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Sacajawea’s People [First Page] [-1], (1) Lines: 0 to 22 ——— * 468.596pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [-1], (1) KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Pagei/February.25.2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann [-2], (2) Lines: 22 to 24 ——— 0.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page PgEnds: TEX [-2], (2) KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page ii / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann Sacajaweas’ People The Lemhi Shoshones [-3], (3) and the Lines: 24 to 107 ——— Salmon River Country 3.91325pt PgVar ——— Normal Page * PgEnds: PageBreak [-3], (3) John W. W. Mann university of nebraska press lincoln and london KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page iii / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann Publication of this volume was assisted by the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies. © 2004 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America ⅜ϱ Set in Minion by Kim Essman. Designed by Ray Boesche. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mann, John W. W. Sacajawea’s people : the Lemhi Shoshones and [-4], (4) the Salmon River country / John W. W. Mann. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8032-3241-1 (cloth : alk. paper) Lines: 107 to 193 1. Shoshoni Indians—Idaho—Salmon River Region— ——— History. 2. Shoshoni Indians—Idaho—Salmon River Region—Land tenure. 3. Shoshoni Indians—Idaho * 208.188pt PgVar —Salmon River Region—Government relations. ——— 4. Lemhi Indian Reservation (Idaho)—History. Normal Page 5. Sacagawea. 6. Lewis and Clark Expedition * PgEnds: PageBreak (1804–1806). I. Title. e99.s4m36 2004 979.6'82004974574–dc22 2004007021 [-4], (4) KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page iv / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann Contents [-5], (5) List of Illustrations vii Preface ix Lines: 193 to 240 Introduction xv ——— * 16.53023pt PgVar 1 The Lemhi Shoshones and the Salmon ——— River Country 1 Normal Page 2 Contact, Ethnogenesis, and Exile from * PgEnds: PageBreak the Salmon River Country, 1805–1907 15 3 The Lemhi Committee and the Fight [-5], (5) for Annuities 39 4 Termination and the Indian Claims Commission 59 5 The Lemhi icc Claim, 1962–72 79 6 Returning to the River of No Return, 1907–93 109 7 The Lemhis, Salmon, and Treaty Rights 143 8 Sacajawea’s People 179 Notes 191 Bibliography 235 Index 247 KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Pagev/February.25.2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann [-6], (6) Lines: 240 to 242 ——— 0.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page PgEnds: TEX [-6], (6) KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page vi / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann Illustrations [-7], (7) maps Lemhi aboriginal territory in the Salmon River country 3 Lines: 242 to 280 Route of Lewis and Clark in the Salmon River country 21 ——— Lemhi country during the treaty period 30 * 157.1634pt PgVar Lemhi country during the reservation period 31 ——— Normal Page Lemhi Indian Reservation 32 * PgEnds: PageBreak Shoshone territory 77 Lemhi encampments in Salmon, Idaho, 1865–1991 113 [-7], (7) photographs Lemhis on parade in Salmon, Idaho, ca. 1929 139 Early Lemhi camp in the Salmon River country 140 Kid’s Creek Park, 2003 141 KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page vii / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann [-8], (8) Lines: 280 to 282 ——— 0.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page PgEnds: TEX [-8], (8) KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page viii / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann Preface [First Page] [-9], (1) The idea for this study grew out of a graduate seminar in public history at Washington State University offered by Professor Orlan Lines: 0 to 31 Svingen in 1995. He organized it around producing a legal-historic ——— report in conjunction with the Lemhi Shoshones’ petition to regain 0.0pt PgVar federal recognition from the government. ——— The arguments and counterarguments over ethics, objectivity, and Normal Page public historians serving as “hired guns” who cater to the interests of PgEnds: TEX their clients rather than to the standards of the academic discipline of history have been so well rehearsed in scholarly literature (as they [-9], (1) were in our seminar room) that they do not bear repeating here.1 I do think it worth pointing out, however, that the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ Branch of Acknowledgment and Recognition (bar) resolves petitions for recognition through the same sort of adversarial process that characterizes American courtrooms. Our charge, therefore, was to unearth whatever information we could that related to the bar’s criteria,whether it supported or contradicted the Lemhis’argument. A good defense attorney always seeks any information the prosecution has that could harm his or her case; so too did the attorneys for the Lemhis want to know about anything that might diminish their chances of regaining recognition. In reviewing the materials our team of researchers culled from the National Archives in Washington dc, the Federal Records Center in Suitland, Maryland (with the help of the Freedom of Information Act), the Pacific Northwest Branch of the National Archives in Seattle, Washington, the Bureau of Indian Affairs Office in Fort Hall, Idaho, ix KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Page ix / February . 