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Amathole District Municipality WETLAND REPORT | 2017

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Amathole District Municipality WETLAND REPORT | 2017 AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WETLAND REPORT | 2017 LOCAL ACTION FOR BIODIVERSITY (LAB): WETLANDS SOUTH AFRICA Biodiversity for Life South African National Biodiversity Institute Full Program Title: Local Action for Biodiversity: Wetland Management in a Changing Climate Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Southern Africa Cooperative Agreement Number: AID-674-A-14-00014 Contractor: ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability – Africa Secretariat Date of Publication: June 2017 DISCLAIMER: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. FOREWORD Amathole District Municipality is situated within the Amathole District Municipality is also prone to climate central part of the Eastern Cape Province, which lies change and disaster risk such as wild fires, drought in the southeast of South Africa and borders the and floods. Wetland systems however can be viewed Indian Ocean. Amathole District Municipality has as risk reduction ecological infrastructure. Wetlands a land area of 21 595 km² with approximately 200 also form part of the Amathole Mountain Biosphere km of coastline stretching along the Sunshine Coast Reserve, which is viewed as a conservation and from the Fish River to just south of Hole in the Wall sustainable development flagship initiative. along the Wild Coast. Amathole District Municipality coastline spans two bio-geographical regions, namely Amathole District Municipality Integrated the warm temperate south coast and the sub-tropical Development Plan (IDP) recognises the importance east coast. of wetlands within the critical biodiversity areas of the Spatial Development Framework (SDF). Amathole District Municipality is generally in a good Sustainable development principles are an natural state; 83.3% of land comprises of natural integral part of Amathole District Municipality’s areas, whilst only 16.7% are areas where no natural developmental approach as they are captured in the habitat remains. The biodiversity of the Amathole vision: “Commitment towards selfless, excellent and District Municipality is represented in 5 major biomes sustainable service to all our communities”. that describe the different biotic communities. These biomes are Savanna (34.5%), Grasslands (31.5%), Albany Thicket (29.6% of the area), Indian Ocean Coastal Belt (3.7%) and Forests (0.7%). Amathole District Municipality is a water service Cllr. N. W. Nxawe authority and provider. As such, two major catchment Executive Mayor areas, i.e., Amathole Catchment (north) and Great Amathole District Fish River Catchment (west), provide essential water Municipality resources. More than 70% of wetlands are located within these catchment areas. Amathole District Municipality views wetlands as an essential resource for the fulfilment of its constitutional mandate of providing sustainable basic services to communities. AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: WETLAND REPORT I 2017 1 ICLEI – LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR SUSTAINABILITY [email protected] +27 21 202 0381 www.africa.iclei.org www.twitter.com/ICLEIAfrica ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is the In order to strengthen the role cities and local leading global network of over 1,500 cities, towns and governments play in the pursuit of greater regions committed to building a sustainable future. sustainability through the collaborative design and By helping the ICLEI Network to become sustainable, implementation of integrated urban development low-carbon, ecomobile, resilient, biodiverse, resource- and effective biodiversity management, the ICLEI efficient, healthy and happy, with a green economy Cities Biodiversity Center (ICLEI CBC) was created in and smart infrastructure, we impact over 25% of the 2009. The ICLEI CBC is located in Cape Town, South global urban population. Africa, embedded in the Africa Regional Office of ICLEI. We offer cities a broad portfolio of supportive ICLEI Africa’s work is conducted by a dynamic and services through our dedicated team of passionate, passionate team of professionals that seek to work skilled and dynamic biodiversity and urban with cities to ensure a more sustainable future, with a development experts. specific focus on urban biodiversity matters. 2 2017 I AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: WETLAND REPORT ICLEI CITIES BIODIVERSITY CENTER LOCAL ACTION FOR BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME [email protected] +27 21 202 0381 www.africa.iclei.org www.twitter.com/ICLEIAfrica The ICLEI Cities Biodiversity Center aims to create buffers further biodiversity loss, improves the urban BiodiverCities, which promote urban biodiversity for standard of living, and provides local opportunities the many benefits they offer, including human well- for global education and awareness. being, poverty alleviation, habitat conservation, air and water quality, climate change adaptation and ICLEI’s Local Action for Biodiversity (LAB) programme mitigation, food provision, fortified infrastructure is a unique global biodiversity programme run by resilience, and happiness of citizens. The ICLEI Cities Biodiversity Center. The LAB Program is aimed at improving and enhancing ecosystem BiodiverCities are aware that ecosystem services management at the local level, and is recognized contribute towards many essential municipal globally as the leading results-driven local government services, as well as towards the local economy, biodiversity initiative. Currently, LAB is working on sustainability and social well-being of their cities. wetland restoration in South Africa under the Local Biodiversity in cities provides a critical contribution Action for Biodiversity: Wetlands South Africa (LAB towards achieving the global biodiversity targets. It Wetlands SA) project. AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: WETLAND REPORT I 2017 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 ICLEI Cities Biodiversity Center �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 Local Action for Biodiversity Programme ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 List of Tables ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 List of Figures ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Executive Summary ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 Scope and Purpose of the Report ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 1 i WhAT is A WETLAND? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 2 | WhAT is BiODivERsiTy? �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 3 | WETLANDS AND BIODIVERSITY WITHIN AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY ������������������������������������������14 3.1 Mapping wetlands within Amathole District Municipality ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 3.2 Wetland Ecosystem health and Condition ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 3�3 Key Wetlands within Amathole District Municipality ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 3.3.1 The Great Fish Estuary ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 3.3.2 The Great Kei System ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 3�4 Key Flora and Fauna of the Amathole District Municipal Wetlands ����������������������������������������������������������������19 3.4.1 Flora ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 3.4.2. Fauna ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 3.5 Strategic Water
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