 201; sent to Carthage with 72, 74, 7S, 82, 85, 146, 262 news of Canna; 227; in Spain, (Sicily), 21 240-244; goes to Liguria, ill. : Nemausus (Nismes), 186 takes Minorca, 2 S4 ; recalled New Carthage, 180; captured by home, 2 S9 ; dies, iD. Scipio, 242 Mabarbal, 210, 223 Nola, 228. 260 Malcbus, 12, 13 Malgemus, 3 o Malta, 17 Olympias, 8g Mamertines, I JO, \011 • Mancinus, 286, z89 P. Manitius, 282, 286 • Pachynus, I S8 Manlius, 138, 142 Panormus (), 2S, 67, 15,1. Marcellus, aPl>ointed to command 160 army alter Cannle, 227; re­ Paullus (lEm:iius) appointed Con- lieves Nola, 228; besieges sul, 217; slain at Canrue, 222 Syracuse, 236; takes it, 237. Pelorum, J2 • campaigns with Hannibal, 145-: Pentarchies, 105 247; his death. 248 Pergamus, 26g Marcius, 241 • Periplus of Hanno, 9S-100 Massilia, 122 PerseplJcme, -.orship of. at Car- Masini.-.sa defeats Syphax, :a.io; thage,60; • goes with Hasdrubal to Spain, Pestilenee. 38, 440 56, 67. 1)6 ill., with Scipio in Africa, 2S7 ; Phalais, 298 destroys the camp ..r Syphax, ,.phamreas (Hqilcb), z86 '57, 2S8 ~ at varialJce with Phidias, I~ • 308 INDEX TO THE TEXT AND THE NOTES • • Philip, "king of Macedon, 229, 258; his campaigns in that 254' • country, 239-240; his death, 240 Phrenicians, 10, II, 18 sC' io, Africanus Major, saves Phoc:mns, see Alalia father's life at the Ticind, , 96, II 8 t9; appointed to the com­ PI~centia, 199, 202 mand in Spain, 242 ; takes Car· , J09," 218 thage, w.; defeats Hasdrubal Politics, the. See Aristotle • (Barca), 243; comes into Africa, , 128, 146, 153, 222, 258, w.; returns to Spain and com­ 262, 279, 281, 297 • pletes conquest, 244; comes Prusias, 269 ' again to Africa, 254; hesieges 'Pyrrhus, 89-91 Utica, 257; burns the camp of Syphax, 258; vanquishes Sy· O!. e R p'hax and Hasdrubal, 259; de· Regulus, commands fleet at Ec­ reats Hannibal at Zama, 261, nomus, 138; lands i~ Africa, 262; makes peace with Car· 140; vanquishes Hasdrubal, thage, 263 ..J43; occupies~unes, 144; de­ Scipio, Africanus Minor, his de­ mands impossible terms of scent, 275; arbitrates between peace,io.; conquered by ,Massinissa and Carthage, 276 ; Xantippus and taken prison;r, distinguishes himself in the • 147; sent as enfoy to Rome, siege, 286; administers the effects of , ap­ 148 ; his counsel, 149 c~i.; his io.; death, 151 pointed to the command at Rhodes, fleet of, 268 Carthage, 289; rescues Man· Rhone, passage of, 187, 188 cinus, 290; restores ordet to_ Rome, early treaties with, 14-16 the camp, i6.; storms the Me­ gara, 293 ; institutes a blockade, 294; attacks the Upper City S and captures .it, 297; his re­ Saguntum, ISo; besieged by Han. flections, 298; his disposal 01 nibal, 182; taken, 184 the spoil, io. Sahara, 121 Scipio, Nasica, 273 Samnites, 226 • Seleucus, 267 Sardinia, invaded by MlI.lchus, Selinus, 26,:/,7; at war with 13; belongs" to Carthage, 17; Egesta, 28'"; taken by Han. supplies provisions to Carthage, .. nibal (I), 48, 67, 68 63,65; lost by Carthage, 177 Sempronius, 200; defeated at Saturn, see Moloch Trebia, 201-205 • Scipio, Cmeus, senC into Spain, Senate of Carthage, 104, 105 189; defeats Hasdrubal, 238; Servilius, 211, 213 defeats' the fleet, ill.; joined Ships built by Rome, 134, 162 by Publius, i6. (see Scipio Shophetim, 103 Publius); his death, 24[ Sikel tribes, 44, 47, 59, 65 Scipio (Publius), sent to the mouth Smuggling, JI7 • of the Rhpne, 186 ; miss~ Han­ Soloeis,96 nibal, 18"9; returns to Italy, , 244 ;6. ; marches ~ainst Hannibal, Spanish troops of Carlhage, 25, 195; defeated and wounded at 29, 33, 35, 59, 18S, 186, 202, the Ticinus, 199t moves to the 205. 219' Trebia, i6.; retum~ \0 Spain, Spendius.I61- I '9 INDEX TO THE TEXT AND THE NOTES• • Spoletium, 210 Tl'Il!\I1mennus, battle of, 2p7-2U Suifetes, 103 Tribute, II 5, Ilti ~phax, 239, 243, 257-259 Triton, IlJ Syt'!lcuse, ruled by , 26 ;tby Troglodytre, 9? Dionysius, 42 ,t sq.; besie.!ed Tunes (): 12, 60~ 144, 168, by Himilco, 53-58 • 172, 176 Syrtis, u5 Tusculum, 234 Tyre, 3, 10, II, 266 T Tanit, u3, II4 , u Tarentum, 229, 230, 246 Utica, 5, 12, 168, 176, 257, 277, Taurini, 19S 290 Tauromenium, 64 v Terence, 120 • .., Thebes, II9 Varro, 217, 221,222, 226 Thermopylre, 267 Venus. 'See Ashtaroth Theron, 26, 38 • Venusia, 247 Thymiateriur." 96 Virgil, his legenll of Dido, Ticinus, battle of, 196 121 • TiCata, Mount, 233 . . ·x Timoleon, sails to Syracuse, 71 ; declares war against Carthage, ilJ.; defeats Carthaginians at the Crimessus, 72-74; his death, • z 7S Zama, battle of, 260-262 'D1NBURGH ,O,LSTON AN~ COY. LIMITED PRINTERS