25 . 2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann the Idaho State Historical Society Archives in Boise, and numerous other repositories and institutions, I was particularly struck by the Lemhi Shoshones’ enduring ties to their homeland in the Salmon River country, which have been manifested in diverse ways. I decided to pursue the topic of Lemhi identity in my dissertation, with an interest in the ways it has been informed by the Lemhis’connections to their homeland and the ways their identity has intersected with federal Indian policy. After additional research trips to the National Archives and elsewhere, including numerous trips to Moscow, Idaho, to scan through old copies of the Salmon Recorder-Herald, the dissertation, entitled “Returning to the River of No Return: The Lemhi Shoshone and the Salmon River Country, Idaho,” came together, and ended up [-10], (2) as the manuscript for this book. “The New Western History,” Donald Worster once wrote, “insists that scholars must perform deliberately and thoughtfully the role of Lines: 31 to 39 cultural analyst, even to the point of presuming now and then to be ——— a self-appointed moral conscience of their society.”2 Ihavepresumed 0.0pt PgVar on occasion to act in that capacity in the chapters that follow. But ——— my interpretation has been informed by my research, and not the Normal Page other way around. I hope, therefore, that readers find my account PgEnds: TEX compelling, but also well balanced. [-10], (2) In the course of the research and writing it took to get from a graduate seminar in the fall of 1995 to a publishable manuscript, I incurred a debt of gratitude to many people for their guidance and assistance. Chief among them is Orlan Svingen, my mentor during graduate school (and not infrequently after, perhaps to his dismay). Professor Svingen’s encouragement and assistance were a boon during my career as a graduate student and kept me on track throughout. His familiar- ity with the National Archives in Washington dc proved immensely helpful during my research, and his skill as an editor dramatically im- proved my writing. He always gave freely of his time, much in demand as it always is, whether we met in his office or My Office Tavern. For these things and many others I am grateful to him. This study could not have been accomplished without the efforts of Lemhi Rod Ariwite, who has been the driving force behind the Fort Lemhi Indian Community Recognition Project, which he di- rects. Rod took the time to read my work and offer his feedback— x preface KimE — University of Nebraska Press / Pagex/February.25.2004 / Sacajawea’s People / Mann rarely have kind words meant so much. So did Snookins Honena, a Lemhi descendant of Chief Tendoy, who lived through many of the events related in this book. I especially appreciate the time he took to attend a conference presentation on the Lemhi Shoshones I gave in Helena, Montana, in October 1997. Afterward Mr. Honena was kind enough to join the panel and field questions from the audience, adding meaning to the session for everyone in the room. More recently Rozina George, a Lemhi historian who, like Snookins Honena, traces her descent through Tendoy, Cameahwait, and Sacajawea, gave the manuscript a close reading and provided a detailed commentary. The insights offered by all of these Lemhi readers have been invaluable. Jed Wilson, a longtime Salmon, Idaho, resident and close friend of [-11], (3) the Lemhi community there also deserves special mention. He checked my interpretation against his long memory at several junctures during Lines: 39 to 48 my work. He also invited me into his home in Utah in the summer of 2003, where he shared his extensive collection of Lemhi objects and ——— images, his stories, and his famous sourdough pancakes made from 13.5pt PgVar ——— an old family recipe. Normal Page Carol Smawley at the Bureau of Indian Affairs also deserves indi- PgEnds: TEX vidual thanks. She provided me with access to important bia records at the Federal Records Center in Suitland, Maryland, even as the reading room at the facility was closing in the summer of 1996. Without her [-11], (3) help my research there would have been considerably less fruitful and this study decidedly less thorough. The other graduate students in the seminar—Cary Collins, Charles Mutchsler, Shirley Stephens, Krista Undeberg, Neil Barker, Bill John- son, Ron Pond, Cheyenne Tuller, and Marcia Montgomery—provided constructive criticism of my contributions to the report. Their work, in turn, provided a springboard for my own.

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